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The FDA approved a total of 37 new drugs in 2022, including 22 new molecular entities and 15 new biological products. This is the year with the lowest number of new drugs approved by the FDA since 2017. Among these approved drugs, 21 new drugs belong to the "first-in-class" category, accounting for 56% of the total approved drugs, which is the highest ratio in the past 10 years. Among the drugs approved in 2022, there are 5 small molecule kinase modulators, including the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) allosteric inhibitor deucravacitinib, the first oral pyruvate kinase (PK) activator mitapivat, the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) selective inhibitor abcrocitinib, the JAK2 selective inhibitor pacritinib and the broad-spectrum fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor futibatinib. This review briefly describes the discovery background, research and development process, synthesis routes and clinical efficacy and safety of small molecule kinase modulators approved by the FDA in 2022, hoping to provide ideas and methods for further research on kinase modulators.
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Objective:To analyze the effectiveness and safety of the second course radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases.Methods:We retrospectively collected the data of 28 patients with unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases who received the second course radiotherapy at Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute from 2017 to 2023, to analyze the feasibility of re-irradiation.Results:For the 28 patients, the median follow-up time after re-irradiation was 20.2 months. The median time interval between the first- and second-course radiotherapy was 11.1 months. The median biologically effective doses of the first- and second-course radiotherapy were 100 Gy and 96 Gy, respectively. Stereotactic body radiotherapy was administered to 25 patients (89.3%) during the first course and 24 patients (85.7%) during the second course of radiotherapy. The mean equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions to the normal liver was 10.1 Gy in the first-course radiotherapy and 7.9 Gy in the second-course radiotherapy. The complete response rate, partial response rate, and objective response rate after re-irradiation were 54.5%, 18.2%, and 72.7%, respectively. After re-irradiation, the 2-year cumulative local failure rate was 17.0% when calculated based on patients and 15.1% when calculated based on lesions, the 1-year progression-free survival rate was 27.4%, and the 3-year overall survival rate was 46.7%. The second-course radiotherapy was well tolerated, with most patients (75.0%) experiencing grade 1-2 acute adverse reactions and only one case (3.6%) experiencing grade 3 acute adverse events.Conclusions:Second course radiotherapy is an effective and safe treatment approach for selected patients with unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases.
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Objective:To summarize the clinical phenotype and genotypic characteristics of children with truncation variation in SMC1A gene. Methods:The clinical data of a child with late-onset cluster seizures caused by truncation variation in SMC1A gene diagnosed in February 2021 in Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University were collected. The relevant literature was reviewed to summarize the clinical characteristics. Results:The proband was a 5-year-old girl, presenting with first seizure at the age of 5 and cluster seizures. She had poor response to multiple antiepileptic drugs, and had normal neurodevelopment before seizures. Whole exome sequencing results revealed a spontaneous heterozygous nonsense variation c.55C>T in SMC1A gene, causing a nonsense variant in the amino acid sequence p.Gln19Ter(p.Gln19 *), which has not been reported. There were a total of 14 relevant literatures, and there were in total 32 cases with truncation variation in SMC1A gene including this case. All children were female and 30 children had early-onset intractable epilepsy, and first seizure median age was 5 months (range: 4 weeks to 40 months); 78.1% (25/32) of them had cluster seizures; 93.8% (30/32) had mental retardation; Cornelia de Lange syndrome clinical score in 68.8% (22/32) of them was≥4. The truncation variations in SMC1A gene of 31 children were de novo, and there were 16 children with frameshift variation (16/32), 12 children with nonsense variation [12/32; 3 children (9.4%, 3/32) with c.2923C>T], 4 children with splice variation (4/32). Conclusions:This study further expands the clinical phenotype and genotype of cases with truncation variation in SMC1A gene. Case presenting with female late-onset cluster seizures has not been reported in China, and genetic testing can be beneficial for early diagnosis of hereditary epilepsy and precision treatment.
