Effective Ingredients of Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Regulating Oxidative Stress： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Osteoarthritis （OA） is a common degenerative joint disease with a rising incidence rate year by year. Treatment often relies on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs）， which can lead to gastrointestinal damage with long-term use and the recurrence of symptoms. Chinese medicine has a long history of preventing and treating OA， with widespread application and fewer side effects. It offers unique advantages such as a broad treatment scope， multiple targets， and pathways. The effective components of Chinese medicine can reduce the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， relieve oxidative stress （OS） damage， and increase the antioxidant capacity of the body by interfering with the expression of biomarkers of OS response such as malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）. Through the modulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）， nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， and osteoprotegerin （OPG）， they downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， thereby effectively relieving local joint inflammation， protecting chondrocytes and bone tissue， inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis， and further alleviating the progression of OA. Currently， there are still certain limitations in the medical research status and development trends of OA， necessitating the continued advancement of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper reviewed the literature on the regulation of OS response by effective components of Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of OA， providing new directions and ideas for future research.

Optimization of extraction process and antioxidant activity of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma / 中国药师

Objective To optimize the extraction process of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma using Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology and evaluate antioxidant activity of total phenolic acid in vitro.Methods Taking the liquid-solid ratio,ethanol concentration and extraction temperature as influencing factors,and the extraction rate of total phenolic acids as evaluation indicator,the extraction process of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma was optimized using a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology on the basis of single factor tests.Meanwhile,the scavenging effects of total phenolic acid extract from Cibotii rhizoma on ABTS·+and DPPH· was determined.Results The optimized extraction process for total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma was as follows:the ethanol concentration of 55％,the extraction temperature of 88℃ and the liquid-solid ratio of 60∶1 mL/g.Under these conditions,the extraction rate could reach 8.67％.When the mass concentration of total phenolic acids extract were 2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL,the clearance rates of ABTS·+and DPPH·were 92.76％and 88.66％,respectively.Conclusion The theoretical values obtained from the response surface optimization method are consistent with the actual measured values,and the extraction process of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma was simple and feasible.The total phenolic acids extract from Cibotii rhizoma exhibit strong antioxidant activity in vitro.

The developments of silicosis drugs / 药学学报

Pneumoconiosis is the most common occupational disease in China, which severely endangers people's health. Depending on the inhaled air pollutants, pneumoconiosis is classified as anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, etc., among which silicosis is the most common and serious. Silicosis is a systemic, poor prognostic disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue, which is caused by long-term exposure to dust with high levels of free silicon dioxide (SiO2) in the occupational environment. Appropriate treatment in time is important for the disease. Unfortunately, no effective drugs have been approved to delay or even reverse pulmonary fibrosis caused by SiO2. This review briefly classifies potent therapeutic drugs and compounds in term of mechanisms, providing the probability for clinical treatment of silicosis.

Preclinical anti-apoptotic properties of salidroside for hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 数字中医药（英文）

@#【Objective】   As the main active ingredient of Tibetan medicine Hongjingtian (Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma), salidroside (Sal) has a good anti-apoptotic potential. Currently, there are some conflicting results on the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of Sal. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide the preclinical evidence of its anti-apoptotic properties in preventing and treating hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage(HICD). 【Methods】   The literature on the anti-apoptotic potential of Sal in the treatment of HICD from January 1, 1980 to November 9, 2021 was searched online using Chinese databases including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database, and English databases including PubMed and Web of Science. The quality of the included articles was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration network bias risk assessment criteria, and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. 【Results】  A total of 40 articles were finally included. Among the 40 articles, 30 were about in vivo animal experiments and 17 about in vitro cell experiments, and 7 of them included both animal and cell experiments. After analysis, it was found that Sal had significant effects on disease-related indicators of HICD (P < 0.05), such as cerebral infarctsize and brain water content. As to in vivo studies, Sal mainly affects the expressions of apoptotic factors through antiinflammation, anti-oxidation, activation of complement pathway, and regulation of signal transduction and autophagy, thus exerting anti-apoptotic potential in treating HICD. While for in vitro studies, Sal plays the anti-apoptotic role in HICD models mainly through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, reduction of Ca2+ overload, regulation of mitochondrial function, signal transduction, and C3 complement. 【Conclusion】  Sal can take anti-apoptotic effects to prevent and treat HICD through mechanisms such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhanced autophagy, complement and signal transduction, regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduction of Ca2 + overload.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of four kinds of Huangshan chrysanthemum / 药学实践与服务

