RESUMO
Macrophages are natural immune cells with strong plasticity. The polarization of macrophages mainly responds to stimuli in the microenvironment by changing their phenotype and related functions. In recent years， studies have found that the polarization of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases such as bone arthritis， skin diseases， diabetes， coronary heart disease， breast cancer， colorectal cancer， and lung cancer， especially the metastasis of malignancies and drug resistance， through multiple signaling pathways， including nuclear factor kappa-B（NF-κB）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）， protein kinase B （Akt）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 （STAT6）， Wnt/β-catenin， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and regulatory factors， such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor （GM-CSF）， interleukin （IL）-4， IL-10， transforming growth factor （TGF）-β， tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α， and interferon-γ（IFN-γ）. Chinese medicine is also pivotal in the prevention and treatment of malignancies. In recent years， therefore， the specific anti-tumor mechanism of Chinese medicine and its active ingredients has become a research hotspot. The tumor microenvironment is crucial to the occurrence and development of tumors. The polarization of tumor-associated macrophages is involved in the proliferation， apoptosis， and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore， targeted regulation of the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages is a potential target for clinical treatment of malignancies. Based on the research articles published in the past three years， this article reviewed macrophage polarization and the anti-tumor mechanism of Chinese medicine from four perspectives， i.e.， macrophage polarization， related pathways and regulatory factors of macrophage polarization， macrophage polarization and breast cancer， colorectal cancer， and lung cancer， and macrophage polarization and anti-tumor effects of Chinese medicine， active ingredients of Chinese medicine， and self-formulated prescriptions/classic prescriptions. This study is expected to provide certain ideas for the clinical treatment， basic research， and development of new Chinese medicine in the treatment of tumors.
RESUMO
Objective To investigate the degrees of injury severity of sepsis models made by different kinds of Escherichia coli. Methods The 152 mice were randomly divided into control group, DH5α group, 44102 group, and 25922 group, with 38 rats in each group. DH5α group, 44102 group and 25922 group were intraperitoneally injected with 300 μL of Escherichia coli DH5α, 44102 and 25922 at the concentration of 1.0 × 109CFU/kg to prepare sepsis models of different kinds of Escherichia coli. Control group was injected intraperitoneally with the same amount of normal saline. (1) After 8 h, four mice were taken from each group for peripheral blood bacterial culture . (2) After 12 h, ten mice in each group were used for measuring serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (3) Western blot assay was used to determine the serum levels of high-mobility group protein (HMGB1) in four mice of each group. (4) Ten mice in each group were used to measure serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) by automatic biochemical analyzer. (5) After liver, lung and kidney tissues were fixed with formaldehyde, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed (n=10 for each group). Results In DH5α group, 44102 group and 25922 group, bacteria, inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 protein, liver and kidney indicators ALT, AST, CR and BUN showed a sequential increasing trend (P＜0.01). The severe degrees of alveolar structure damage, hepatic cell infiltration and renal glomerular atrophy were DH5α group, 44102 group and 25922 group in turn. There were no obvious damages of lung, liver or kidney tissues in control group. Conclusion Escherichia coli 25922 induces severe sepsis injury and can be used to study the animal models of the initial inflammatory phase of sepsis. Escherichia coli 44102 induces moderate damage of sepsis and can be used in animal models that do not require definitive sepsis staging experiments. Escherichia coli DH5α induces less damage of sepsis and can be used to explore immunosuppressive therapy of the animal model of sepsis.