Precisión diagnóstica de la nueva definición propuesta de lesión renal aguda (KDIGO más uNGAL) en pacientes críticamente enfermos / Diagnostic accuracy of the proposed new definition of acute kidney injury (KDIGO plus uNGAL) in critically ill patients / Precisão diagnóstica da nova definição proposta de lesão renal aguda (KDIGO mais uNGAL) em pacientes em estado crítico

Resumen: Introducción: lo que ahora conocemos como lesión renal aguda (LRA) en el siglo pasado tuvo al menos 25 conceptos y 35 definiciones diferentes; en este siglo se desarrollaron las definiciones y sistemas de clasificación por gravedad, risk of renal dysfunction, injury to the kidney, failure of kidney function, loss of kidney function, end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE por sus siglas en inglés), AKIN, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) basadas en creatinina, gasto urinario y necesidad de terapia de reemplazo renal. En la última década se han estudiado biomarcadores de LRA. Se sugiere que se realice investigación sobre si una combinación de biomarcadores de daño y funcionales junto con información clínica en pacientes de alto riesgo podría ayudar a mejorar la precisión diagnóstica de nueva definición propuesta de LRA. Objetivo: estimar la precisión diagnóstica de la nueva definición propuesta de LRA en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, prospectivo y longitudinal en pacientes mayores de 18 años, ingresados a terapia intensiva del Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad en el periodo comprendido del 01 de mayo de 2022 al 10 de julio de 2022. Resultados: en el grupo de estudio (41 pacientes) la media de la edad fue 62.5 ± 14.22 años; y 33 (80.5%) fueron hombres. La media del peso, talla e índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 78.5 ± 18.61, 1.65 ± 0.08 y 28.93 ± 6.72 kg/m2, respectivamente; 14 (34.1%) pacientes presentaron sobrepeso y 16 (39%) tuvieron obesidad; 29 (70.7%) tuvieron sepsis. En 24 (58.5%) pacientes, el foco de infección fue pulmonar, tres (7.3%) abdominal y dos (4.9%) vías urinarias. De los pacientes, 33 (80.5%) se clasificaron como 1S y 1B. El uNGAL al ingreso tuvo una media de 451.36 ± 688.11. La sensibilidad de KDIGO más uNGAL fue 67%, especificidad 16%. La sensibilidad de KDIGO más uNGAL fue 75%, especificidad 19%. La sensibilidad de KDIGO más uNGAL fue 88%, especificidad 25%. El porcentaje de mortalidad predicha por la escala SAPS 3 fue 56.26 ± 23.7% y de la escala MPM III 43.94 ± 23.59. La mortalidad observada fue de 24 (58.5%); y el índice estandarizado de mortalidad con SAPS 3 fue de 1.04, y con el MPM III fue de 1.33. Conclusiones: el rendimiento diagnóstico de la nueva definición de lesión renal aguda propuesta no fue bueno debido a múltiples factores, dentro de los dos más importantes, el manejo preventivo de la lesión renal aguda que actualmente se aporta a los pacientes y el tamaño de la muestra. Se requiere continuar el estudio para lograr la muestra representativa de la población y tener una conclusión certera sobre el rendimiento diagnóstico de la nueva definición propuesta de lesión renal aguda.

Abstract: Introduction: what we now know as acute kidney injury (AKI) in the last century had at least 25 concepts and 35 different definitions; In this century, the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO definitions and classification systems for severity were developed, based on creatinine, urine output, and need for renal replacement therapy. In the last decade, biomarkers of AKI have been studied; It is suggested that research be carried out on whether a combination of damage and functional biomarkers together with clinical information, in high-risk patients, could help improve the diagnostic accuracy of the proposed new definition of AKI. Objective: to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the proposed new definition of AKI in critically ill patients. Material and methods: an observational, analytical, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out in patients older than 18 years, admitted to intensive care at the Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad in the period from May 1, 2022 to July 10 2022. Results: in the study group (41 patients), the mean age was 62.5 ± 14.22 years; and 33 (80.5%) were men. The mean weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were 78.5 ± 18.61, 1.65 ± 0.08 and 28.93 ± 6.72 kg/m2, respectively; 14 (34.1%) patients were overweight and 16 (39%) patients were obese; 29 (70.7%) had sepsis. In 24 (58.5%) patients, the source of infection was pulmonary, 3 (7.3%) abdominal, and 2 (4.9%) urinary tract. Of the patients, 33 (80.5%) are classified as 1S and 1B. The uNGAL at admission had a mean of 451.36 ± 688.11. The sensitivity of KDIGO plus uNGAL was 67%, specificity 16%. The sensitivity of KDIGO plus NGAL was 75%, specificity 19%. The sensitivity of KDIGO plus uNGAL was 88%, specificity 25%. The percentage of mortality predicted by the SAPS 3 scale was 56.26 ± 23.7% and by the MPM III scale 43.94 ± 23.59. the observed mortality was 24 (58.5%); and the standardized mortality rate with SAPS 3 was 1.04, and with MPM III 1.33. Conclusions: the diagnostic performance of the new definition of acute kidney injury proposed was not good due to multiple factors, among the 2 most important, the preventive management of acute kidney injury that is currently provided to patients and the size of the sample. It is necessary to continue the study to achieve a representative sample of the population and to have an accurate conclusion about the diagnostic performance of the new proposed definition of acute kidney injury.