Objective To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of four kinds of Huangshan chrysanthemum. Methods ABTS, FRAP and DPPH were used to detect the antioxidant activities of Huangshan golden silk chrysanthemum, Huangshan chrysanthemum, Huangshan gongju, and Huangshan dendranthema. Their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by NF-κB reporter gene assay and rat foot swelling models. Results The outcomes of ABTS，FRAP and DPPH showed that the water extracts of four kinds of chrysanthemum all had certain antioxidant activities and the activities of Huangshan golden silk chrysanthemum were strongest, followed by Huangshan chrysanthemum , Huangshan gongju , and Huangshan dendranthema. Results of NF-κB reporter gene assay and rat foot swelling models showed that four extracts of chrysanthemum morifolium could inhibit the transcription of NF-κB induced by LPS and alleviate foot swelling of rat induced by carrageenan, with the strongest activity of Huangshan chrysanthemum, followed by Huangshan golden silk chrysanthemum, Huangshan gongju, and Huangshan dendranthema. Conclusion The antioxidant activities of Huangshan golden silk chrysanthemum were strongest, followed by Huangshan chrysanthemum, Huangshan gongju, and Huangshan dendranthema. The anti-inflammatory activities of Huangshan chrysanthemum were strongest, followed by Huangshan golden silk chrysanthemum, Huangshan gongju, and Huangshan dendranthema.

Research advances in bioactivity of oyster peptides / 药学实践与服务

Functional peptides refer to peptides that are beneficial to life activities or have special physiological activities, also known as bioactive peptides. Oyster is rich in protein and is a good material for developing bioactive peptides, which has great potential as a functional food and great application value in pharmaceutical and medical industry. With the development of modern biotechnology and medical technology, the method innovation of oyster peptide preparation，the absorptivity and biological activity of oyster peptide have been enhanced significantly, which lead to deep recognition of the biological function of oyster peptide and offer the boarder application prospect. The researches on the diversification activities of oyster peptides were summarized in this review, which provided clues and ideas for the development of the oyster peptide applications.

Progress of Research on Medical Application of Hydrogen in Digestive System / 胃肠病学

The medical application of hydrogen is one of the hotspots in recent years.Hydrogen has small molecular weight,strong diffusion ability and certain reducibility,which can react with reactive oxygen species in the body.At present,hydrogen has been proven to have good preventive and therapeutic effects in various diseases.In recent years,hydrogen-rich water and hydrogen-rich saline have been widely used as the main hydrogen intervention methods in fundamental and clinical research related to the digestive system.Several studies have proved that hydrogen-rich solution has a certain improvement effect on various diseases in the digestive system,such as oral diseases,intestinal barrier damage,inflammatory bowel disease,pancreatitis,liver disease,digestive system tumors,etc.The mechanism related to the biological effects of hydrogen includes anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,anti-apoptosis,regulation of energy metabolism,modulation of gut microbiota and signal transduction.Therefore,this article aims to review the research progress on the medical effects and mechanisms of hydrogen in the digestive system.

Progress of Research on NAD+ Metabolic Pathway in Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / 胃肠病学

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),including ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn's disease(CD),is a systemic inflammatory disease.Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)is widely used as a cofactor or substrate in biochemical reactions and is closely related to physical health.The close relationship between IBD and NAD+has been widely recognized.Ital homeostasis depends on the balance of NAD+ synthesis and breakdown,and therapeutic approaches designed to target the NAD+ pathway are expected to be used in treating IBD.This article reviews the research progress of NAD+ metabolism in treating IBD and provides directions for applying NAD+-related therapies in the treatment of IBD.

