Síncope por mixoma auricular: a propósito de un caso clínico / Syncope due to atrial myxoma: presentation of a clinical case / Síncope por mixoma atrial: a propósito de um caso clínico

Las neoplasias cardíacas se dividen en tumores primarios y secundarios; estos últimos son 30 veces más frecuentes. La mayoría de las neoplasias cardíacas son benignas y dentro de este grupo destaca el mixoma auricular. La presentación clínica es muy variable en relación con su ubicación, tamaño y movilidad, y los hallazgos a nivel de las pruebas complementarias son inespecíficos. Dado que su historia natural muchas veces pasa inadvertida, el mixoma puede culminar en la obstrucción auriculoventricular, obstrucción del tracto de salida ventricular o incluso embolias sistémicas; de esta forma, es el causante de sintomatología severa como síncope, insuficiencia cardíaca y muerte súbita cardíaca. Su manifestación clínica como un síncope es bastante frecuente. Se expone el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 81 años que consultó en el servicio de urgencias por un síncope. Durante su valoración, se identificó el mixoma auricular como etiología de este.

Cardiac neoplasms are divided into primary and secondary tumors, the latter are 30 times more frequent. Most are benign and within this group the atrial myxoma stands out. The clinical presentation is very variable in relation to its location, size and mobility, and the findings in the complementary tests are nonspecific. Since its natural history often goes unnoticed, the myxoma can culminate in atrial ventricular obstruction, ventricular outflow tract obstruction or even systemic embolism, causing severe symptoms such as syncope, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Its clinical manifestation as syncope is quite common. The case of an 81-year-old male patient who consulted at the emergency department for syncope is presented, in which the atrial myxoma was subsequently identified as the etiology of the event during the further evaluation.

As neoplasias cardíacas dividem-se em tumores primários e secundários, estes últimos são 30 vezes mais frequentes. A maioria são benignas e dentro deste grupo destaca-se o mixoma auricular. A apresentação clínica é muito variável em relação com sua localização, tamanho e mobilidade, e os achados a nível dos testes complementares são inespecíficos. Dado que a sua história natural muitas vezes passa despercebida, o mixoma pode culminar na obstrução aurículo-ventricular, obstrução do tracto de saída ventricular ou mesmo embolias sistémicas, sendo assim o causador de sintomatologia severa como síncope, insuficiência cardíaca e morte súbita cardíaca. Sua manifestação clínica como síncope é bastante comum. Apresenta-se o caso de um paciente de sexo masculino de 81 anos que consultou no serviço de urgências para um síncope. Durante a sua avaliação, se identificou mixoma auricular como etiologia deste

Oncotic (Myxomatous) Aneurysms: A Review of Management / Aneurismas oncóticos (mixomatosos): Revisão das opções de tratamento

Atrial myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors and may manifest with neurological symptoms in 30% of cases. Cerebral ischemia, aneurysmal formation, and extravascular metastases are mechanisms that lead to these neurological manifestations. Perilesional changes on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may help in the diagnosis of myxomatous aneurysms, which are usually located in the distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) and in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) circulation territories. Careful resection of the cardiac lesion is essential for preventing embolism. However, treatment of myxomatous aneurysms is controversial due to the limited understanding of the natural history of this condition. Treatment may include clinical observation in asymptomatic patients, surgical resection, endovascular approaches, adjuvant chemotherapy, and low-dose radiation therapy. We present one case of a female patient with myxomatous aneurysm secondary to an atrial myxoma who presented with neurological symptoms and another case of a female patient who developed neurological symptoms after initial surgical treatment of the primary lesion. Lesion growth rate, topography, morphology, and the patient's clinical condition must be considered when choosing a therapeutical method. Further clinical studies are needed to achieve a better understanding and treatment of this disease.

Mixomas atriais são os tumores primários cardíacos mais comuns. Podem levar a manifestações neurológicas em cerca de 30% dos pacientes devido a: isquemia cerebral, formação de aneurismas e metástases extravasculares. Alterações perilesionais encontradas tanto nas de tomografia (TC) ou ressonância magnética (RM) podem ajudar no diagnóstico de aneurismas mixomatosos, que geralmente envolvem ramos distais das artérias cerebral média e posterior. Ressecção cirôrgica cuidadosa da lesão cardíaca é essencial para prevenção de eventos embólicos. Entretanto, por sua história natural mal conhecida devida à raridade da condição, o tratamento dos aneurismas mixomatosos é controverso, incluindo conduta conservadora em pacientes assintomáticos, abordagem cirôrgica, endovascular, quimioterapia adjuvante e radioterapia em baixas doses. Discutiremos dois casos clínicos de pacientes femininas com aneurismas mixomatosos, tendo o primeiro caso o acometimento neurológico como manifestação inicial e o segundo com sintomas posteriores ao tratamento cirôrgico do tumor primário. Determinação da melhor escolha do tratamento deve levar em consideração taxa de crescimento da lesão, sua topografia, morfologia e clínica do paciente. Mais estudos clínicos são necessários para melhor compreensão e definição de conduta desses pacientes.