Resumo: Introdução: o que hoje conhecemos como lesão renal aguda (LRA) teve no século passado pelo menos 25 conceitos e 35 definições diferentes; neste século, foram desenvolvidas as definições e sistemas de classificação de gravidade RIFLE, AKIN, KDIGO, baseados na creatinina, débito urinário e necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva. Na última década, foram estudadosos biomarcadores LRA; sugere-se que sejam realizadas pesquisas sobre se uma combinação de biomarcadores DE danos e funcionais juntamente com informação clínica, em pacientes de alto risco, poderia ajudar a melhorar a precisão diagnóstica da nova definição proposta de LRA. Objetivo: estimar a precisão diagnóstica da nova definição proposta de LRA em pacientes críticos. Material e métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico, prospectivo e longitudinal em pacientes maiores de 18 anos internados na terapia intensiva do Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad no período de 1o de maio de 2022 a 10 de julho de 2022. Resultados: no grupo de estudo (41 pacientes), a média de idade foi de 62.5 ± 14.22 anos; e 33 (80.5%) eram homens. As médias de peso, estatura e índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram 78.5 ± 18.61, 1.65 ± 0.08 e 28.93 ± 6.72 kg/m2, respectivamente; 14 (34.1%) pacientes apresentavam sobrepeso e 16 (39%) pacientes eram obesos; 29 (70.7%) tiveram sepse. Em 24 (58.5%) pacientes, o foco de infecção foi pulmonar, 3 (7.3%) abdominal e 2 (4.9%) trato urinário. Dos pacientes, 33 (80.5%) foram classificados como 1S e 1B. O uNGAL na admissão teve média de 451.36 ± 688.11. A sensibilidade de KDIGO mais uNGAL foi de 67%, especificidade de 16%. A sensibilidade de KDIGO mais NGAL foi de 75%, especificidade de 19%. A sensibilidade de KDIGO mais uNGAL foi de 88%, especificidade de 25%. O percentual de mortalidade previsto pela escala SAPS 3 foi de 56.26 ± 23.7% e pela escala MPM III 43.94 ± 23.59. a mortalidade observada foi de 24 (58.5%); e a taxa de mortalidade padronizada com SAPS 3 foi de 1.04 e com MPM III de 1.33. Conclusões: o desempenho diagnóstico da nova definição de lesão renal aguda proposta não foi bom devido a múltiplos fatores, entre os 2 mais importantes sendo o manejo preventivo da lesão renal aguda atualmente fornecido aos pacientes e o tamanho da amostra. É necessário continuar o estudo para obter uma amostra representativa da população e ter uma conclusão precisa sobre o desempenho diagnóstico da nova definição proposta de lesão renal aguda.

Zapato de suela rígida versus zapato de suela invertida en la cirugía de hallux valgus: análisis clínico, funcional y radiológico / Rigid sole shoe versus inverted sole shoe in hallux valgus surgery: clinical, functional and radiological analysis

Resumen: Introducción: el calzado ortopédico suele prescribirse en el postoperatorio de cirugía de hallux valgus para proteger la osteotomía y mantener la funcionalidad al paciente. En este sentido, la superioridad del zapato de suela rígida en comparación con el zapato de suela invertida sigue siendo controvertido. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados clínicos, funcionales y radiológicos entre el uso del zapato de suela rígida (ZSR) y el zapato de suela invertida (ZSI) después de la cirugía de hallux valgus. Material y métodos: un total de 57 pacientes intervenidos de hallux valgus fueron incluidos y analizados retrospectivamente. En un grupo se incluyeron 28 pacientes que usaron el ZSR, mientras que el segundo grupo incluyó a 29 pacientes que usaron el ZSI. El zapato ortopédico se usó durante seis semanas tras la cirugía. Se recogieron datos clínicos (dolor lumbar y articular de las extremidades inferiores, necesidad de muletas y problemas para subir y bajar escaleras), datos radiológicos (AIM, AHV), así como complicaciones postoperatorias (desplazamiento de osteotomía, fractura del primer metatarsiano o seudoartrosis). Resultados: el zapato de suela rígida mostró menor dificultad para subir y bajar escaleras (OR 3.8 (IC 95% 1.2-12.8), p 0.02), sólo para subir (OR 3.2 (IC 95% 1.1-10), p 0.03), así como una disminución de la necesidad de muletas (OR 1.7 (IC 95% 1.04-2.6), p < 0.03). El dolor de columna lumbar o articular de extremidades inferiores no mostró diferencias estadísticas. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en los datos epidemiológicos y radiológicos entre los grupos. Conclusiones: el zapato de suela parece aportar más comodidad a los pacientes sin aumentar las complicaciones radiológicas.

