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To investigate the epidemic and evolutionary trends of enterovirus (EV) in the external environment of Yunnan Province, China, molecular typing was performed on 4 EV strains that were isolated from environmental sewage in Yunnan. The VP1 region of isolates was amplified by RT-PCR using universal enterovirus primers, and the amplified VP1 region was sequenced for GenBank BLAST search and genotype analysis. The 4 EV strains were identified as ECHO7. Their nucleotide and amino acid homologies with the VP1 sequences of 68 ECHO7 strains retrieved from GenBank were measured by Mega software analysis. Our findings showed that ECHO7 strains from environmental sewage and population samples were in different evolutionary branches. These strains showed typical geographical and temporal differences; In addition, there were different transmission chains at the same time and in the same area. ECHO7 strains isolated from sewage water and patients with acute flaccid paralysis during the same period in Yunnan belonged to different clusters and evolved at different speeds. Special concerns are needed for this problem. Continuous molecular biological surveillance of human EV in the external environment of Yunnan will provide strong support for early warning of EV diseases.
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Humanos , China , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Enterovirus , Genética , Evolução Molecular , Epidemiologia Molecular , Análise de Sequência , Esgotos , VirologiaRESUMO
In order to explore the genotype distribution and molecular evolution of non-polio enterovirus (NPEVs)in Yunnan Province,the People's Republic of China, we sequenced and analyzed the partial VP1 coding region of 105 NPEVs isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Yunnan province during a 5- year study period from 2006 to 2010. The viral genomes of 105 NPEVs were translated to corresponding amino acid sequences and compared with those of the prototype strains, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed among these VP1 nucleotide sequences and other prototype strains from GenBank. Analysis showed that 18 isolates were classified into 7 serotypes of human enterovirus A species, while 77 isolates into 22 serotypes of B and 10 isolates into 4 serotypes of C species. However, we did not isolate any viruses which belonged to human enterovirus D species. Thus, under AFP surveillance, human enterovirus B species accounted for 73. 3% of the 105 isolates and was considered as the predominant one,followed by human enterovirus A(17. 1%) and human enterovirus C(9. 5%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that various serotypes of the virus and the corresponding prototype strains or other representative strains clustered into the same grooup, however, Yunnan strains and prototype strains were located in the different branches (except CA2,EV90 and EV76). The degree of variation was different even among the same genotype strains. This report showed that different genotype strains spread widely in Yunnan Province.
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Humanos , China , Epidemiologia , Enterovirus , Classificação , Genética , Infecções por Enterovirus , Epidemiologia , Virologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Tipagem Molecular , FilogeniaRESUMO
Objective To study the relevant factors on an measles outbreak caused by imported new virus (d11 genotype)from Myanmar and to develop effective strategies and measures.Methods On-site investigation on the outbreak was carried out. Results There were four townships (66%) in Menglian county reported 15 cases of measles, with 7 cases aged 6 months to 5 years old, 2 cases with the history of measles vaccination (MV). Another 8 cases were 21 to 49 year-olds but their histories on immunization were unclear. 14 of the measles cases with Myanmar citizenship came to China for treatment. They were aged 10 months to 13 years old, with only one case had ever received MV vaccination. For all the 29 cases, except for one case who did not adopt the sample case of Myanmar, the remaining 28 patients were positive for measles IgM antibodies. 6 cases of measles virus RNA were detected in the amplified sequence which showed genotype d11, and was considered Myanmar imported wild virus. 184 people received the MV inoculation, with a rate of 61.96% and the serum samples showed a measles IgG antibody positive rate of 87.50%. Manner MV emergency vaccination was carried out timely in that county so the measles outbreak was effectively controlled.Conclusion Imported measles cases from foreign countries might lead to epidemic, indicating the difficulty and challenge in the elimination of measles in our province. Emergent vaccination of MV could interrupt the transmission of the disease. Our experience showed that MV was effective in the prevention of d11 genotypes measles infection in the area.