Surgical Treatment of Cardiac Tumors: A Single Institutional Experience Over 12 Years

Introduction: Tumors of the heart represent an exceedinglyrare entity in cardiac surgery and literature regardingmanagement and outcome is less in comparison to other fieldsof cardiac surgery. 12 years of our experience in both diagnosisand optimal surgical treatment of this small but rare collectionof patients was formed into a detailed analysis of patientprognosis, mean survival and risk of tumor relapse matchedto the corresponding pathology. The overall objective of thepresent study was a thorough characterization of both primarycardiac tumor or tumor like mass and secondary malignanttumor mass in cardiac chambers, their nature as well as ageand gender distribution and management.Material and methods: 17 patients with cardiac tumors,who underwent open-heart surgery at Medical College andHospitals, Kolkata, for tumor excision between 2007 and2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Mean follow-up wasfrom 11 to 1 years.Results: There were 2 males and 15 female patients rangingin age from 7 years to 60 years, median age being 47 years.12 of these tumors were primary left atrial myxoma, 2 wereright atrial myxoma, 1 was right ventricular fibroma, 1 wasintravenous extension into right atrium of renal cell carcinomaand 1 was multiple inflammatory pseudo tumors in leftventricle. Overall operative survival was 88.3%. Operativemortality was 11.7%.Conclusion: Cardiac tumors remain challenging in theclinical setting. Early operation is recommended afterechocardiographic diagnosis as such patients can have suddendeath or severe cardiac failure during preoperative waitingperiod. Follow up should be maintained based upon thehistopathological diagnosis.

Endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (bridging therapy) for embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma: a case report / 中华神经科杂志

Myxomas are the most frequent, cardiac benign cardiac tumors which often present with stroke caused by tumorous orthrombotic emboli. The treatment of embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma is still a clinical and technical challenge. A 61-year-old man who had an embolic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery was admitted to the Third Poeple′s Hospital of Huizhou. The initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 16. He received endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) one hour after stroke onset. No intracranial hemorrhage developed. Pathological study of embolus showed a myxoma. A cardiac mass was found in the left atrium and removed surgically three weeks after stroke. Pathological study of the tumor showed a myxoma. At the one-month follow-up after excision of myxoma, the NIHSS score was 1 and the modified Rankin scale score was 0. No recurrence of embolism occurred after surgical resection. Endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous rt-PA (bridging therapy) for embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma is safe and effective, and early resection of atrial myxoma can effectively avoid recurrence of cerebral infarction.

Endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (bridging therapy) for embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma: a case report / 中华神经科杂志

Myxomas are the most frequent, cardiac benign cardiac tumors which often present with stroke caused by tumorous orthrombotic emboli. The treatment of embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma is still a clinical and technical challenge. A 61-year-old man who had an embolic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery was admitted to the Third Poeple′s Hospital of Huizhou. The initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 16. He received endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) one hour after stroke onset. No intracranial hemorrhage developed. Pathological study of embolus showed a myxoma. A cardiac mass was found in the left atrium and removed surgically three weeks after stroke. Pathological study of the tumor showed a myxoma. At the one-month follow-up after excision of myxoma, the NIHSS score was 1 and the modified Rankin scale score was 0. No recurrence of embolism occurred after surgical resection. Endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous rt-PA (bridging therapy) for embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma is safe and effective, and early resection of atrial myxoma can effectively avoid recurrence of cerebral infarction.

Endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (bridging therapy) for embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma: a case report / 中华神经科杂志

Myxomas are the most frequent,cardiac benign cardiac tumors which often present with stroke caused by tumorous orthrombotic emboli.The treatment of embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma is still a clinical and technical challenge.A 61-year-old man who had an embolic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery was admitted to the Third Poeple's Hospital of Huizhou.The initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 16.He received endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) one hour after stroke onset.No intracranial hemorrhage developed.Pathological study of embolus showed a myxoma.A cardiac mass was found in the left atrium and removed surgically three weeks after stroke.Pathological study of the tumor showed a myxoma.At the one-month follow-up after excision of myxoma,the NIHSS score was 1 and the modified Rankin scale score was 0.No recurrence of embolism occurred after surgical resection.Endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous rt-PA (bridging therapy) for embolic stroke due to cardiac myxoma is safe and effective,and early resection of atrial myxoma can effectively avoid recurrence of cerebral infarction.