Abstract: Introduction: the orthopedic shoe is usually prescribed during postoperative care after hallux valgus surgery to protect the osteotomy and provide functional comfort to the patient. In this regard, the superiority of rigid sole shoe (RSS) compared to the reverse camber shoe (RCS) remains controversial. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical, functional and radiological outcomes from using the rigid sole shoe (RSS) vs. the reverse camber shoe (RCS) after hallux valgus surgery. Material and methods: fifty-seven hallux valgus surgery patients were included and analyzed retrospectively. The 1st group included 28 patients using the RSS and the 2nd group included 29 patients using the RCS. The orthopedic shoe was used for six weeks postoperatively. Clinical data (lumbar and lower limb pain, need of crutches and problems with going up and down stairs), radiological data (IMA, HVA) and postoperative complications (displacement of osteotomy, metatarsal fracture or non-union) were collected. Results: the RSS showed less difficulty going up and down stairs (OR 3.8 (CI 95% 1.2-12.8), p 0.02), only going upstairs (OR 3.2 (CI 95% 1.1-10), p 0.03), as well as a decreased need for crutches (OR 1.7 (CI 95% 1.04-2.6), p < 0.03). Lumbar spine or lower limb pain did not show any statistical differences. No statistical differences in the epidemiological and radiological data were found between the groups. Conclusions: the RSS seems to provide more comfort to the patients without worsening the radiological results.

Síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 em região de baixo desenvolvimento: comparação entre os critérios akin e kdigo, necessidade de diálise e mortalidade / Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure patients in a low-income region in brazil: incidence of acute kidney injury (akin and kdigo criteria), need for dialysis and mortality

Resumo Fundamento: A síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 associa-se a maior mortalidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). No entanto, há escassez de publicações comparando critérios diagnósticos de lesão renal aguda (LRA). Objetivos: Analisar o perfil clinicofuncional de pacientes com IC e fatores associados a ocorrência de lesão renal aguda (LRA). Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, em hospital terciário de região com baixo desenvolvimento econômico que incluiu pacientes com IC descompensada ou infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) recente, sendo avaliadas características clínicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficas comparativamente em pacientes com e sem LRA classificada pelos critérios Acute Kidney Network (AKIN) e Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Nível de significância estatística com valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: Entre 81 pacientes, 61,73% evoluíram com LRA. A média de creatinina foi 1,79±1,0 mg/dL e de ureia 81,5±46,0 mg/dL, sendo maior no grupo com LRA (p < 0,05). Não foi evidenciada relação entre alterações cardíacas e redução da função renal. A doença renal crônica se associou a maior ocorrência de LRA (38% x 3,23% sem LRA, p = 0,001). Não houve diferença do KDIGO com relação ao critério AKIN. Os pacientes que desenvolveram LRA apresentaram maior mortalidade (32% x 9,8% no grupo sem LRA, p = 0,04, com odds ratio (OR) de 8,187 e intervalo de confiança 1,402-17,190, p = 0,020). Conclusão: Nessa casuística de pacientes com IC, a ocorrência de LRA foi elevada e foi fator de risco independente de mortalidade. As alterações cardíacas não se associaram à ocorrência de LRA, e os critérios diagnósticos KDIGO e AKIN apresentaram performance similar.

Abstract Background: Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome is associated with higher mortality in heart failure patients. However, few studies have compared the diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this population. Objective: To assess clinical and functional features and factors associated AKI in patients with heart failure. Method: Retrospective, cohort study on patients with decompensated heart failure or recent acute myocardial infarction, conducted in a tertiary hospital in a low-income region of Brazil. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features were compared between patients with and without AKI according to the Acute Kidney Network (AKIN) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of 81 patients, 61.73% had AKI. Mean creatinine and urea levels were 1.79±1.0 mg/dL and 81.5±46.0 mg/dL, respectively, and higher in the group with AKI (p < 0.05). No evidence of a relationship between cardiac changes and reduced renal function. Chronic renal disease was associated with higher prevalence of AKI. Higher mortality was observed in patients with AKI than in patients without AKI (32.0% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.04, OR 8.187 ad 95% confidence interval 1.402-17.190, p = 0.020). Conclusion: In this population of patients with heart failure, AKI was highly prevalent and considered an independent risk factor for mortality. Cardiac changes were not associated with AKI, and the KDIGO and AKIN criteria showed similar performance.

Evaluation of the prevalence and factors associated with acute kidney injury in a pediatric intensive care unit

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of acute kidney injury in pediatric intensive care unit according to diagnostic criteria - pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease, Acute Kidney Injury Network and Acute Kidney Injury Work Group, or Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes -, and determining factors associated with acute kidney injury as well as its outcome. Methodology This was a cross-sectional monocentric observational study, including patients aged between 29 days and 17 years who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. To evaluate the association between the study variables and acute kidney injury, the log-binomial generalized univariate and multivariate linear models were adjusted. Results The study included 1131 patients, with prevalence of acute kidney injury according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria of 12.6% and of 12.9% according to the pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease. In the multivariate analysis of older children (PR 1.007, 95% CI: 1.005-1.009), sepsis (PR 1.641, 95% CI: 1.128-2.387), demand for ventilatory support (PR 1.547, 95% CI: 1.095-2.186), and use of vasoactive amines (PR 2.298, 95% CI: 1.681-3.142) constituted factors associated with statistical significance to the development of acute kidney injury. The mortality rate among those with acute kidney injury was 28.7%. Conclusion Older children, diagnosis of sepsis, demand for ventilatory support, and use of vasoactive amines were correlated with a higher risk of developing acute kidney injury. The mortality associated with acute kidney injury was elevated; it is crucial that all measures that ensure adequate renal perfusion are taken for patients with risk factors, to avoid the installation of the disease.