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Objective:To investigate the expression of circ_0063865 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)tissues and cells and its effect on the biological properties of the cells.Methods:The loop structure and stability of circ_0063865 were identified by Sanger sequencing, back-to-back primer validation and the ribonuclease R(Rnase R)tolerance assay.The expression of circ_0063865 was detected by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization in an ESCC tissue microarray and its clinical relevance was analyzed.The expression levels of circ_0063865 in a normal esophageal epithelial cell line and ESCC cell lines were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR). Cell counting Kit-8, the colony formation assay, the scratch assay, the transwell invasion assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of circ_0063865 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion abilities and apoptosis, respectively.Results:The loop formation of circ_0063865 was verified by Sanger sequencing, back-to-back primer and Rnase R tolerance assays.The results of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the mean fluorescence intensity of circ_0063865 expressed in ESCC tissues was significantly higher than in its paired paracancerous normal tissues( t=2.267, P<0.05). The expression of circ_0063865 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis( χ2=4.356, P<0.05). The average overall survival time of patients with high circ_0063865 expression ESCC was lower than that of patients with low circ_0063865 expression ESCC.RT-qPCR results demonstrated that, compared with HEEC, circ_0063865 expression was elevated in ESCC cell lines( F=18.413, P<0.05). In addition, after circ_0063865 knockdown, the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of KYSE-30 and KYSE-150 cells were significantly decreased, and the level of apoptosis was significantly increased(both P<0.05). Conclusions:The expression of circ_0063865 in ESCC is high, and changes in its expression are significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis.Additionally, circ_0063865 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of ESCC cells.
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Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and genetic variation of 2 children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 8 (DEE8).Methods:Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to determine the potential variants in the probands. Candidate variants identified by WES were validated by Sanger sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) detection was performed in the proband 1′s mother and proband 2 to detect the allelic expression difference of ARHGEF9. Results:Both of the cases showed global developmental delay. Proband 1 presented with delayed motor and speech development, intellectual disability, and seizures. Electroencephalography of proband 1 showed slow background activity, with spikes, spike and waves in bilateral frontal and midline regions during sleep. While proband 2 showed delay in acquisition of language, motor skills, and cognition, but no seizures. It was identified that proband 1 carried a novel maternally derived heterozygous splicing variant (c.925-2A>T) in ARHGEF9 by WES, which was verified in Sanger sequencing. The XCI in proband 1′s mother was observed, and the expression ratio of mutant ARHGEF9 and wild-type was 0∶100%. A novel exon 3-10 heterozygous deletion of ARHGEF9 was identified in proband 2, and this variant was not found in his unaffected parents. Conclusions:DEE8 disorders are relatively rare. Most of the patients have varying degrees of neurodevelopmental phenotype, but epilepsy is not a specific clinical manifestation. ARHGEF9 gene deletion and splicing variation may be the genetic cause of the 2 probands, and above findings have enriched the spectrum of variation and phenotype of DEE8.
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From the fungus Trichoderma sp., we isolated seven novel 18-residue peptaibols, neoatroviridins E-K (1-7), and six new 14-residue peptaibols, harzianins NPDG J-O (8-13). Additionally, four previously characterized 18-residue peptaibols neoatroviridins A-D (14-17) were also identified. The structural configurations of the newly identified peptaibols (1-13) were determined by comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS/MS) data. Their absolute configurations were further determined using Marfey's method. Notably, compounds 12 and 13 represent the first 14-residue peptaibols containing an acidic amino acid residue. In antimicrobial assessments, all 18-residue peptaibols (1-7, 14-17) exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 8-32 μg·mL-1. Moreover, compound 9 exhibited moderate inhibitory effect on Candida albicans FIM709, with a MIC value of 16 μg·mL-1.
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Peptaibols/química , Trichoderma/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical features and genotype of a child with Schmid type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the child and her parents was collected. The child was subjected to high-throughput sequencing, and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing of her family members.@*RESULTS@#Whole exome sequencing revealed that the child has harbored a heterozygous c.1772G>A (p.C591Y) variant of the COL10A1 gene, which was not found in either of her parents. The variant was not found in the HGMD and ClinVar databases, and was rated as likely pathogenic based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG).@*CONCLUSION@#The heterozygous c.1772G>A (p.C591Y) variant of the COL10A1 gene probably underlay the Schmid type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in this child. Genetic testing has facilitated the diagnosis and provided a basis for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis for this family. Above finding has also enriched the mutational spectrum of the COL10A1 gene.