Inhibitory effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on brain inflammation in mice with periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the effects of periodontitis on the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice and the effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the periodontium and the brain of AD mice with experimental chronic periodontitis (CP). 【Methods】 Ten wild-type C57 mice were in the blank control group (Group C57), and another 40 3-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly divided into four groups: AD+CP group, AD+CP+NAC group, AD+NAC group, and AD group. The periodontitis model was established in mice in AD+CP group and AD+CP+NAC group by silk ligation. At the same time, mice in AD+CP+NAC group and AD+NAC group were injected with NAC (200 mg/kg). The height of alveolar bone loss was detected after 3 weeks, and the cell morphology of the hippocampus was observed. We determined the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the hippocampus as well as the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in the hippocampus and gums by ELISA. 【Results】 Compared with AD group, the height of alveolar bone loss in AD+CP group was higher (P<0.05), and the expression levels of IL-18 in the gum and IL-1β and NLRP3 in the hippocampus were increased significantly (P<0.05). In addition, compared with AD+CP group, the height of alveolar bone loss in AD+CP+NAC group was reduced significantly (P<0.05), the expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the gum were reduced significantly (P<0.05) as well as the expression levels of IL-1β and Aβ in the hippocampus were reduced significantly (P<0.05). Compared with C57 group, the neurons in the hippocampus of AD+CP group were more loose and disordered, and the activation of microglia was increased, while the disarrangement of cells in AD+CP+NAC group was less than that in AD+CP group. 【Conclusion】 Periodontitis can aggravate brain inflammation in AD mice. NAC can effectively reduce alveolar bone resorption in AD mice caused by periodontitis as well as reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in the gum and hippocampus. NAC can effectively reduce the alveolar bone absorption of AD mice caused by periodontitis, reduce the level of inflammatory factors in the gingiva and hippocampus, and reduce the damage of nerve cells in the hippocampus.

Research progress on pharmacological effects of bilirubin nanoparticles / 中国药房

Bilirubin has good anti-inflammatory， antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects， but its poor water solubility and low bioavailability greatly limit its clinical application. Researchers have developed bilirubin into various nanoparticles， which effectively eliminate the limitation of low solubility of bilirubin with the advantage of dosage form， so that they can maximize its pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation and immune regulation. Bilirubin nanoparticles have great application potential in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases， liver and kidney diseases， skin diseases， autoimmune diseases， islet transplantation and targeted therapy of tumors （both as a direct anti-tumor drug and as a drug delivery system）. The study of bilirubin nanoparticles will promote the clinical application of bilirubin and the development of related new drugs.

Protective Effect of Alcohol Extract of Phyllanthi Fructus on Silicosis Mice and Its Correlation with Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the effect and underlying mechanism of alcohol extract of Phyllanthi Fructus on silicosis mice induced by silicon dioxide （SiO2）. MethodThirty-six male Kunming mice of SPF grade were randomly divided into a blank group，a model group，high-， medium， and low-dose Phyllanthi Fructus groups （800， 400， 200 mg·kg-1），and a tetrandrine group （0.039 mg·kg-1），with six mice in each group. The silicosis model was induced by static SiO2 exposure in mice except for those in the blank group. After 28 days of administration by gavage，the lung tissues were collected and the organ coefficient was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining and Masson staining were used to detect the morphology of lung tissues. The content of hydroxyproline （HYP），superoxide dismutase （SOD），malondialdehyde （MDA）， and catalase （CAT） in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot and Real-time polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2），heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1），NAD（P）H：quinone oxidoreductase 1 （NQO1），and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 （Keap1）， respectively. ResultCompared with the blank group，the model group showed seriously damaged morphological structure of lung tissues with inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation， reduced serum content of SOD and CAT（P<0.01），increased content of HYP and MDA（P<0.01）， down-regulated protein and mRNA expression of Nrf2，HO-1， and NQO1（P<0.01），and up-regulated protein and mRNA expression of Keap1 （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Compared with the model group，the high- and medium-dose Phyllanthi Fructus groups showed significantly restored morphological structure of lung tissues with reduced collagen deposition， increased serum content of SOD and CAT（P<0.05，P<0.01），decreased content of HYP and MDA（P<0.01）， up-regulated protein and mRNA expression of Nrf2，HO-1， and NQO1 （P<0.05，P<0.01），and down-regulated protein and mRNA expression of Keap1（P<0.05，P<0.01）. ConclusionThe alcohol extract of Phyllanthi Fructus can inhibit pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis mice，and the underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element （ARE） signaling pathway.