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To explore the enteroviruses surveillance among healthy children under 15 years old in the border areas of Yunnan Province and Myanmar in 2009. The stool samples were collected from the healthy children under 15 years old who came from the border areas of Myanmar and Yunnan Province, virus isolation and sequencing were conducted for all the 271 samples. 6 strains of polioviruses (PVs) were detected from 271 stools with an isolation rate of 2.8%, which belonged to vaccine strains and 24 non-polioviruses (NPVs) were detected with an isolation rate of 8.9%. 24 NPVs belonged to human enterovirus group B (HEV-B) with 6 serotypes, HEV-A, HEV-C and HEV-D viruses were not isolated. Among them, 13 NPVs were E7 (54.17%) and 5 NPVs were E13 (20.83%). Our results showed that the enterovirus carrying rate in the border areas of Yunnan province was higher than the rate of routine acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) detection system. The HEV-B viruses were the only enteroviruses isolated. The phylogenetical analysis showed that Echovirus 7(E7) and 13 (E13) exhibited genetic polymorphism.
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Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , China , Epidemiologia , Enterovirus , Classificação , Genética , Infecções por Enterovirus , Epidemiologia , Virologia , Fezes , Virologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Tipagem Molecular , População RuralRESUMO
To find out epidemiological feature of paralytic cases caused by type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) and the excretion status of the case and to explore the enterovirus infection status among healthy children under five years old around the case in Zhaotong city, Yunnan Province in 2010. Field epidemiological studies at the epidemic area were conducted and a total of 108 stool samples were collected, three from the case, seven from the close contacts and 98 from the healthy children. VDPV was not isolated again from the case; Sabin-like PV strains or VDPV were not isolated from the close contacts and the healthy children; An active search for acute flaccid paralysis cases was conducted in the area, which indicated that the VDPV did not cause virus circulation in local area. Twenty one (20.0%) NPEVs were isolated from 105 stool samples. Among the 21 NPEV isolates, 11 isolates (52.4%) were HEV-A (3 serotypes), 10 isolates (47.6%) were HEV-B (4 serotypes).
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Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , China , Epidemiologia , Filogenia , Poliomielite , Epidemiologia , Poliovirus , Classificação , Vacinas contra PoliovirusRESUMO
Molecular typing was conducted according to the reported method for one HBsAg positive carrier who had a physical examination in Yunnan Province. The S gene of this HBV sample was amplified by nested PCR and the PCR products were directly sequenced. Blast searching was done on the Genbank database and the sequence were compared with the HBV reference sequences in database. The phylogenetic tree was constructed. Homology analysis of nucleotide and smino acid were performed between the sequences from the sample and the reference sequences corresponding to HBV genotype A to I. Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid identities suggested that the sample belonged to HBV genotype I. The HBV genotype I is the first reported in China.
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Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , China , Genótipo , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Genética , Vírus da Hepatite B , Classificação , Genética , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To know genotypes and serotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) detected from hepatitis B infected people in Yunnan Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum samples were collected from HBsAg carriers detected from people who had a physical examination at Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The S genes of HBV were amplified by nested PCR and the PCR products were sequenced. The viral genotype was identified by phylogenetic analysis. 27 reference sequences corresponding to HBV genotype A to I were obtained from GenBank. According to the amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of S gene, the dominant serotype of HBV detected from these people were confirmed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>39 HBsAg positive serum samples were detected from 2216 people who had a physical examination. The results shows that 76.9% were C genotype; 15.4% were B genotype; 5.1% were D genotype; 2.5% were I genotype. Three serotypes were found. The rates of adw2, adrq+ and ayr serotypes are 71.8%, 17.9% and 10.3% respectively. All of adw2 subtype specimens are C genotype. Among the serum specimens in which both HBsAg and HBeAg are positive, 75% were C genotype and adw2 subtype.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is determined that the main genotype and subtype of HBV prevailed in Yunnan province is C genotype and adw2 subtype.</p>
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Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Anticorpos Antivirais , Alergia e Imunologia , China , Hepatite B , Virologia , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Genética , Alergia e Imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite B , Classificação , Genética , Alergia e Imunologia , Exame Físico , Vigilância da PopulaçãoRESUMO