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Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Mutação , Osteocondrodisplasias/diagnóstico , Heterozigoto , Biologia MolecularRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To conduct clinical and genetic analysis of two male patients with atypical Rett syndrome.@*METHODS@#Collection of clinical data in the two patients and these parents; whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to detect the potential variants, which were verified by Sanger sequencing. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) detection is performed in the Patient 1's mother to detect the allelic expression difference of the MECP2 gene.@*RESULTS@#Patient 1, a 5-year and 10-month-old boy, had mental disorders and mild intellectual disability (ID) (IQ: 54), whose mother had ID. Patient 2 was a 9-month and 18-day-old male presented with recurrent infections, respiratory insufficiency, hypotonia and global developmental delay. WES indentified a hemizygous mutation, c.499C>T (p.R167W), in the MECP2 gene in patient 1, which was inherited from his mother. The inactivation of X chromosome is skewed, and the expression ratio of wild-type and mutant MECP2 is 100%:0. Patient 2 was found a de novo splicing mutation, c.62+2_62+3del in the MECP2 gene. They were both reported pathogenic variant related to Rett syndrome. c.499C>T (p.R167W) was defined as likely pathogenic (PS1+PM2+PP3) and c.62+2_62+3del was pathogenic (PVS1+PM2+PM6) based on American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics standards and guidelines.@*CONCLUSION@#Both the two patients were diagnosed with rare male Rett syndrome, which had atypical clinical manifestations and large difference. Above foundings have revealed novel phenotypes in Chinese male patients with Rett syndrome.
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Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Craniossinostoses , Testes Genéticos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Proteína 2 de Ligação a Metil-CpG/genética , Mutação , Fenótipo , Síndrome de Rett/genéticaRESUMO
Over the past three decades, more and more antisense drugs have been approved for marketing or clinical trails. Antisense technology has become the focus of pharmaceutical research due to its unique advantages in treating diseases and strong clinical development potential. There is a big difference from traditional small molecule chemical drugs, and macromolecular protein biological drugs. Antisense drugs are a very independent drug form. Antisense drugs were initially used to treat diseases with single gene mutations, but recently they have gradually begun to be used for the treatment of common diseases. Rational antisense drug design is crucial for disease treatment based on genetics. This paper reviews the latest progress in the field of action mechanism, chemical modification and delivery strategy of antisense drugs, and analyzes the current intractable problems. It is believed that with the resolution of these problems, the research of antisense drugs can reach a new level.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical phenotype and genotype of a male case of subcortical band heterotopia caused by mosaic mutation of DCX gene.Methods:The clinical data and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of a male case of subcortical band heterotopia diagnosed in the Department of Neurology, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University in August 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. At the same time, the whole exon sequencing of the families was performed by next generation sequencing method, the suspicious mutation was verified by polymerase chain reaction Sanger sequencing, and their genetic mutation characteristics were analyzed.Results:The proband, one male, aged 5 years and 1 month, was hospitalized in August 2020 with the complaint of intermittent convulsions for 4 years and six months. Clinical features included that limb muscle tension was slightly high, intellectual and motor development was backward, and head circumference was 48 cm. MRI of his head showed diffuse thick subcortical band heterotopia. The detection of whole exon sequencing in his family showed that there was hemizygous mosaic mutation in DCX gene (mosaic ratio 44%), c.148A>G (p.k50E). The mosaic ratios of oral mucosa and urinalysis were 38.2% and 44.8% respectively. His parents were wild-type, The mutation found in this patient has not been reported at home and abroad.Conclusions:The mosaic variation of DCX gene can cause subcortical band heterotopia in males. The variation of DCX gene c.148A>G (p.k50E) may be the possible cause of the proband, which expands the variation spectrum of subcortical band heterotopia.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of different chemotherapy drugs combined with DNA methylase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) on the apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells.Methods:In the prospective randomized controlled study, lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were treated with cisplatin plus paclitaxel (TP) or gemcitabine (GP) with or without 5-Aza-dC. According to different drug intervention methods, they were divided into control group, cisplatin combined with paclitaxel (TP) group, cisplatin combined with gemcitabine (GP) group, and 5-Aza-dC combined with TP group, 5-Aza-dC combined with GP group. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation of A549 cells. Transwell migration and invasion assay were used to detect the effect that each group of drugs on the migration and invasion ability of A549 cells. Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to evaluate the effect of each treatment on the expression of apoptotic genes. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the degree of cell proliferation in different drug treatment groups, and LSD- t method was used for pairwise comparison within groups. Results:The inhibition rates of lung adenocarcinoma cells in the TP regimen at different time points at 24, 48, and 72 h were as follows (20.00±4.23) %, (35.00±2.80) %, and (56.00±3.11) %. The inhibition rate of 5-Aza-dC combined with TP regimen on lung adenocarcinoma cells was significantly increased, at different time points of 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively (38.00±3.80) %, (50.00±3.25) %, (93.00±4.33) %. The inhibition rates of cells at different time points at 24, 48, and 72 h in the GP regimen were (33.00±5.10) %, (54.00±3.80) %, and (74.00±2.82) %, respectively; while 5-Aza-dC combined with GP regimen could significantly reduce the rate of cell growth, the inhibition rates of cells at 24, 48, and 72 h different time points were as follows (54.00±3.00) %, (67.00±5.30) %, and (95.00±1.13) %. The inhibitory effect of the same drug on lung adenocarcinoma cells increased with time (TP group: F=35.93, P<0.001; 5-Aza-dC combined with TP group: F=97.33, P<0.001; GP group: F =41.73, P<0.001; 5-Aza-dC combined with GP group: F=79.00, P<0.001), and at different time points, the differences were statistically different (all P<0.05). 5-Aza-dC combined with TP and GP chemotherapy regimens can inhibit the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cell A549, and the inhibitory effect is stronger than that of TP or GP regimens alone. The expression of Caspase 8 was significantly elevated ( t=5.87, P=0.004) in cells treated with 5-Aza-dC combined with GP when compared with GP regimen alone. The expression of Caspase 8 ( t=3.94, P=0.017), Caspase 6 ( t=5.81, P=0.004) and BBC3 (BCL-2 binding component 3) ( t=6.53, P=0.003) were increased when drugged with 5-Aza-dC combined TP regimen compared with TP regimen alone. Conclusion:5-Aza-dC might serve as a chemotherapeutic sensitizer to increase the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Objective: To study the effects of dihydromyricetin (DMY) on the proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell KYSE150 and KYSE410. Methods: KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells were treated with different concentrations of DMY (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 μmol/L) for 24 hours. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) values of KYSE150 and KYSE410 were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Then 0.5‰ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as control group, dihydromyricetin (DMY), dihydromyricetin and transforming growth factor-β1 (DMY+ TGF-β1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were used as experimental group. Cell proliferation and apoptosis rates were measured by clonal formation and flow cytometry. Transwell invasion and wound healing assay were used to detect cell invasion and migration. The protein expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, Smad2/3, phosphorylation-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) and Vimentin were detected by western blot. Results: The IC50 values of DMY on KYSE410 and KYSE150 cells were 100.51 and 101.27 μmol/L. The clone formation numbers of KYSE150 and KYSE410 in DMY group [(0.53±0.03) and (0.31±0.03)] were lower than those in DMSO group [(1.00±0.10) and (1.00±0.05), P<0.05]. The apoptosis rates of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in DMY group [(1.84±0.22)% and (2.80±0.07)%] were higher than those in DMSO group [(1.00±0.18)% and (1.00±0.07)%, P<0.05]. The invasion numbers of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in DMY group [(0.42±0.03) and (0.29±0.05)] were lower than those in DMSO group [(1.00±0.08) and (1.00±0.05), P<0.05]. The migration rates of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in DMY group [(0.65±0.14)% and (0.40±0.17)%] were lower than those in DMSO group [(1.00±0.10)% and (1.00±0.08)%, P<0.05]. The clone formation numbers of KYSE150 and KYSE410 in TGF-β1 group [(1.01±0.08) and (0.99±0.25)] were higher than those in DMY+ TGF-β1 group [(0.73±0.10) and (0.58±0.05), P<0.05]. The apoptosis rates of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in TGF-β1 group [(0.81±0.14)% and (1.18±0.10)%] were lower than those in DMY+ TGF-β1 group [(1.38±0.22)% and (1.85±0.04)%, P<0.05]. The invasion numbers of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in TGF-β1 group [(1.19±0.11) and (1.39±0.11)] were higher than those in DMY+ TGF-β1 group [(0.93±0.09) and (0.93±0.05), P<0.05]. The migration rates of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in TGF-β1 group [(1.87±0.19)% and (1.32±0.04)%] were higher than those in DMY+ TGF-β1 group [(0.86±0.16)% and (0.77±0.12)%, P<0.05]. The protein expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in DMY group were higher than those in DMSO group, while the protein expression level of Bcl-2 was lower than that in DMSO group (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of p-Smad2/3, Smad2/3 and Vimentin in KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in DMY group were lower than those in DMSO group (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in TGF-β1 group were lower than those in DMY+ TGF-β1 group, and the protein expression level of Bcl-2 was higher than that in DMY+ TGF-β1 group (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in DMY+ TGF-β1 group were lower than those in DMY group, and the protein expression level of Bcl-2 was higher than that in DMY group (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of p-Smad2/3, Smad2/3 and Vimentin in KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells in TGF-β1 group were higher than those in DMY+ TGF-β1 group (P<0.05). Conclusion: DMY can inhibit the proliferation and EMT of ESCC mediated by TGF-β1 and promote cell apoptosis.