Comparison of the accuracy of RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO criteria in predicting early death after liver transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To compare the accuracy of three acute kidney injury (AKI) criteria of RIFLE, Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) in predicting the early (30 d) postoperative death of liver transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data of 173 liver transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of postoperative AKI was calculated according to the three criteria of RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO. The all-cause fatality rate and cause of death at postoperative 30 d were analyzed. The risk factors of death within 30 d after operation were analyzed by binary Logistic regression. The prediction accuracy of three criteria for death within 30 d after operation was compared by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results According to the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO criteria, the incidences of postoperative AKI were 48.0%, 51.4% and 53.8%, respectively. Thirteen patients died within 30 d after operation and the fatality rate was 7.5%. RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO stages were the independent risk factors for death within 30 d after operation (all P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO stages to predict death within 30 d after liver transplantation were 0.828, 0.766 and 0.844, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between AKIN and KDIGO (P < 0.05). Conclusions KDIGO criterion is better for predicting early death after liver transplantation. However, as a tool, the comparative selection among these three criteria still needs the evidence support from a large multicenter sample.

Effectiveness of double metatarsal osteotomy for severe hallux valgus with increased distal metatarsal articular angle / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To summarize the technique and effectiveness of double metatarsal osteotomy for treating severe hallux valgus with increased distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA). Methods: Between June 2014 and December 2017, 64 patients (94 feet) of severe hallux valgus with an increased DMAA were treated with the double metatarsal osteotomy (distal metatarsal Reverdin osteotomy+proximal metatarsal open wedge osteotomy) combined with Akin osteotomy and soft tissue surgery to correct the deformity. There were 10 males (15 feet) and 54 females (79 feet) with an average age of 44.5 years (range, 26-66 years), including 34 of unilateral foot and 30 of bilateral feet. The Maryland metatarsophalangeal joint score of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) was 54.3±7.4 and the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 6.0±2.0. The pre- and post-operative AOFAS score, VAS score, DMAA, hallux valgus angle (HVA), first-second intermetatarsal angle (1-2IMA), and the first metatarsal length (FML) were recorded and compared. Results: All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 12-15 months, with an average of 13.2 months. The complications occurred in 4 feet, including 1 foot of hallux stiffness, 1 foot of numbness at the edge of the wound, 1 foot of metastatic metatarsalgia, and 1 foot of metatarsal bone necrosis. At 1 year after operation, the Maryland metatarsal joint score of AOFAS was 89.2±7.4, showing significant difference compared with preoperative score ( t=18.427, P=0.000); and the effectiveness was rated as excellent in 78 feet, good in 12 feet, poor in 3 feet, and bad in 1 foot, with an excellent and good rate of 95.7%. The VAS score was 1.5±2.0, showing significant difference compared with the preoperative score ( t=10.238, P=0.000). The X-ray films showed that the osteotomies achieved bony healing at 3 months after operation. There were significant differences ( P<0.05) in HVA, 1-2IMA, and DMAA between preoperation and 6 months and 1 year after operation; but no significant difference was found in FML between preoperation and 1 year after operation ( t=0.136, P=0.863). Conclusion: For the patients with severe hallux valgus with increased DMAA, the double metatarsal osteotomy can significantly relieve the clinical symptoms and improve the imaging parameters with less postoperative complications.

Clinical Profile Of Acute Kidney Injury Patients Admitted In Medical Intensive Care Unit In Tertiary Care Centre

Acute kidney injury is one of the major conditions complicating the outcome of hospital admitted patients. Early detection and treatment of AKI can help reduce the mortality to a signicant level. The most common conditions succumbing to AKI are hypovolemia, sepsis, drug induced kidney injury, cardiac conditions (reduced cardiac output). Common co-morbid conditions associated are hypertension, diabetes, chronic debilitating conditions like CVA and CAD. OBJECTIVE- The study aimed at evaluating the etiological factors and co-morbid conditions associated with acute kidney injury in medical intensive care unit in tertiary care setting in central India. MATERIAL AND MATERIAL AND METHODS- Total 200 patients admitted in medical ICU were selected based on AKIN criteria. pre-exiting conditions like hypertension, diabetes, CAD, CVA were noted. Increase in serum creatinine >1.5 times or >0.3mg/dl and decrease in urine output <0.5ml/kg/h for 6-12 hrs were the criteria for selection. Patients were observed till the time of discharge or death. Data collected was analysed statistically. RESULTS-Out of the 200 enrolled in the study,81 patients were female and 119 males. Majority of the patients were found to be under the age group of 35-54 years with a total number of 101. Hypertension was found to be the major co-morbid condition with a patient load of 62, followed by diabetes, CVA, CAD with a patient load of 30,24and 5 respectively. Sepsis and shock were found to complicating majority of the illnesses and contributing 87.6% and 67.6% to the total mortality. Infective conditions like acute gastroenteritis and UTI were the most common causes with a total load of 76 and 15 respectively. Chronic liver disease and hemolytic conditions like malaria were found to contributing a lower patient load but higher mortality. Other causes found to be associated with AKI were found to be post natal cases, snake bite and poisoning. CONCLUSION- pre- renal causes were found to be the most common causes of AKI. Early recognition and vigorous management is the key to reduce mortality and long term complications.