Zooming in and out of ferroptosis in human disease / 医学前沿

Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. In the past decade, it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases that together involve almost every organ of the body, including various cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, endocrine metabolic diseases, iron-overload-related diseases, orthopedic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulatory pathways could provide additional strategies for the management of these disease conditions. Indeed, there are an expanding number of studies suggesting that ferroptosis serves as a bona-fide target for the prevention and treatment of these diseases in relevant pre-clinical models. In this review, we summarize the progress in the research into ferroptosis and its regulatory mechanisms in human disease, while providing evidence in support of ferroptosis as a target for the treatment of these diseases. We also discuss our perspectives on the future directions in the targeting of ferroptosis in human disease.

Research Progress of HO1 on AntiOxidative Stress Injury of MSC --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is widely used in cell therapy because of its high proliferative and multi directional differentiation potential as well as its low immunogenicity. The transplantation of MSC can help the repair of the injured organs, however, the MSC transplanted to the local organs are affected by oxidative stress and lead to premature aging or apoptosis. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) is a key ratelimiting enzyme in the process of heme metabolism, which has the functions of antiinflammation, antioxidation, antiapoptosis, antiaging, reducing cell damage and promoting angiogenesis. Induced high expression of HO1 in MSC could increase the ability of MSC against oxidative stress injury, delay the senescence and apoptosis of MSC, and alleviate cell injury. In this reviews, the research progress of HO1 on antioxidative stress injury of MSC.

Research progress of iron metabolism and its mechanism in the treatment of heart failure / 药学学报

The pathogenesis of heart failure is a complex progression and associated with abnormal regulation of many signaling pathways. As a cofactor of hemoglobin, myoglobin, oxidative respiratory chain, DNA synthase and other important proteins, iron plays an indispensable role in myocardial energy metabolism. Recently, a large number of studies have shown that heart failure is related to the disorder of iron metabolism. Both iron deficiency and iron overload can lead to the development of a variety of cardiomyopathy, and even progress to heart failure. Iron metabolism could be a key target for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of heart failure. Here, we review the basic process of iron metabolism and its mechanism in heart failure, expecting to provide new clues and evidence for the treatment of heart failure.

Genipin Protects High Glucose-injured MIN6 Cells / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Genipin (Gen) is an important antioxidant that plays a crucial role in the process of intracellular resistance to oxidative stress. In order to study the effect of genipin on MIN6 cells injured by high glucose, the CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate. The cell viability of the high-glucose injury group decreased (P <0. 05). But after genipin acted on the cells injured by high glucose, the cell viability increased (P <0. 05). The mouse insulin detection kit and ATP content detection kit found that the insulin release in the high glucose injury group decreased (P < 0. 001) and the ATP content decreased (P <0. 001). After genipin was given, the insulin release increased (P <0. 01), ATP content increased (P <0. 01). The fluorescent probe DCFH-DA detected the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and found that the ROS content in the high glucose-injury group was significantly increased (P <0. 01). After genipin was administered, ROS content decreased (P < 0. 05). Glutathione(GSH) / oxidized glutathione (GSSG), intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the cell supernatant revealed that the GSH / GSSH ratio, SOD and CAT levels in the high glucose injury group decreased (P <0. 05), and the intracellular MDA and LDH levels were significant increased (P<0. 001) .After administration of genipin, the GSH / GSSH ratio, SOD and CAT levels increased (P <0. 01), MDA and LDH levels were significantly reduced (P <0. 01). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels decreased in the highglucose injury group (P <0. 01). After genipin acted on the cells injured by high glucose, the MMP level increased (P < 0. 05). Western blot detected uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), antioxidative proteinsglutathione reductase (GR) and glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) contents. The results showed that UCP2 contents in the high glucose injury group increased (P <0. 01) and the content of oxidized protein decreased (P < 0. 01). After genipin was administered, the expression of UCP2 decreased (P < 0. 05), and the expression of antioxidative protein increased (P < 0. 05). Experiments suggest that genipin has anantioxidant protective effect on MIN6 cells damaged by high glucose and maintains the function of MIN6cells to promote insulin secretion. This experiment provides experimental data for the antioxidation of genipin on MIN6 cells injured by high glucose, and also provides new ideas for the follow-up study of genipin in the treatment and prevention of diabetes.

