Follow-up and prognostic study of infants with positional plagiocephaly / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effects of infantile positional plagiocephaly on the growth and neural development.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted on the medical data of 467 children who underwent craniographic examination and were followed up to 3 years of age in Peking University Third Hospital from June 2018 to May 2022. They were divided into four groups: mild positional plagiocephaly (n=108), moderate positional plagiocephaly (n=49), severe positional plagiocephaly (n=12), and normal cranial shape (n=298). The general information of the four groups and the weight, length, head circumference, visual acuity screening results, hearing test results, and the scores of Pediatric Neuropsychological Developmental Scales/Gesell Developmental Schedules of the four groups from 6 to 36 months old were compared.@*RESULTS@#The rates of adverse perinatal factors, congenital muscular torticollis, and supine fixed sleeping posture in the mild, moderate, and severe positional plagiocephaly groups were higher than the normal cranial group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in weight, length, and head circumference among the four groups at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months of age (P>0.05). The incidence rate of abnormal vision in the severe positional plagiocephaly group was higher than that in the mild positional plagiocephaly, moderate positional plagiocephaly and normal cranial shape groups at 24 and 36 months of age (P<0.05). The scores of the Pediatric Neuropsychological Developmental Scales at 12 and 24 months of age and the scores of the Gesell Developmental Schedules at 36 months of age in the severe positional plagiocephaly group were lower than those in the mild positional plagiocephaly, moderate positional plagiocephaly and normal cranial shape groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Adverse perinatal factors, congenital muscular torticollis, and supine fixed sleeping position may be associated with infantile positional plagiocephaly. Mild or moderate positional plagiocephaly has no significant impact on the growth and neural development of children. Severe positional plagiocephaly have adverse effects on the visual acuity. However, it is not considered that severe positional plagiocephaly can affect the neurological development.

Incidence of extrauterine growth retardation and its risk factors in very preterm infants during hospitalization: a multicenter prospective study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) and its risk factors in very preterm infants (VPIs) during hospitalization in China.@*METHODS@#A prospective multicenter study was performed on the medical data of 2 514 VPIs who were hospitalized in the department of neonatology in 28 hospitals from 7 areas of China between September 2019 and December 2020. According to the presence or absence of EUGR based on the evaluation of body weight at the corrected gestational age of 36 weeks or at discharge, the VPIs were classified to two groups: EUGR group (n=1 189) and non-EUGR (n=1 325). The clinical features were compared between the two groups, and the incidence of EUGR and risk factors for EUGR were examined.@*RESULTS@#The incidence of EUGR was 47.30% (1 189/2 514) evaluated by weight. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher weight growth velocity after regaining birth weight and higher cumulative calorie intake during the first week of hospitalization were protective factors against EUGR (P<0.05), while small-for-gestational-age birth, prolonged time to the initiation of total enteral feeding, prolonged cumulative fasting time, lower breast milk intake before starting human milk fortifiers, prolonged time to the initiation of full fortified feeding, and moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia were risk factors for EUGR (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is crucial to reduce the incidence of EUGR by achieving total enteral feeding as early as possible, strengthening breastfeeding, increasing calorie intake in the first week after birth, improving the velocity of weight gain, and preventing moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in VPIs.

A clinical analysis of pericardial effusion caused by central venous catheterization in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical features of pericardial effusion caused by central venous catheterization in preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 11 preterm infants with pericardial effusion caused by central venous catheterization. Their catheterization features, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 11 preterm infants (11/2 599, 0.42%) developed pericardial effusion, with a mean gestational age of (30.1±2.6) weeks and a mean birth weight of (1 240±234) g. Pericardial effusion mostly occurred within 4 days after central venous catheterization (10 cases, 91%). The main manifestations included poor response (6/11, 55%), cyanosis (5/11, 45%), increased respiratory rate (6/11, 55%), increased heart rate (6/11, 55%), aggravated dyspnea (5/11, 45%), and muffled heart sound (5/11, 45%). At the time of disease progression, 7 preterm infants (64%) had a deep position of the end of the catheter, 3 preterm infants (27%) had a correct position, and 1 preterm infant (9%) had a shallow position. Five preterm infants (45%) experienced cardiac tamponade, among whom 4 underwent pericardiocentesis. Seven preterm infants were given conservative medical treatment. Among the 11 children, 2 (18%) died and 9 (82%) improved.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Pericardial effusion caused by central venous catheterization mostly occurs in the early stage of catheterization and has critical clinical manifestations. Pericardiocentesis is required for cardiac tamponade, and early diagnosis and intervention can effectively improve prognosis.