Short-term effectiveness of Scarf osteotomy and Akin osteotomy combined with soft tissue procedures in treatment of hallux valgus associated with mild to moderate metatarsus adductus / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of Scarf osteotomy and Akin osteotomy combined with soft tissue procedures for hallux valgus associated with mild to moderate metatarsus adductus. Methods: The clinical data of 30 patients (48 feet) who were diagnosised hallux valgus associated with mild to moderate metatarsus adductus and treated by Scarf osteotomy and Akin osteotomy combined with soft tissue procedures between February 2013 and May 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 2 males (2 feet) and 28 females (46 feet) with an average age of 29.4 years (range, 18-50 years). The disease duration was 3-12 years (mean, 6.1 years). The degree of metatarsal adductus was assessed by Sgarlato's measurement and Yu et al classification criteria, and the degree of metatarsal adductus was mild in 20 feet and moderate in 28 feet. Preoperative X-ray examination showed that the hallux valgus angle (HVA) was (39.4±5.6)°, the first-second intermetatarsal angle (1-2IMA) was (15.2±3.5)°, the metatarsus adductus angle (MAA) was (21.2±3.7)°. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 51.7±10.0, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 4.9±2.7 before operation. Postoperative complications and the union time of osteotomies were recorded. At last follow-up, the HVA, 1-2IMA, and MAA were measured on X-ray films, and the AOFAS scores and VAS scores were recorded, then compared them with preoperative ones. Roles - Maudsley score was used to investigate patients' satisfaction. Results: All the incisions healed by first intention. Thirty patients were followed up 24-27 months (mean, 26.4 months). Three patients (4 feet) occured metatarsalgia, and the pain relieved after treated by Custom-Made Orthotics. All the osteotomies were unoin, the healing time was 2-4 months (mean, 2.7 months). At last follow-up, the HVA and the 1-2IMA were (13.2±3.1)° and (5.1±2.3)°, respectively, showing significant differences when compared with preoperative ones ( t=14.606, P=0.000; t=22.356, P=0.000); the MAA was (21.0±3.4)° and there was no significant difference when compared with preoperative one ( t=0.789, P=0.434). The AOFAS and VAS scores were 91.8±7.5 and 1.1±1.0, respectively, showing signifiant differences when compared with preoperative ones ( t=13.787, P=0.000; t=14.781, P=0.000). Satisfaction survey showed that 28 patients were very satisfied and satisfied (93.3%), and 2 cases were not satisfied (6.7%). Conclusion: The short-term effectiveness of Scarf osteotomy and Akin osteotomy combined with soft tissue procedures for hallux valgus associated with mild to moderate metatarsus adductus is satisfactory, and no correction is required for metatarsal adductus.

Effectiveness comparison between Scarf osteotomy combined with Akin osteotomy fixed by absorbable screws and fixed by metal screws for the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Scarf osteotomy combined with Akin osteotomy in the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus with absorbable screws or metal screws fixation by clinical and radiological data. Methods: Between March 2014 and May 2016, the Scarf osteotomy combined with Akin osteotomy was used to treat 62 patients (83 feet) with moderate to severe hallux valgus. Twenty-five patients (35 feet) were fixed by absorbable screws (group A) and 37 patients (48 feet) were fixed by metal screws (group B). The difference in gender, age, affected side, etiology, severity, disease duration, preoperative hallux valgus angle (HVA) and first-second intermetatarsal angle (1-2IMA) measured in weight-bearing anteroposterior X-ray film, preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores between 2 groups ( P>0.05). The complications and healing time of 2 groups were recorded and compared. At last follow-up, the AOFAS and VAS scores, and HVA, 1-2IMA measured by weight-bearing anteroposterior X-ray film were used to evaluate the effectiveness. Results: All incisions healed by first intention and no incision-related complication occurred in the two groups after operation. Both groups were followed up, the follow-up time in group A was 12-36 months (mean, 24.4 months) and in group B was 14-38 months (mean, 25.7 months). In group A, 1 foot was complicated with hallux varus, 2 feet had mild stiffness, 1 foot appeared metastatic metatarsal pain, and in group B was 2, 3, 2 feet, respectively. There was no recurrence of hallux valgus in both groups. The difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups after the first operation was not significant ( χ2=0.275, P=0.843). The removal rate of internal fixator in group B was 89.2% (33 cases) during the second operation, among which 3 cases had screw slip and 1 case had screw fracture. And 10.8% (4 cases) refused the second removal operation due to their age. Postoperative X-ray films showed that both groups had good healing at the osteotomy site, and there was no significant difference in healing time between the two groups ( t=1.633, P=0.285). At last follow-up, the AOFAS score, VAS score, HVA, and 1-2IMA were significantly improved in the two groups when compared with preoperative ones ( P0.05). Conclusion: The effectiveness of Scarf osteotomy combined with Akin osteotomy in the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus is significant, with few complications. Compared with being fixed by metal screws, being fixed by absorbable screws has the same effectiveness, but can avoid the risk of second operation to remove the internal fixator.