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Humanos , Apoptose , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Dimetil Sulfóxido/farmacologia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Neoplasias Esofágicas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , Flavonóis , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/farmacologia , Vimentina/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical characteristics and pathogenic gene in a Chinese pedigree affected with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 8A (MTDPS8A).@*METHODS@#Whole exome sequencing was carried out for the patient. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the results, and PolyPhen-2 and PROVEAN software were used to predict the impact of amino acid changes on the function of the protein.@*RESULTS@#The patient, a two-month-old female, was admitted to the hospital for poor milk intake and poor mental response. Her clinical manifestations included feeding difficulty, shortness of breath and low muscle tone. Auxiliary laboratory test indicated that the infant was underdeveloped with abnormal liver, kidney, and heart functions accompanied by hyperlacticacidemia. She responded poorly to treatment and eventually died. Sequencing revealed that the child has carried compound heterozygous missense variants of the RRM2B gene, namely c.16delA (p.R6Gfs*22) and c.175G>C (p.A59P), which were respectively inherited from her father and mother, and both were newly discovered pathologic variants.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.16delA and c.175G>C compound heterozygous variants of the RRM2B gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of MTDPS8A. Above finding has strengthened the understanding of the clinical feature and genetic etiology of this disease and expanded the mutation spectrum of the RRM2B gene.
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Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , China , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Testes Genéticos , Mutação , Linhagem , Ribonucleotídeo Redutases , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
ObjectiveTo resolve the problems related to the abnormal interpretations of real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for tri-allele, to formulate the interpretation methods of real-time fluorescence PCR by referring to multiplex PCR fragment analysis, so as to obtain an accurate, simple and cheap detection method for ABCB1 tri-allele. MethodsA total of 2 794 DNA samples were collected from Xi'an Mental Health Center from March 2020 to March 2021, and 5% of which were selected as experiments. Real-time fluorescence PCR method and multiplex PCR fragment analysis method were performed respectively. According to the comparison of Ct values of PCR curves and the comparison of base peak intensity in multiplex PCR fragment analysis, comparison and analysis were conducted on the interpretation results of the two methods, and samples with different interpretation results were verified, thereafter, PCR interpretation method was formulated. ResultsA total of 139 samples were collected, of which 120 alleles and 19 tri-allele were detected. The results of allele detection by two methods were absolutely consistent. In combination with the results of multiplex PCR fragment analysis, a method for the interpretation of real-time fluorescence PCR for 19 cases of tri-allele was developed as follows: when ∣∣Ct.G-Ct.T∣-∣Ct.G-Ct.A∣∣ in amplification curve was less than 3, the interpretation results were the combination of the base pairs with small Ct values; when ∣∣Ct.G-Ct.T∣-∣Ct.G-Ct.A∣∣ was greater than or equal to 3, the interpretation results were homozygotes from the base pairs with minimum Ct values. According to the interpretation method, the results of real-time fluorescence PCR were revised, and it showed 1 case of G/G, 1 case of A/A, 4 cases of T/G, 5 cases of T/A and 8 cases of T/T, which were consistent with the results of multiplex PCR fragment analysis. ConclusionReferring to the multiplex PCR fragment analysis method, the interpretation of ABCB1 tri-allele by real-time fluorescence PCR is developed, and the two interpretation methods are in good agreement.