Sudden convulsion with multiple pulmonary nodules in a girl aged 15 years / 中国当代儿科杂志

A girl, aged 15 years, was admitted due to sudden convulsion once and multiple pulmonary nodules on lung CT. Acrocyanosis or acropachy/toe deformity was not observed. Laboratory examinations showed an increase in hemoglobin (162 g/L) and a reduction in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (61.5 mm Hg). Lung CT showed irregular slightly high-density nodules in the middle lobe of the right lung, and contrast-enhanced CT scan showed obvious enhancement with thick vascular shadow locally. An investigation of medical history revealed that the girl's mother had a history of epistaxis and resection of pulmonary mass and the girl presented with tongue telangiectasia. The girl was diagnosed with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. she was given interventional embolization therapy. Transcutaneous oxygen saturation reached 98% without oxygen inhalation on the day after surgery. Pulmonary angiography at 3 months after surgery showed the recurrence of pulmonary vascular malformation, and embolization of pulmonary arterial fistula was not performed since the guide wire could not enter the branch artery. There was still a need for long-term follow-up.

Risk factors for metabolic bone disease of prematurity in very/extremely low birth weight infants: a multicenter investigation in China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence rate and risk factors for metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) in very low birth weight/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants.@*METHODS@#The medical data of 61 786 neonates from multiple centers of China between September 1, 2013 and August 31, 2016 were retrospectively investigated, including 504 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants who met the inclusion criteria. Among the 504 infants, 108 infants diagnosed with MBDP were enrolled as the MBDP group and the remaining 396 infants were enrolled as the non-MBDP group. The two groups were compared in terms of general information of mothers and preterm infants, major diseases during hospitalization, nutritional support strategies, and other treatment conditions. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for MBDP.@*RESULTS@#The incidence rate of MBDP was 19.4% (88/452) in VLBW preterm infants and 38.5% (20/52) in ELBW preterm infants. The incidence rate of MBDP was 21.7% in preterm infants with a gestational age of < 32 weeks and 45.5% in those with a gestational age of < 28 weeks. The univariate analysis showed that compared with the non-MBDP group, the MBDP group had significantly lower gestational age and birth weight, a significantly longer length of hospital stay, and a significantly higher incidence rate of extrauterine growth retardation (@*CONCLUSIONS@#A lower gestational age, hypocalcemia, extrauterine growth retardation at discharge, and neonatal sepsis may be associated an increased risk of MBDP in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants. It is necessary to strengthen perinatal healthcare, avoid premature delivery, improve the awareness of the prevention and treatment of MBDP among neonatal pediatricians, and adopt positive and reasonable nutrition strategies and comprehensive management measures for preterm infants.

Risk factors for the first ventilator weaning failure in preterm infants receiving invasive mechanical ventilation / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the risk factors for the first ventilator weaning failure and the relationship between the weaning failure and prognosis in preterm infants receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the preterm infants who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Peking University Third Hospital and received mechanical ventilation within 72 hours after birth. According to whether reintubation was required within 72 hours after the first weaning, the infants were divided into a successful weaning group and a failed weaning group.@*RESULTS@#A total of 282 preterm infants were enrolled, and there were 43 infants (15.2%) in the failed weaning group. Compared with the successful weaning group, the failed weaning group had significantly lower gestational age and birth weight (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Use of ≥ 2 vasoactive agents before ventilator weaning and PDA (≥ 2.5 mm) are risk factors for ventilator weaning failure, and ventilator weaning failure may be associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized preterm infants.

Effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in preterm infants with obstructive hydrocephalus / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effect of surgical treatment on prognosis in preterm infants with obstructive hydrocephalus.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 49 preterm infants with obstructive hydrocephalus. According to the treatment regimen, they were divided into two groups: surgical treatment (@*RESULTS@#Among the 49 preterm infants with obstructive hydrocephalus, severe intracranial hemorrhage (37 cases; 76%) and central nervous system infection (10 cases, 20%) were the main causes of hydrocephalus. There was no significant difference in the composition of etiology between the two groups (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Surgical treatment can improve the survival rate of preterm infants with obstructive hydrocephalus and the prognosis of preterm infants with severe intracranial hemorrhage.

Expert consensus on nutritional management of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia / 中国当代儿科杂志

Inadequate nutrition supply in the early stage after birth is a risk factor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, and it is also closely associated with the progression and clinical outcome of BPD. Optimized nutritional support is of great importance to reduce the incidence and severity of BPD and promote lung development and neurological prognosis. Based on the relevant studies in China and overseas, the expert consensus on BPD nutrition management is developed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method. The consensus includes the following seven aspects: the importance of nutrition in BPD, fluid intake, energy intake, enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition, post-discharge nutrition, and nutrition monitoring and evaluation.

A review on the characteristics of microbiome and their association with diseases in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

The microbiome in neonates is affected by many factors such as mode of birth and feeding pattern, and homeostasis or disorder of microbiome is associated with various neonatal diseases. Preterm infants have a gestational age of <37 weeks at birth, with immature development and different colonization of bacteria from full-term infants. The research on the characteristics of microbiome and their association with diseases in preterm infants can provide new ideas for the treatment of neonatal diseases. This article reviews the characteristics of intrauterine microbiome, dermal microbiome, oral microbiome, stomach microbiome, intestinal microbiome, and environmental microbiome and their association with common diseases in preterm infants.

Effect of breastfeeding on the development of infection-related diseases during hospitalization in late preterm infants in 25 hospitals in Beijing, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence rate of infectious diseases during hospitalization in late preterm infants in Beijing, China, as well as the risk factors for infectious diseases and the effect of breastfeeding on the development of infectious diseases.@*METHODS@#Related data were collected from the late preterm infants who were hospitalized in the neonatal wards of 25 hospitals in Beijing, China, from October 23, 2015 to October 30, 2017. According to the feeding pattern, they were divided into a breastfeeding group and a formula feeding group. The two groups were compared in terms of general status and incidence rate of infectious diseases. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for infectious diseases.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1 576 late preterm infants were enrolled, with 153 infants in the breastfeeding group and 1 423 in the formula feeding group. Of all infants, 484 (30.71%) experienced infectious diseases. The breastfeeding group had a significantly lower incidence rate of infectious diseases than the formula feeding group (22.88% vs 31.55%, @*CONCLUSIONS@#Breastfeeding can significantly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and is a protective factor against infectious diseases in late preterm infants. Breastfeeding should therefore be actively promoted for late preterm infants during hospitalization.

Clinical features and prognosis of neonates with nonimmune hydrops fetalis / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical features, etiology and prognosis of neonates with nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data and outcomes of 23 neonates with NIHF.@*RESULTS@#Of the 23 neonates with NIHF, 18 (78%) were preterm infants and 5 (22%) were full-term infants; 12 (52%) had birth asphyxia (including 5 cases of severe asphyxia). As for the causes of NIHF, 8 neonates (35%) had twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), 3 (13%) had cardiovascular malformation, 3 (13%) had parvovirus B19 infection, 2 (9%) had congenital chylothorax, 1 (4%) had Turner syndrome, 1 (4%) had Coxsackie virus infection, and 5 (22%) had unknown etiology. Of the 23 neonates, 13 achieved clinical cure, 10 died, resulting in a neonatal mortality rate of 43%. Compared with the survival group, the death group had a significantly higher proportion of preterm infants or infants with asphyxia, 5-minute Apgar score<8 or heart failure (100%/100%/60%/60% vs 62%/15%/8%/8%; P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Birth asphyxia is common in neonates with NIHF. The neonates with a lower gestational age, a more serious asphyxia or heart failure have a higher risk of death in the neonatal period. Being the recipient of TTTS is a major cause of NIHF.