Factores asociados a nefrotoxicidad por polimixina B en un hospital universitario de Neiva, Colombia. 2011-2015 / Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B experience from 139 cases at a tertiary university hospital in Colombia

Background: The rise of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram negative bacilli (MDR-GNB), added to paucity of newer therapy, have led to increase polymyxin B use, despite adverse renal toxicity profile. Aim: To determine the incidence and risk factors associated to acute kidney injury (AKI) and polymyxin B use, in patients with infections caused by MDR-GNB. Methods: A retrospective cohort, with a nested case-control study of adults who received polymyxin B for more than 48 hours at a tertiary university hospital in Colombia (2011-2015) was performed. AKI was defined by AKIN criteria. Results: Of 139 patients included in our study, 102 were male with median age of 49 years (IQR:28-64). Sixty-one patients (44%) developed AKI. Independent risk factors for development of AKI included: total polymyxin B daily dose (OR = 2.19, 95% CI, 1.04-4.64); length of stay at ICU (OR = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.00-1.06); nosocomial infection (OR = 6.43, 95% CI, 2.12, -19.47); and vasopressor use (OR = 5.38, 95% CI, 2.40-12.07). Mortality was higher among AKI-patients (58.6%) compared with non-AKI patients (25.6%) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the rate of AKI associated to polymyxin B use was greater than reported in studies from last decade, and associated with increased mortality. AKI associated to polymyxin B use is likely multifactorial and aggravated by the critically ill state of patients suffering nosocomial infections caused by mdr-gnb.

Introducción: El surgimiento de infecciones graves causadas por bacilos gramnegativos multi-resistentes (BGN-MR), sumado a la carencia de nuevas opciones terapéuticas efectivas, ha llevado a retomar el uso de polimixina B, a pesar de su perfil de nefrotoxicidad. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y factores relacionados con el desarrollo de nefrotoxicidad asociada al uso de polimixina B, en pacientes adultos con infecciones causadas por BGN-MR. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, tipo cohorte histórica, con un análisis de casos y controles anidado, realizado en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel de Colombia entre 2011 y 2015, en pacientes que recibieron polimixina B intravenosa por más de 48 h. Resultados: De 139 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 61 (44%) desarrollaron falla renal aguda por criterios AKIN. Los factores de riesgo independientes para nefrotoxicidad fueron: dosis diaria de polimixina B (OR 2,19; IC 95% 1,04-4,64), días de estancia en UCI (OR 1,03; IC 95% 1,00-1,06), presencia de infección nosocomial (OR 6,43; IC 95% 2,12-19,47) y requerimiento de fármacos vasopresores (OR 5,38; IC 95%: 2,40-12,07). Conclusión: La tasa de nefrotoxicidad observada en pacientes que recibieron polimixina B es considerable; su origen probablemente multifactorial y agravada por estado crítico de pacientes con infecciones nosocomiales por BGN-MR.

The Results of Medial Horizontal Suture Fixation of Akin Osteotomy in Hallux Valgus / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical results of medial horizontal suture fixation of Akin osteotomy in hallux valgus and present its advantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on 48 cases of 35 patients with Akin osteotomy, who underwent surgery of hallux valgus between December 2014 and July 2015, and with at least 12 months of follow-up. The mean age of patients was 46.9 years (range, 16~71 years). The mean follow-up duration was 15.9 months (range, 12~18 months). Clinical evaluations included pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS hallux metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale) score, and satisfaction score. Weightbearing anteroposterior radiographs were taken to measure the distal articular set angle (DASA) of the hallux. Radiographic bone union at 6 months follow-up was regarded as a success, while a loss of reduction and nonunion was regarded as a failure. RESULTS: The mean pre- and postoperative pain VAS scores were 4.27 and 1.67, respectively (p<0.05). The mean AOFAS score improved from 59.7 to 80.5 (p<0.05). The DASA was improved from 8.15 to –2.57 (p<0.05). There was no case of skin irritation, cortical breakage, inflammation from the knot, and infection. All patients showed union without fixation failure. CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiological evaluations in this study demonstrate reliable results without complication. The medial horizontal suture fixation of the Akin osteotomy was effective, and the advantage of this procedure was unnecessity of the material removal, preservation of the joint, and no skin irritation.

Akin combined Scarf osteotomies for moderate and severe hallux valgus / 天津医药

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of Akin combined Scarf osteotomies for moderate and severe hal?lux valgus. Methods Thirty-nine (58 feet) patients received Akin combined Scarf osteotomies, in which 12 patients (16 feet) with moderate hallux valgus received the single scarf osteotomy. Hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), tibial sesamoid position and American orthopedic foot and ankle society score (AOFAS) were measured and compared before and after operation respectively. Results All operations were successfully completed patients were followed up for 8-22 months. The mean operation time was (55.0±6.8) min. The amount of intraoperative bleeding was 3-20 mL with an aver?age of (11.0±5.4) mL. All patients were healed except for a delayed union of Akin on a severe hallux valgus patient. Two cas?es (2 feet) were found inflammation in surgical incision. Two cases (2 feet) were found numbness in dorsal medial side of hal?lux, which was considered nerve damage and improved in 3-5 months. There was no recurrence of hallux valgus in the peri?od of following up. After surgery, HVA (14.1°±5.3°), IMA (7.7°±3.8°) and tibial sesamoid position (2.58±0.61) were signifi?cantly decreased compared with those before operation (39.6° ± 6.8° , 18.7° ± 5.4° and 4.87 ± 0.59, P<0.05). AOFAS score (84.4±8.7) was significantly higher after surgery than that before surgery (37.3±9.5, P<0.05). Conclusion Akin combined Scarf osteotomies can achieve a excellent therapeutic effect for moderate and severe hallux valgus with very few complica?tions and recurrence, which is worth for clinical application.

