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Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is characterized by high heterogeneity and heredity,and its exact pathogenesis is still not clear.Some studies have shown that epigenetic disorders,such as hyperandrogen-induced methyla-tion or acetylation of lysine at different sites(K4,K9,and K27)in histone H3,methylation and demethylation modifica-tion of genes related to steroids,hormone receptors and follicular development,and transcriptional control of microRNA or long noncoding RNA,play a central role in the occurrence and development of PCOS.This article reviews the research ad-vances in epigenetic mechanisms(histone modifications,DNA methylation,and noncoding RNA)of PCOS,in order to provide a reference for the prediction and early prevention of PCOS.
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BACKGROUND:The treatment for bacterial biofilms after internal fixation surgery is a very difficult problem in clinic.It is a great significance to establish an animal model of irrigation for treating bacterial biofilms in the early stage after internal fixation surgery. OBJECTIVE:To establish an animal model for treating bacterial biofilms with different drugs through irrigation in early stage after internal fixation surgery. METHODS:Six New Zealand white rabbits were selected.Bilateral femoral surfaces were exposed and drilled holes were made,and bone plates colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa(experimental group)and blank bone plates(blank control group)were implanted around the drilled holes on one side,and two drainage tubes were retained and fixed to serve as the"inlet"and"outlet,"respectively.The model was immersed for a certain period of time after simulated perfusion before rinsing.After the simulated irrigation,the plates were soaked for a certain time before washing.At 5 days postoperatively,the rabbits were observed for body temperature,wound condition,bacterial culture of drainage fluid,and crystalline violet staining and scanning electron microscopy of the bone plate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Six rabbits had difficulty in moving the affected limbs after surgery and showed elevated body temperature at 2-4 days after surgery.Local swelling could be touched at some wounds in the experimental group,and the wounds in the blank control group healed well.The results of bacterial culture of drainage fluid showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa diffused or spread in the experimental group.At 5 days after surgery,the plate in the experimental group became purple shown by crystalline violet staining,and the absorbance value at 570 nm detected by the microplate reader was 2.621±0.088,indicating the presence of bacteria.Scanning electron microscopy at 5 days after surgery showed that a large number of bacterial microcolonies appeared on the surface of the plate in the experimental group,forming a highly inhomogeneous three-dimensional structure similar to the"mushroom-like"and"tower-like"structures,with filamentous water channels connecting the"mushroom-like"structures,which were typical biofilm structures with high densities,while no obvious colonies were seen in the blank control group.Overall,this animal model simulates the state of infected biofilm formation due to early infection after internal fixation and provides an available method of irrigation with different drugs.
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Objective To study the preliminary effect of combining ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) and semi-joint replacement for malignant tumor around the knee in children.Methods 9 cases of malignant tumor around the knee (5 boys and 4 girls) from February 2015 to May 2017 were analyzed respectively.The average age was 9.2 years old (ranged from 5 to 12 years).The follow-up time was 6 to 28 months,with an average of 13.5 months.The preoperational biopsy diagnosis respectively were Ewing sarcoma (3 cases) and osteosarcoma (6 cases).According to Enneking staging system,all 9 cases were staged as ⅡB.The planned courses of standardized preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy were successfully given to all patients on time.All patients were given tumor extensive resection and modular prosthesis replacement.Suitable length prosthesis were prepared according to CT and MRI.LARS were annularly bundled to the prosthesis.Then residual patella ligaments,cruciate ligaments,collateral ligaments,capsules and muscles were tightly sutured to LARS.Adjuvant chemotherapy and functional exercise were given after operation.Bone healing,limb discrepancy,and complications were regularly recorded.Functional outcomes were assessed by the system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) and the range of motion (ROM) of both knee joints.Results All patients successfully received standardized chemotherapy.In all courses of chemotherapy,bone marrow all restored.No other major complications occurred during chemotherapy.Primary healing of incisions were obtained.No obvious limb discrepancy.The average limb length discrepancy was 2.9±1.8 cm (0.5～6.4 cm),the femur was 1.9±1.0 cm (0.6～3.9 cm),the tibia was 0.8±0.5 cm (0.2～2.0cm).The distance between the lower limb alignment and the center of the knee was 0.3±0.1 cm (0.2～0.6 cm).MSTS score was 24.6±3.2 of the last follow-up,and 21.4± 1.9 of preoperation,the difference was statistically significant (t=2.71,P=0.03).ROM of the knee were 71.7°± 18.2° at the last follow-up,and 69.1 °± 17.9° before operation,and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.261,P=0.01).No infection,snapping knee,limp,dislocation,periprosthesis fractures,prosthetic broken or loosening.2 case had lung metastasis and still survived.NO local recurrence or other metastasis cases.Conclusion LARS combined with semijoint replacement for the treatment of malignant tumor around the knee in children have a satisfactory postoperative joint function recovery and simple surgical technique and fewer complications,and preserve the contralateral osteophytes to minimize the occurrence of limb inequality,but the long-term efficacy needs further follow-up.