A single-center study of the incidence of neonatal birth trauma and its risk factors / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence of neonatal birth trauma in the department of obstetrics in a single-center medical institution and the risk factors for neonatal birth trauma.@*METHODS@#The maternal and infant medical records of all full-term singleton neonates delivered in the Department of Obstetrics, Peking University International Hospital, from October 2015 to September 2018 were collected. The neonates with birth trauma were assigned to case group, and those without birth trauma were assigned to control group. The risk factors for neonatal birth trauma were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#Of the 4 682 full-term singleton neonates delivered during the study period, 201 (4.29%) were diagnosed with birth trauma. The most frequent type of birth trauma was cephalohematoma (81.7%), followed by facial nerve palsy (9.1%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified vaginal delivery, forceps-assisted delivery, induction of labor by oxytocin, premature rupture of membranes and a large neonatal head circumference as the risk factors for birth trauma (OR=5.020, 23.294, 1.409, 1.928 and 2.295 respectively; P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The most frequent type of neonatal birth trauma is cephalohematoma. Vaginal delivery, forceps-assisted delivery, induction of labor by oxytocin, premature rupture of membranes and a large neonatal head circumference may increase the risk of neonatal birth trauma, and forceps-assisted delivery is the strongest independent risk factor for birth trauma.

A clinical analysis of late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical features and pathogenic bacteria of late-onset sepsis (LOS) in very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants.@*METHODS@#Among the VLBW/ELBW infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks who were admitted to the hospital between January 2012 and December 2016, those with LOS were enrolled as the LOS group, and those without sepsis were matched for the infant with LOS in gestational age were enrolled as the control group. According to the presence or absence of in-hospital death, the LOS group was further divided into a death subgroup and a survival subgroup. Risk factors for LOS, clinical features, distribution of pathogenic bacteria, drug resistance, and high-risk factors for LOS-related death were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 513 VLBW/ELBW infants were enrolled, and there were 65 infants in the LOS group and 130 in the control group. The incidence rate of LOS was 12.7%. In the LOS group, 6 infants died and 59 survived. Compared with the control group, the LOS group had a significantly lower birth weight (P<0.05) and significantly longer indwelling time of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the LOS group had a significantly higher proportion of small-for-gestational-age infants, infants undergoing mechanical ventilation, infants with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, or infants who died (P<0.05). Low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age infant, and long indwelling time of PICC were independent risk factors for LOS in VLBW/ELBW infants (OR=1.396, 2.550, and 1.068 respectively, P<0.05). Purulent meningitis was an independent risk factor for LOS-related death in VLBW/ELBWIs infants (OR=13.443, P<0.05). A total of 65 strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured in the LOS group, among which there were 39 strains (60%) of Gram-negative bacteria, including 15 strains producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), and antibiotics were applied for 67% (10/15) of the ESBL strains within 2 weeks before the onset of LOS. The rate of antibiotic use for ESBL strains was significantly higher than that for non-resistant strains [67% (10/15) vs 29% (7/24); P<0.05].@*CONCLUSIONS@#Low birth weight, SGA infant, and long indwelling time of PICC are independent risk factors for LOS in VLBW/ELBW infants, and death tends to occur in LOS infants with purulent meningitis. Most pathogenic bacteria of LOS are Gram-negative bacteria, and use of antibiotics within 2 weeks before disease onset may increase the risk of ESBL strain infection.

Prognosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: a follow-up during infancy / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the physical development, incidence of common respiratory diseases, and motor development during infancy in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical features and infantile outcomes of preterm infants with BPD who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2012 and December 2015. Preterm infants without BPD were used as controls who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit during the same period and had similar gestational age and birth weight. Physical development, number of hospital stays, the incidences of pneumonia and wheezing, and motor development during infancy were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, BPD infants had a significantly higher incidence of extrauterine growth retardation at discharge (48% vs 41%; P<0.05); BPD infants were more susceptible to pneumonia, wheezing, eczema and rhinitis; BDP infants also had a significantly higher number of readmissions due to respiratory tract infection (P<0.05). BPD infants had a significantly smaller head circumference than the control group at corrected ages of 3, 6, and 12 months (P<0.05). BPD infants had significantly delayed gross, fine, and overall motor development than the control group at corrected ages of 6 and 9 months (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Infants with BPD are susceptible to extrauterine growth retardation at discharge. Their head circumference growth is relatively slow. They are susceptible to pneumonia and wheezing during infancy. Moreover, they have delayed motor development when compared with those without BPD at corrected ages of 6 and 9 months.

Treatment and prognosis of pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm infants during 2007-2016 / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the treatment and prognosis of pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 106 preterm infants diagnosed with pulmonary hemorrhage, who were hospitalized in the neonatal ward of Peking University Third Hospital between 2007 and 2016, were enrolled. These patients were divided into 2007-2011 group (34 cases) and 2012-2016 group (72 cases) according to the time of hospitalization, divided into conventional-frequency ventilation group (43 cases) and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) group (63 cases) according to the respiratory support method used after the development of pulmonary hemorrhage, and divided into non-operation group (34 cases) and operation group (14 cases) according to whether PDA ligation was performed for the unclosed PDA before pulmonary hemorrhage. The general data, treatment, and prognosis were compared between different groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the 2007-2011 group, the 2012-2016 group had higher rates of HFOV and PDA ligation (P<0.05), a lower mortality rate during hospitalization (P<0.05), a longer length of hospital stay (P<0.05), and higher incidence rates of intracranial hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05). Compared with the conventional-frequency ventilation group, the HFOV group had a lower mortality rate during hospitalization (P<0.05), a longer length of hospital stay (P<0.05), and higher incidence rates of intracranial hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05). Compared with the non-operation group, the operation group had a lower mortality rate during hospitalization (P<0.05), a longer length of hospital stay (P<0.05), and higher incidence rates of intracranial hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The application of HFOV and PDA ligation can improve the survival rate of preterm infants with pulmonary hemorrhage, but the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia is also increased.</p>

A review of the relationship between gut microbiome and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common severe gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. The morbidity and mortality of NEC are negatively correlated with the gestational age and birth weight. In addition to causing a variety of gastrointestinal complications, NEC can also cause neurodevelopmental impairment. Recently, many studies have found that gut microbiome dysbiosis plays an important part in the pathogenesis of NEC. It is helpful to explore the relationship between gut microbiome and NEC for the early diagnosis and severity prediction of NEC. Researchers have paid much attention to the role of probiotics in reducing the morbidity and mortality of NEC in preterm infants. It's controversial as to whether probiotics is effective and safe in clinical application. This article will review the relationship between the development of gut microbiome and NEC in preterm infants, as well as the preventive effect of probiotics on NEC.

Persistent hypertension for two months in a preterm infant / 中国当代儿科杂志

A boy aged 2 months (born at 36 weeks of gestation) was admitted due to cough and dyspnea. After admission, he was found to have persistent hypertension, proteinuria, and persistent convulsion, and imaging examination showed extensive calcification of the aorta and major branches and stenosis of local lumens of the abdominal aorta and the right renal artery with increased blood flow velocity. The boy was admitted during the neonatal period due to wet lung and pulmonary arterial hypertension and was found to have hypertension and proteinuria. High-throughput whole-exome sequencing was performed and found two compound heterozygous mutations in the ENPP1 gene from his parents, c.130C>T (p.Q44X) and c.1112A>T (p.Y371F). c.130C>T was a nonsense mutation, which could cause partial deletion of protein from 44 amino acids, and was defined as a primary pathogenic mutation. c.1112A>T was a missense mutation which had been reported as a pathogenic mutation associated with idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC). Therefore, he was diagnosed with IIAC. He was given phosphonate drugs, antihypertensive drugs, anticonvulsion treatment, and respiratory support. Blood pressure was maintained at the upper limit of normal value. There was no deterioration of arterial calcification. It is concluded that IIAC should be considered for infants with persistent hypertension and extensive vascular calcification, and imaging and genetic examinations should be performed as early as possible to make a confirmed diagnosis.