The molecular mechanism of ginkgolide B regulating the expression of long-chain fatty acid metabolism-related proteins and antioxidant therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / 药学学报

This study investigated the effects of ginkgolide B on the long-chain fatty acid metabolism-related enzyme protein peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors α (PPARα), long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD), carnitine palmitoyl transterase-1 (CPT-1), and acyl coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) expression in the liver of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). All the animal welfare and experimental procedures are in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. After successfully building the rat model of non-alcoholic abnormal liver disease, the rats were divided into the model group, the simvastatin group, and the low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose groups of ginkgolide B according to random number method, and were given corresponding drug treatment 4 weeks. We detected liver pathological indicators and determined blood lipids, transaminase and anti-oxidation indexes. Western blot and RT-PCR assays were used to detect the protein and mRNA levels of PPARα, LCAD, CPT-1, and ACOX1 in livers. The results showed that: ① the liver histopathology showed that the liver slices of the model group had obvious structural disorder, the nucleus was squeezed, and there were obvious fat vacuoles. The treatment groups improved significantly compared with the model group; ② compared with the normal group, the liver function and blood lipid indexes of the model group increased significantly, while the anti-oxidation indexes decreased significantly. Compared with the model group, each treatment groups were significantly improved; ③ compared with the normal group, the protein and mRNA expression levels of PPARα, ACOX1, CPT-1, and LCAD in the model group were significantly reduced, compared with the model group, those indexes in the treatment groups were significantly up-regulated. This study found that ginkgolide B could regulate the expression of long-chain fatty acid metabolism-related proteins PPARα, ACOX1, CPT-1, and LCAD, meanwhile improve the body's antioxidant capacity, thereby reduce blood lipids, further improve liver function and protect the liver.

Anwulignan alleviates liver damages in exhausted mice by activating NRF2 / 药学学报

Excessive exercise makes the body consume more oxygen and produce excessive free radicals. The increased free radicals lead to oxidative stress injury and dysfunctions in liver tissue. Our previous study showed that Anwulignan, an active monomer in Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. (Schisandra), had anti-fatigue effects in mice. However, whether Anwulignan has a protective effect on liver damage in exhausted mice and the mechanism underlying remain elusive. An exhaustive swimming mice model was used to study the protective effects of Anwulignan on liver damage. The involvement of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2)/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) antioxidative pathway in Anwulignan-mediated anti-fatigue was analyzed using NRF2 inhibitor ML385 in HepG2 cells treated with H2O2. Animal welfare and experimental process follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Beihua University. Anwulignan significantly lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, reduced liver tissue damages, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents in the livers of exhausted mice, demonstrating a strong antioxidant effect. Furthermore, Anwulignan up-regulated the NRF2/ARE antioxidant pathway in liver tissue, increased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, and decreased Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax) and caspase3 expression. In HepG2 cells, Anwulignan improved the cell viability and SOD activity, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA contents, up-regulated the expression of the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway and Bcl-2, and decreased Bax and caspase3 expression in the cells. Furthermore, pretreated ML385 partly abolished all these effects of Anwulignan. Anwulignan protects the liver from damage in the exhausted mice by its antioxidant effects and related to its activation of the NRF2 pathway.