Medial Horizontal Suture Fixation of the Akin Osteotomy: A Technical Report / 대한족부족관절학회지

The Akin osteotomy is a complimentary procedure in hallux valgus surgery. Surgical techniques may vary depending on the operators or fixation devices. Suture fixation, for which a removal procedure is not necessary, can often be recommended. However, there is a risk of failure due to the thin cortex of the phalanx. We describe a new technique using Ethibond suture fixation in Akin osteotomy, which can lower the risk of phalangeal cortical failure and articular cartilage irritation. First, the Akin osteotomy was performed on the proximal phalanx 5 to 6 mm distal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Then bone holes were drilled from dorsum to plantar parallel to osteotomy with the Kirschner wire. The final procedure involved passing the Ethibond sutures connected to a straight needle through the holes and tying it. This fixation method offers an effective and easy technique for performance of Akin osteotomy.

Comparison of Operative Results of Distal Chevron Osteotomy with and without Akin Osteotomy for Moderate to Severe Hallux Valgus / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted among patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus who underwent distal chevron osteotomy and groups of patients with or without Akin osteotomy were compared for evaluation of the relationship between their radiological and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2009 to January 2012, among patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus who underwent distal chevron osteotomy at our institution, 28 cases with additional Akin osteotomy and 35 cases without Akin osteotomy available to follow up of more than one year were included in this study. For radiologic evaluation, hallux valgus angle, 1, 2 intermetatarsal angle, and hallux interphalangeal angle were measured before and after surgery. For clinical assessment, visual analogue scale score, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, subjective satisfaction of the patients, and passive range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joints were evaluated. RESULTS: At the final follow up, correction of valgus hallux angle and 1, 2 intermetatarsal angle was obtained from radiation results of both groups and it was found that patients who underwent Akin osteotomy showed radiographically larger angle correction but less subjective satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus who underwent distal chevron osteotomy showed not only functional but also radiographically satisfactory results, and patients who underwent additional Akin osteotomy showed decreased subjective satisfaction. Therefore, if an incongruent first metatarsophalangeal joint is not observed, distal chevron osteotomy without Akin osteotomy seems preferable.

RIFLE and AKIN criteria for mortality and risk factors of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To evaluate the mortality and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients by the risk, injury, failure, loss, end stage kidney disease (RIFLE) and acute kidney injury network (AKIN). Methods:We constructed a retrospective study of all AKI patients in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between February 2006 and January 2011. The diagnosis and classiifcation of AKI were reconifrmed and categorized by RIFLE and AKIN criteria. To compare the clinical characteristics, mortality and associated risk factors in AKI patients by the RIFLE and AKIN stage, univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Results:The patients were diagnosed as AKI by AKIN (n=1027) or by RIFLE criteria (n=1020). There was no signiifcant difference in the hospital mortality, hospital length stay (days), or the proportion of complete recovery in each stage of AKI patients by RIFLE and AKIN (P>0.05). In the univariate analysis, age, pre-renal causes, proportion of hospital acquired AKI, mechanical ventilation, hypotension, the number of failed organs, acute tubular necrosis-index severity score (ATN-ISS), and the peak of serum potassium ion concentration were signiifcantly higher in the non-survivors than in the survivors (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age older than 65, hospital acquired AKI, hypotension, number of failed organs, ATN-ISS scores, and the peak of serum potassium ion concentration were independent risk factors for hospital mortality. Conclusion:Both RIFLE and AKIN criteria have similar scientiifc value in assessing hospital mortality. AKI stage is associated with the recent prognosis of AKI patients.

Transarticular Fixation of Akin Osteotomy on Patients with Hallux Valgus after Resection of Medial Protrusion of Base of Proximal Phalanx / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: When medial protrusion in the base of proximal phalanx is severe from removing metatarsal bunion during the hallux valgus surgery, it could lead to skin irritation and medial pain after the surgery. The purpose of this paper was to report our clinical and radiographic results with transarticular fixation of Akin osteotomy for the treatment of patients with hallux valgus after resection of the medial protrusion of base of the proximal phalanx. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study is subject to 34 cases of 30 patients who went through proximal phalanx medial corticectomy among patients undergone both hallux valgus surgery and Akin osteotomy at our institution from March 2006 to March 2012. In all cases, we used absorbable suture material through the articular surface for Akin osteotomy after resection of the medial protrusion in proximal phalanx. Radiographs were reviewed to assess the union and displacement of osteotomy site at the time of postoperative 6 months. The clinical results were assessed by using AOFAS score and complication such as skin irritation and pain. RESULTS: AOFAS score was improved from average 44 points(36-58), before operation and average 87 points(74-96), 12 months after operation. In two cases, partial union was suspected in radiological perspective, however, complete union on the osteotomy site was observed in all cases, 12 months after the operation. No patients was dissatisfied with pain, joint discomfort, skin irritation and inflammation from the knot. CONCLUSION: When medial protrusion in the base of proximal phalanx is severe from removing metatarsal bunion during the hallux valgus surgery, We have good results by transarticular fixation of Akin osteotomy using absorbable suture material.