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ObjectiveTo study a therapeutic reference range and laboratory alert level of amisulpride in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia. MethodsPatients who met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10) were enrolled, and all patients received amisulpride treatment. Data including age, gender, duration of treatment, single daily dose, clinical diagnosis, amisulpride concentration, the scores of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the adverse reaction rate and multitherapy were collected. The concentration of amisulpride was compared within different efficacy groups and different dosage groups, meantime, the incidence rate of adverse reactions was compared within different amisulpride concentration groups, and between monotherapy and multitherapy groups. Thereafter, the therapeutic reference range and laboratory alert level of amisulpride in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia were explored via estimating the negative and positive predictive values. ResultsThe amisulpride concentration yielded no statistical difference within different dosage groups and different efficacy groups (F=0.745, 1.343, P>0.05). The single daily dose among patients in different efficacy groups demonstrated no significant difference (F=0.902, P>0.05). The correlation between amisulpride treatment efficacy and its concentration denoted no statistical significance (r=0.023, P=0.744). The clinical efficacy and adverse reaction rate showed no significant difference between monotherapy group and multitherapy group (F=2.198, 0.095, P>0.05). The concentration of amisulpride was not linearly correlated with the adverse reaction rates [y=100x/(78.13+x), r=0.960]. When amisulpride concentrations ranged from 100 to 600 ng/mL, the mean reduction rate was equal to or above 42%, the effective detection rate of the reference cut-off value was equal to or above 1.485, and the incidence of adverse reactions was equal to or below 85%. When amisulpride concentrations ranged from 1400 to 1800 ng/mL, there was a decreasing trend in reduction rate (all<42%) and an increasing trend in adverse reaction rate (all>85%) as the concentration of amisulpride increased. ConclusionA reference range of 100~600 ng/mL and an alert level of 1400 ng/mL are recommended for the clinical safety of amisulpride.
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Objective:To investigate the MRI features of the primary sinonasal malignant melanoma (SMM) and evaluate the signal pattern based on T 1WI and T 2WI, in order to improve the diagnostic accuracy of SMM. Methods:The MRI findings of 63 SMM cases confirmed by pathology from April 2007 to November 2018 at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. The signal intensity of malignant melanoma was classified into four types(Ⅰ—Ⅳ) according to the proportion of signal areas of the largest slice of the tumor on T 1WI and T 2WI. The classification criteria according to T 1WI: type Ⅰ, the area of hyperintensity was ≥50%; type Ⅱ, the area of hyperintensity was <50%; type Ⅲ, the tumor did not show hyperintensity, and the area of isointensity was ≥50%; type Ⅳ, the tumor did not have high signal area, and the area of low signal was ≥50%. The classification criteria according to T 2WI: type Ⅰ, the area of low signal in the tumor was ≥50%; type Ⅱ, the area of low signal was <50%; type Ⅲ, the tumor did not contain low signal area, and the area of isointensity was ≥50%; type Ⅳ, the tumor did not have low signal area, and the area of high signal intensity was ≥50%. The proportion of each type was calculated. Results:According to T 1WI, typeⅠwas identified in 27 cases (42.9%, 27/63), typeⅡ in 25 cases (39.7%, 25/63), type Ⅲ in 4 cases (6.3%, 4/63), and type Ⅳ in 7 cases (11.1%, 7/63). According to T 2WI, type Ⅰwas demonstrated in 29 cases (46.0%, 29/63), type Ⅱ in 28 cases (44.4%, 28/63), type Ⅲ in 2 cases (3.3%, 2/63), and type Ⅳ in 4 cases (6.3%, 4/63). There were 16 cases classified as type I based on T 1WI and T 2WI. Conclusions:Typical and atypical SMM can be identified according to signal patterns. The typeⅠsignal pattern of SMM cases on T 1WI and T 2WI is typical and can be easily diagnosed, but the proportion was less than 50%. For atypical SMM, malignant melanoma should be strongly suspected if hyperintense on T 1WI or hypointense on T 2WI is found.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical phenotypes, therapy and genetic features of aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 (ALDH7A1) gene mutations in five cases of pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE) with diagnosis confirmed by next generation sequencing.Methods:Retrospective analysis was carried out on clinical data of five cases of PDE children with early epilepsy onset who were treated in the Department of Neurology of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from February 2018 to November 2019. Next generation sequencing approach was used for genetic sequencing of proband ALDH7A1 gene and the first generation Sanger was used for validation of family members. And the characteristics of gene mutations were analyzed.Results:Among the five children diagnosed with PDE, the male to female ratio was 4 ∶ 1 and ages at clinic visit ranged from two months to 10 months old. In clinical phenotypes, all five cases experienced onset in neonatal period, with repeated seizures, manifested as myoclonus, spasms or focal paroxysm. The administration of antiepileptic drugs performed poorly in seizure control while long term oral intake of large dose pyridoxine showed better efficacy. All the five cases of children came from compound heterozygous mutations of father and mother, i.e. slicing homozygous mutation c.247-2(IVS2)A>T, missense mutation c.584A>G (p.N195S) and nonsense mutation c.1003C>T(p.R335 *), missense mutation c.1553G>C(p.R518T) and c.1547A>G(p.Y516C), missense mutation c.1547A>G(p.Y516C) and frameshift mutation c.1566_1568delTAC, missense mutation c.1061A>G(p.Y354C) and nonsense mutation c.841C>T(p.Q281X, 259), among which c.247-2(IVS2)A>T was novel splicing site mutation not reported before. Conclusions:PDE is induced by ALDH7A gene mutation. Early clinical manifestations are mostly onset of refractory epilepsy in neonatal period. Antiepileptic drugs perform poorly in terms of efficacy while pyridoxine can control seizure effectively. Gene analysis should be conducted on such patients for confirmed diagnosis.