Objective To explore the enterovirus infection status among healthy children under 15 years old in the border areas of Yunnan province that connecting Myanmar.Methods A total of 319 stool samples were collected from healthy children in the 10 entrance ports.Enterovirus was isolated from these stool samples and then poliovirus and adenovirus were serotyped by neutralization test using specific anti-sera.All the non-polio enteroviruses(NPEVs)were identified by partial sequencing of VP1 gene.Results All 53 enterovirus were isolated from 319 stool samples and 16.6% of them carried the virus.23 polio virus(PVs)and 30 NPEVs were isolated with rates of carrying the virus were 7.2% and 9.4% respectively.4 adenovirus were also isolated with a rate as 1.25%.1 isolate could not be amplified by any Pan-enterovirus primers or by RT-PCR so was not able to be sequenced.The results of NPEVs sequencing showed that:1 isolate(3.3%)was classified into 1 serotype of HEV-A while 20 isolates(66.7%)were classified into 11 serotypes of HEV-B and 8 isolates(26.7%)were classified into 3 serotypes of HEV-C.However,we could not isolate any viruses that belong to HEV-D.nt.Result from the aa identify calculation showed that the nt and aa identification between isolates and corresponding standard strains were more than 75% and 85% respectively.The findings were similar to the international standards.Conclusion Our results showed that the rate of carrying the enterovirus especially poliovirus in some areas of Yunnan province that bordering Myanmar was higher than that of rate through the routine acute flaccid paralysis detection system.Of the enterovirus isolated,HEV-B group appeared the predominant with the wide spread of enterovirus serotype.Some newer enterovirus were also detected such as EV73(2 strains),EV75(1 strain),EV80(1 strain)and EV96(4 strains).
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Molecular typing was conducted according to the reported methods for 2 enteroviruses that were isolated from healthy children in the border areas of Yunnan Province with Myanmar. RT-PCR and sequencing were performed with 292/222 primers according to the Oberste's methods. The resulting sequences were blasted against the Genbank database and compared with all available enterovirus database. Analysis of homology at nucleotide and amino acid level identically suggested that the two enteroviruses are human enterovirus 73.
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Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem Celular , China , Primers do DNA , Genética , Enterovirus , Classificação , Genética , Infecções por Enterovirus , Virologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , FilogeniaRESUMO
Objective Study on the epidemiological characteristiCS of poliomyelitis virus in Yunnan, from 2003 to 2007.Methods Surveillance data of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases from year 2003 to 2007 was gathered.All the stool specimens were identified to contain polio virus.Results 1171 AFP cases were reported.Out of the total number of 1138 stool specimens from 2003 to 2007,57 cases showed polio virus(5.0%),159 showed NPEV(14.0%),922 cases showed virus negative.In those virus,polio type II took the lead(31.6%).57 AFP cases appeared in 37(28.7%) counties in Yunnan.Most of the cases were under 2 years of age.29 cases had taken more than 3 OFV (oral poliovaccine) dosages and 41 cases had fever before paralysis occurred.Most of the cases appeared paralysis on single lower limb,but 26 cases leaving deformity.Significant difference was found between the two groups:having received vaccination more than 3 OPV dosages or less than 3 dosages.Conclusion High quality AFP epidemiological and labomtory surveillance program,together with OPV routine and supplemental immunization strategy to cover the poorly immunized area/population appeared to be most effective.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This report presented an overview on the epidemiology of enterovirus in Yunnan province, the People's Republic of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 210 strains of non-polioviruses isolated under acute flaccid paralysis surveillance during a 5-year study period from 1997 to 2000 and 2004 were examined. Of the 210 non-polioviruses strains, a total of 12 strains of adenoviruses were serologically identified. The remaining 198 isolates were used for molecular typing, and the viral genomes of 195 nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were translated to corresponding amino acid sequences and compared with those of the prototype strains.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on molecular typing, 5 isolates were classified into 5 serotypes of human enterovirus A species while 158 isolates into 34 serotypes of B and 32 isolates into 6 serotypes of C species. However, we did not isolate any viruses which belonged to human enterovirus D species. Thus, under acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, human enterovirus B species accounted for 75.2% of the 210 isolates and was considered as the predominant one, followed by human enterovirus C (12.2%), adenovirus (5.7%), and human enterovirus A (2.4%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Although the epidemiological characteristics of NPEVs from Yunnan province remained "unknown", the molecular typing method had provided us a breakthrough to understand the epidemiology of these viruses.</p>