Preparation and properties of extracellular vesicle-like nanoparticles from medicinal and edible plants / 药学学报

Extracellular vesicle-like nanoparticles (EVNs) isolated from edible plants have been shown to have multiple activities, while EVNs from medicinal plants have rarely been reported. In this paper, medicinal parts of medicinal and edible homologous fresh Curcumae Longae Rhizoma (CLR), Lilii Bulbus (LB), Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), and Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) are used to squeeze juice to collect EVNs. The physical and chemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and cellular uptake behavior of EVNs are determined. The results show that the particle size of EVNs from different sources ranges from 150 nm to 200 nm, and the polydispersity index (PDI) values of four EVNs are less than 0.2. Different EVNs all contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, but their contents are different. The stability of EVNs is different at 4 ℃ and -80 ℃, among which the CLR-derived EVNs are most stable. Antioxidant experiments confirm that the four EVNs have different antioxidant activities while structural damage of EVNs leads to the reduced antioxidant capacity. Cellular uptake studies prove that four EVNs differ in the uptake capacity by RAW264.7 cells, which is associated with the structural interference of EVNs. The available evidence implies that the specific structure of EVNs may be necessary to their pharmacological activity and transport property.

Research progress of melatonin on pulmonary hypertension / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Pulmonary hypertension is a severe disease with a wide spectrum of underlying etiologies, which was characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and eventually leads to right heart dysfunction and even death with a high mortality rate. Melatonin, as a neuroendocrine hormone, is produced primarily by the pineal gland. Melatonin, a pleotropic molecule, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases.The effects of melatonin which can attenuate pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary artery pressure have been widely concerned by researchers in recent years. This review summarized the progress of melatonin on pulmonary hypertension.

Effects of intervention of hot spring bathing on antioxidation functions in population / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the influence of hot spring bathing intervention on population's antioxidation functions. Methods Three typical types of hot spring(metasilicic acid type, warm mineral type and temperature type)in Guizhou Province were selected for investigation. According to the inclusion-exclusion criteria, questionnaires and physical examinations results, 421 individuals were selected as observation subjects for hot spring bathing intervention, of which 311 subjects completed 40 to 50 minutes of intervention once a day, 5 days a week, and for 4 weeks. Two physical examinations before and after the intervention were conducted for the 311 subjects. The fasting venous blood samples on the mornings of two physical examinations were collected and the serum was separated. Levels of serum oxidative stress-related parameters including total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD), copper zinc superoxide dismutase(Cu-Zn SOD), glutathione sulfur transferases(GSTs)glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px), sulfhydryl(-SH)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were measured by enzymatical methods. Results The overall comparison showed that compared with before the bathing intervention, the levels of antioxidant enzymes including T-SOD, Cu-Zn SOD, GSTs and GSH-px significantly increased in serum after the intervention(all P < 0.05). There was an increasing trend of serum -SH level after the intervention, but with no statistical differences were seen(P > 0.05). MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation, significantly decreased in serum after the intervention(P < 0.05). The results of classified comparison showed that the effects of different hot spring types on antioxidant enzymes were different. Metasilicic acid type significantly increased the activities of GSTs and GSH-px in serum(all P < 0.05), warm mineral type significantly increased the activities of T-SOD and Cu-Zn SOD in serum(all P < 0.05), and temperature type significantly increased the activities of T-SOD, Cu-Zn SOD and GSTs in serum(all P < 0.05). There were increasing trends of serum -SH levels after bathing intervention of all three hot spring types, but no statistical differences were seen(all P > 0.05). The serum MDA levels decreased significantly after bathing intervention of all three types of hot springs(all P < 0.05). Conclusion Overall, bathing intervention of hot springs can improve the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation products in population. The results of oxidative stress parameters are slightly different in different types of hot springs. The subjects mainly show the elevation of glutathione related enzyme(GSTs and GSH-px)activities after intervention of metasilicic acid type, the elevation of superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities after intervention of warm mineral type and temperature type, and the decline of lipid peroxidation levels after intervention of all three types. It suggests that hot spring bathing may have certain effects on improving the body's antioxidation functions.