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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical characteristics, genetic basis and clinical treatment of seven neonates with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the patients were collected. High-throughput sequencing was carried out to detect potential variants. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the results.@*RESULTS@#The patients were all males, with the age of onset being 10 to 21 days. All patients were admitted to the hospital for intermittent fever as the first symptom during the neonatal period. Additional symptoms had included polydipsia and polyuria. After the treatment, 5 patients had recovered, the remainders still had NDI symptoms and developmental retardation. Five children were found to harbor pathogenic variants of the AVPR2/AQP2 gene, which included one in-frame mutation of c.645_646insGCACCTACCCTGGGTATCGCC, two missense mutations of c.541C>T and c.419C>A, and two hemizygous deletions of the AVPR2/AQP2 gene. Among these, two were unreported previously. Cases 6 and 7 were a pair of twins. Both had carried homozygous missense variants of c.538G>A of the AVPR2/AQP2 gene, which was known to be pathogenic.@*CONCLUSION@#AVPR2/AQP2 is the main pathogenic gene for congenital NDI, for which two novel pathogenic variants have been discovered in this study. Above results have provided a basis for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling for the affected pedigrees.
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Aquaporina 2/genética , Diabetes Insípido Nefrogênico/genética , Diabetes Mellitus , Biologia Molecular , Mutação , Linhagem , Receptores de Vasopressinas/genéticaRESUMO
Objective To investigate the protective effect of the ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea L. on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice, and to analyze its effective components. Methods 80% ethanol purslane extract was centrifuged, vacuum distillated and vacuum dried into whole plant extract, supernatant extract and precipitated extract. Eighty ICR male mice were randomly divided into 8 groups: control group, liver injury model group, whole plant extract low-dose group, high-dose group, supernatant extract low-dose group, high-dose group, precipitation extract low-dose group, and high-dose group. After oral administration of distilled water or three kinds of purslane extract suspensions at different doses for 1 week, olive oil or CCl4 olive oil solution were injected subcutaneously respectively. After 16 hours, serum was collected to detect the levels of ALT, AST and IL-6 to evaluate the protective effect of purslane on acute liver injury. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was used to analyze the effective components of purslane extract. Results Compared with the model group, the levels of serum AST, ALT and IL-6 in high-dose whole plant extract group were significantly reduced. The serum ALT level of mice in the high-dose precipitation extract group was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The serum IL-6 level was decreased, but there was no significant difference. There were no significant changes in the levels of serum AST, ALT and IL-6 in the other intervention groups. 15 main components such as malic acid, citric acid, leucine, isoleucine, adenosine, succinic acid, genistein, tyrosine and phenylalanine were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Conclusion Purslane whole plant ethanol extract has hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on CCl4 acute liver injury mice, which may be a combined effect of 15 active components.
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The clinical data of a case of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) caused by mutation of filamin A( FLNA) in the congenital heart disease center of Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital in September 2017 were subject to retrospective analysis.A 2-year-old girl had clinical characteristics of special face, backward growth and development, repeated pulmonary infections, repeated heart failure, congenital heart disease, and PAH.Genetic detection: FLNA mutation (exon34: c.5417-1G> A), which was a new pathogenic mutation.There were few reports of PAH caused by FLNA mutations.In this study, a new case of pulmonary hypertension caused by FLNA c. 5417-1G>A compound heterozygous shearing mutations was found, which enriched the FLNA mutation spectrum and prompted genetic detection was an important approach to detect the cause of PAH.