A survey of pubertal development in children born with assisted reproductive technology / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the status of pubertal development in children born with assisted reproductive technology (ART).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed on the pubertal development data of children born with ART in Peking University Third Hospital from 1994 to 2003 (ART group). The data in the cross-sectional study "Reports on the Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students in 2010" were used as a control. The age at menarche and the age at spermarche were compared between the two groups. The status of pubertal development in the overweight and obese children in the ART group was evaluated to investigate the correlation between pubertal development and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 200 children born with ART were enrolled in this study, and 72 of them (41 males and 31 females) completed the survey (response rate=36.0%). In the ART group, the mean age at spermarche and the mean age at menarche were 13.9 years (95%CI: 13.7-14.3 years) and 12.2 years (95%CI: 11.8-12.6 years), respectively. There were no significant differences in the age at spermarche and the age at menarche between the ART and control groups (P>0.05). In the ART group, there were no significant differences in the age at spermarche and the age at menarche between the overweight and obese children and the normal weight children (P>0.05). There were also no significant differences in overweight rate and obesity rate between the children in the ART group and the adolescents in Beijing (P>0.05). In the ART group, there was no significant correlation between the age at spermarche or menarche and BMI (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>No delayed or precocious puberty is observed in children born with ART. This is consistent with the normal control data. And there is no significant correlation between pubertal development and BMI in children born with ART.</p>

A clinical analysis of 101 infants with plagiocephaly / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the possible causes of plagiocephaly in infants and the therapeutic effect of postural correction training on plagiocephaly.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 101 infants who were diagnosed with plagiocephaly were enrolled. According to the age at diagnosis, these infants were divided into 1-4 month group (31 infants), 5-8 month group (40 infants), and 9-12 month group (30 infants). The possible causes of plagiocephaly were analyzed in three groups. The cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) before and after postural correction training was compared in three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 101 infants, 89 (88.1%) had a sleeping posture in the supine position, and there was no significant difference in the percentage of infants with such posture between the three groups. Compared with the 5-8 month group and the 9-12 month group, the 1-4 month group had significantly higher rate of preterm birth, incidence rate of adverse perinatal factors, and incidence rate of congenital muscular torticollis. The three groups showed a significant decrease in CVAI 3 months after postural correction training (P<0.001). Compared with the 5-8 month group and the 9-12 month group, the 1-4 month group had a significantly greater change in CVAI after postural correction training (P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The sleeping posture in the supine position may be associated with the development of plagiocephaly. Adverse perinatal factors, preterm birth, and congenital muscular torticollis as possible causes of plagiocephaly are commonly seen in early infancy. Postural correction training has a significant effect in improving plagiocephaly, especially in early infancy.</p>

Management of positional head deformity in 31 infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical effect of postural correction training and helmet therapy in the treatment of moderate-severe positional head deformity defined as asymmetric head shape in infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 31 infants who were diagnosed with moderate-severe plagiocephaly and/or brachiocephaly were enrolled. According to the different treatment methods, the infants were divided into helmet therapy group with 11 infants and postural correction training group with 20 infants. The cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI), cephalic ratio (CR), and head circumference growth were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the postural correction training group, the helmet therapy group had significantly lower CVAI and CR after treatment. The helmet therapy group had significantly better improvements in CVAI and CR after treatment compared with the postural correction training group (CVAI difference: 6.0±1.9 vs 0.7±0.8, P=0.001; CR difference: 0.047±0.009 vs 0.008±0.005, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in head circumference growth between the two groups (P=0.55).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Helmet therapy has a significantly better effect in the treatment of moderate-severe positional head deformity than postural correction training in infants. Helmet therapy does not limit head circumference growth.</p>