Diferentes abordagens na detecção da disfunção renal aguda em pacientes graves / Different approaches in the detection of acute renal dysfunction in serious patients

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As diversas definições para disfunção renal aguda (DRA) têm dificultado intervenções precoces nestes quadros, recentemente a classificação Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage Renal Desease (RIFLE) tem contribuído para reverter esse quadro. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o método tradicional com a classificação RIFLE/AKIN (AcuteKidney Injury Network) para o diagnóstico de DRA. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo transversal por análise de prontuáriosdos pacientes internados no período de 15 meses, na unidadede terapia intensiva do Hospital Universitário de Alagoas.Os indivíduos, classificados em dois grupos (I - com lesão renal e II - sem lesão renal), foram avaliados quanto ao sexo, idade, motivo da admissão, necessidade de ventilação mecânica e fármacos vasoativos, sepse, escore de Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely ill Patients(SOFA) e mortalidade. A avaliação para DRA foi comparada com a registrada em prontuários pelo médico plantonista.RESULTADOS: A ocorrência de DRA foi de 21%, com maior gravidade e tempo de internação neste grupo. Em relação ao diagnóstico, osplantonistas levaram o dobro do tempo para detectar DRA, utilizandoos critérios tradicionais, quando comparado ao uso do RIFLE/AKIN (p = 0,0056). Pacientes classificados com lesão e falência pelo RIFLE foram os que apresentaram maior gravidade e pior evolução. CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de DRA encontrada foi compatível com a literatura. A escassa utilização da classificação RIFLE/AKIN pelos plantonistas dificulta ações preventivas e o tratamento da DRA, o que prejudica a evolução e o prognóstico dos pacientes,sendo necessária maior atenção destes médicos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJETIVES: The various definitions for acute kidney injury (AKI) have hampered early intervention in these clinical conditions, recently the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage Renal Disease (RIFLE) classification has helped to reverse this. Our study aimed to compare the traditional method with RIFLE/AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) classification for the diagnosis of AKI. METHOD: Retrospective cross-section studies by medical records analysis of patients admitted within 15 months in the intensive care unit of University Hospital of Alagoas. Individuals were classified into two groups (I - with renal injury and II - without renal injury); they were evaluated for sex, age, admission reason, mechanical ventilation need and vasoactive drugs, sepsis, Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely ill Patients (SOFA) score and mortality. Our assessment for AKI was compared with that recorded in medical records by the doctor on duty.RESULTS: The occurrence of AKI was 21%, with greater severity and duration of hospitalization in this group. Regarding diagnosis, doctor on duty took twice as long to detect AKI using the traditional criteria, when compared to the use of RIFLE/AKIN (p = 0.0056). Patients classified with injury and failure, by RIFLE, were those with greater severity and worse outcome. CONCLUSION: The rate of AKI has been found compatible to the literature. The little use of the RIFLE/AKIN classification, by doctors, hampers preventive actions and treatment of AKI that affect the evolution and prognosis, requiring more attention these doctors.

Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Incidence, Etiology, Outcome / 대한내과학회지

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized as acute decline of renal function. AKI is frequently combined in hospitalized patients and worsen the outcome of the affected patients. Recently new criteria named RIFLE and AKIN were made to define AKI more uniformly. Recent studies with RIFLE/AKIN showed that even less severe forms of AKI are associated with reduced survival and worse outcome. In this review, we will discuss on the definition, Incidence, Etiology and outcome of AKI.

Fixation with Absorbable Suture Material in Akin Osteotomy / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: The Akin osteotomy which is a closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal phalanx widely used for the correction of hallux valgus has several methods of fixation. we tried to report the effects of the fixation using an absorbable suture material during the Akin osteotomy for the hallux valgus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on 448 cases of 346 patients who were able for follow-up more than 12 months among the patients who had an Akin osteotomy together with the surgery of hallux valgus between March of 2006 and May of 2010. Absorbable suture material had been used in all cases. Radiologically displacement and union of osteotomy site were observed after the surgery, and clinically postoperative complication such as skin irritation, pain and satisfaction were investigated. RESULTS: Radiologically all cases had showed complete union and no case had the loss of an correction due to loss of fixation. Also, any case had no skin irritation due to a knot. Three cases had a medial cortical breakage due to a strong knot, and the initial one case among them had additionally fixed the osteotomy site for four weeks using K-wire, and the remaining two cases had fixed a suture on an articular surface without any fixation of an additional wire. If a medial cortical bone was lost by carrying out an ostectomy due to proximal protrusion of proximal phalanx, three cases could show union through the fixation of suture on an articular surface. CONCLUSION: This study considers that the fixation of the osteotomy site using an absorbable suture material in an Akin osteotomy was effective method and the advantage of this procedure was unnecessity of the material removal and no skin irritation.

Definition and Diagnostic Criteria of Acute Kidney Injury

Acute renal failure means that the word does not contain a mild kidney injury. In addition, the criteria for acute renal failure per researcher are different, and it is difficult in interpreting the results of research on acute renal failure. Therefore, rather than acute renal failure, a new term "acute kidney injury" meaning to include all the levels of injury is introduced. In 2002, to diagnose by means of serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate and urine output, a detailed classification of acute kidney injury, the RIFLE criteria has been proposed. In 2007, the RIFLE criteria by transforming, AKIN criteria has been proposed. The pediatric RIFLE criteria for children has also been proposed. The author reviews here these criteria by comparing them.