Development of parenting behavior scale for caregivers of children aged 2 to 6 years and analysis for its reliability and validity / 中华预防医学杂志

To develop a caregiver parenting behavior scale for children aged 2 to 6 years, and to verify its reliability and validity. This study recruited 1 350 caregivers of children aged 2 to 6 years. The item discrimination analysis and exploratory factor analysis were used to analyze the structure, dimensions and items of the scale. Homogeneity reliability, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were used to analyze the reliability of the scale. Content validity and construct validity were used to analyze the validity of the scale. The results showed that the final scale contained 7 dimensions and 45 items. Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.945; the coefficient of split half was 0.899; the test-retest reliability analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between the two tests were 0.893 (total score), 0.854 (social), 0.832 (language), 0.871 (gross motor), 0.893 (fine motor), 0.862 (cognitive), 0.832 (self-care), and 0.872 (sensory). The content validity analysis was carried out by two rounds of expert argumentation using Delphi expert consultation method. The Kendall coefficient of the items score in two rounds of Delphi expert consultation was 0.813 (P<0.01). The structure validity analysis showed that there were significant correlations between each dimension and the total scale, also between each dimension of the scale, and the extracted average variance values of each dimension was greater than the correlation coefficients between this dimension and other dimensions. In conclusion, the reliability and validity of the scale are qualified. It can be used as a tool to evaluate and guide the parenting behavior of caregivers of children aged 2 to 6 years.

DNA barcoding of Gentiana crassicaulis in Lijiang and evaluation of root processing methods / 药学学报

The key factors for producing the best quality Chinese herbal medicines are high-quality germplasm, suitable cultivation area and the proper processing methods for herbal raw materials. Gentiana crassicaulis in Gentiana (Sect. Cruciata), Gentianaceae is one of the original plants of the Chinese herb Qinjiao (Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix), and its type specimen was collected in Lijiang, Yunnan. There is a long planting history of the herb in this area. In this study a sampling plot was designated in these traditional planting areas. G. crassicaulis was planted and herbal raw materials were harvested from the plot. The raw materials were prepared locally and at a pharmaceutical factory in Shanghai using processing methods such as "sweating" or "no sweating", "slicing" or "no slicing" (whole root), and "stoving" or "no stoving" (air drying). The quality of all processed samples was evaluated. In addition, molecular markers were determined for identifying cultivated and wild samples from Lijiang, Yunnan. The results are as follows: ① Samples from the sampling plot and the field are taxonomically identified as Gentiana crassicaulis. ② A total of 270 sequences of trnC-GCA-petN, atpB-rbcL, psbN, ndhB-rps7 and ycf1 were obtained, and three genotypes were determined from the cultivated samples; the type III was shared by both cultivated and wild plants. Based on the molecular markers, a DNA barcoding method to identify cultivated and wild samples of G. crassicaulis from Lijiang, Yunnan was established. ③ Total content of loganic acid and gentiopicroside in all samples was ≥ 2.5%, and above the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020) limit. ④ In HPLC fingerprinting, 9 common peaks were assigned and similarity between all samples was > 0.999; and ⑤ In a PCA score plot all slice samples were clustered, while whole root samples were scattered. Therefore, our studies could provide basic data for optimizing the processing method, producing best quality Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, and evaluating the quality of different ecotype varieties and the multiple origin of herbal medicines.

Detection and drug resistance analysis of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Shigella in pediatric patients / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the occurrence and drug resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing strains of Shigella in pediatric patients, so as to provide information for clinical treatment.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A total of 59 strains of Shigella were isolated from stool specimens of hospitalized children with shigellosis from January 2004 to December 2008. The broth dilution test recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was performed to detect the ESBLs producers. Susceptibility test was carried out by agar dilution method. Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603 were used as quality control strains.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Of the 59 isolates, 21 (35.6%) strains were identified as ESBLs producers. All of the 21 strains were detected by cefotaxime and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, only 5 (23.8%) were detected by ceftazidime and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid. Both ESBLs and non-ESBLs producers showed high resistance to penicillins. The resistance of ESBLs-producing strains to third and fourth-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam was significantly higher than that of non-ESBLs-producing strains, as well as sulphonamides and quinolones. The drugs sensitive to ESBLs producers were imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam and cefoxitin, with resistance rate of 0.0%, 0.0%, 14.3%, 9.5%, 14.3%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of ESBLs-producing Shigella in pediatric patients is at a high level in this area, and the enzyme-producing strains are multidrug resistant. It is recommended that the detection of ESBLs in Shigella should be carried out by microbiological laboratories. Any of the above 5 antibiotics of low resistance should be used according to the patient's condition.</p>