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Objective To observe the action of narcotrend monitoring for perioperative anesthesia management in donor and acceptor with living donor renal transplantation. Methods 80 pairs of receptor and donor haing electie living donor renal transplantation surgery, 28 ~ 56 years. The ASA of receptor Ⅲ ~ Ⅳ, and the donerⅠ ~ Ⅱ. The receptor and donor were randomly divided into four groups , the narcotrend monitoring receptor group (R-N), the clinical experience receptor group (R-C), the narcotrend monitoring donor group (D-N), and the clinical experience donor group (D-C). Record the vital signs, the last time of anesthesia induction, operation , extract the endotracheal catheter , and the observation time in post anesthesia care unit , the dosage of propofol and dopamine, the adverse reaction, and postoperative visual analogue scale. Results The dosage of propofol in R-N group is less then the R-C group (P < 0.05). The time of extract the endotracheal catheter,and the observation time in post anesthesia care unit in R-N group was shorter then the R-C group (P < 0.05). No statistical differences between the D-N group and D-C group. Conclusions Narcotrend monitoring can significantly reduce the dosage of propofol , the observation time in post anesthesia care unit , and the postoperative adverse reactions. But there is little effect to the donor.
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Objective To evaluate the reliability of mannitol for fluid responsiveness test in the patients undergoing intracranial surgery.Methods Sixty-two ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 18-64 yr,with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m2,scheduled for elective intracranial surgery,were enrolled in the study.The patients were mechanically ventilated after induction of anesthesia.The radial artery and central vein were cannulated,and FloTracTM/VigileoTM system was connected for stroke volume variation monitoring.Before infusion of mannitol,effective circulating blood volume was confirmed according to stroke volume variation.20％ mannitol 250 ml was infused over 20 min starting from onset of craniotomy.The fluid responsiveness test was recorded at the end of mannitol infusion.Results The sensitivity of fluid responsiveness test was 43％,and the specificity of fluid responsiveness test was 44％.Conclusion Mannitol can not be used for fluid responsiveness test in the patients undergoing intracranial surgery.
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Objective To evaluate the impact of epidural anesthesia with levobupivacaine combined with general anesthesia on colon surgery. Methods Sixty patients undergoing elective radical procedure for colon carcinoma were randomLy divided into four groups: saline group (group S), 0.125% levobupivacaine group (group L1), 0.25% levobupivacaine group (group L2), and 0.5% levobupivacaine group (group L3). Group S received normal saline of 10 mL epidurally and then infusion of 5 mL·h-1 until the procedure was finished; groups L1, L2, and L3 received levobupivacaine instead. Anesthetic induction was performed after epidural puncture. Mean blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at 8 time points including 5 min after entering into the operation room, 1 min after intubation, skin incision, abdominal exploration, 1 h after skin incision, completion of operation, extubation, and leaving PACU; meanwhile blood glucose and cortisol were detected, anesthesia time, time to PACU stay, bleeding, transfusion volume, adverse reaction, and doses of propofol, remifentanil, ephedrine, and fentanyl were noted. Results Time to PACU stay was longer in S group than in other 3 groups. Doses of remifentanil and fentanyl were larger in L1 group than in L2 group and L3 group. Ephedrine dose in L3 group was larger than in other 3 groups. Blood sugar in L1 group was higher than L2 group and L3 group. Cortisol in S group was higher than in other 3 group. Cortisol in L1 group was higher than in L3 group. The number of patients with hypotension was greater in L3 group than other 3 groups. Conclusions Continue epidural infusion of 0.25%levobupivacaine can reduce stress response and opioid uses, shorten PACU stay, whereas it does not increase use of ephedrine.
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Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important pathophysiological role in osteoarthritis and cartilage metabolism. To determine the relationship between NO and the synthesis of type II collagen in cartilage, we measured levels of type II collagen by ELISA and procollagen (II) mRNA by RT-PCR in cultured lapine chondrocytes that were incubated with some kinds of reagents. 0.2mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) can release high levels of NO, decreasing type II collagen, suppressing the expression of procollagen (II) mRNA (COL2A1).At the same time, chondrocytes showed a large increase in NO synthesis, a decrease in type II collagen and COL2A1 mRNA in response to 100u/ml IL-1. When 1mg/ml N-nitro-L-arginine methyl easter (NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase) was mixed with IL-1, NO production was inhibited, the amounts of type II collagen recovered partially and COL2A1 mRNA recovered completely.These data indicate NO can inhibit type II collagen synthesis as IL-1 downstream molecule by suppressing procollagen (II) mRNA.