Síndrome de hipertensión pulmonar secundario a mixoma auricular derecho, a propósito de un caso / Pulmonary hypertension syndrome secondary to right atrial myxoma apropos of a case

RESUMEN El mixoma auricular es un tumor cardíaco benigno de origen primario que se localiza mayormente en la aurícula izquierda. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las formas clínicas de presentación de un mixoma de aurícula derecha, a través de la presentación de un caso con el diagnóstico de síndrome de hipertensión pulmonar secundaria al mencionado tumor cardíaco, en una paciente de 54 años de edad. Las características clínicas de los mixomas están determinadas por su localización, tamaño y movilidad. En este caso, la obstrucción intracardíaca producida por el mixoma, con movimiento paradójico del septum, dió lugar a alteraciones en el llenado ventricular, signos de bajo gasto e hipertensión pulmonar grave. El abordaje clínico y quirúrgico inmediato tras el diagnóstico evitó el desarrollo de complicaciones mayores. Este caso enfatiza la vital importancia del juicio clínico y el uso de diversas técnicas de imagen cardíaca en la toma de decisiones.

ABSTRACT Atrial myxoma is a benign primary cardiac tumor that is mostly found in the left atrium. This paper aims to describe the clinical presentation of a right atrial myxoma through the case report of a 54-year-old patient diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension syndrome secondary to the above-mentioned cardiac tumor. The clinical features of myxomas are determined by their location, size and mobility. In this case, intracardiac obstruction produced by the myxoma, with paradoxical movement of the septum, resulted in ventricular filling alterations, low cardiac output signs and severe pulmonary hypertension. Immediate clinical and surgical management after diagnosis successfully prevented the development of major complications. This case highlights the paramount importance of clinical judgment and the use of various cardiac imaging techniques in decision making.

Left atrial myxoma - A tumor in transit

Cardiac myxoma is the most common type of primary cardiac neoplasm. Over 70% of all cardiac myxomas originate from the left atrium (LA) and 18% from the right atrium (RA). Most myxomas present with constitutional, embolic, and obstructive manifestations. We are presenting a case where a part of myxoma got embolized intra-operatively. Using trans-oesophageal echocardiography, we were able to diagnose and image the transit of the tumor from the left ventricle to the left atrium. We removed the embolized tumor from the left atrium and prevented a dreaded complication like stroke, mesenteric ischemia, renal infarct or limb ischemia, which would have resulted in increased morbidity or mortality of the patient.

Rara coincidencia de dos tumores: mixoma cardíaco e hipernefroma. Presentación de un paciente / Rare coincidence of two tumors: cardiac myxoma and hypernephroma. A case report

RESUMEN La asociación de dos tumores de diferente origen en un mismo paciente es cada vez más frecuente en la práctica clínica actual. Se presenta un caso con una rara asociación de mixoma cardíaco e hipernefroma, previamente tratado. Ante la presencia de manifestaciones neurológicas, inicialmente se planteó el diagnóstico de metástasis cerebral del tumor renal; luego, con el hallazgo ecocardiográfico de una masa intracardíaca, se pensó en la posibilidad de trombo, por lo que se decidió practicar cirugía cardíaca con carácter urgente para resecarla. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó la existencia de un mixoma cardíaco, por lo que se trata de un enfermo con dos enfermedades tumorales cuya coincidencia ha sido pocas veces descrita.

ABSTRACT The association of two tumors of different origin in the same patient is becoming more frequent in the current clinical practice. Here is presented a case with a rare association of cardiac myxoma and hypernephroma, previously treated. Due to the presence of neurological symptoms, there was initially set a diagnosis of brain metastasis from the renal tumor; then, with the echocardiographic finding of an intracardiac mass, the possibility of thrombus was considered, therefore a cardiac surgery was decided to be performed urgently in order to resect it. The pathologic examination confirmed the existence of a cardiac myxoma, then, we have a patient with two tumor diseases whose coincidence has been rarely described.

Determination of residual mass in left ventricle by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography after a giant and floating left atrial myxoma resection / Determinação da massa residual em ventrículo esquerdo por ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória após ressecção de mixoma gigante e flutuante em átrio esquerdo

Abstract Atrial myxoma is a benign tumor of the heart that occurs primarily in the left atrium. Floating or large left atrial myxomas frequently cause functional mitral stenosis, may also affect mitral valve structure and flow, and lead to mitral regurgitation. Systemic embolization occurs in around 30% of cases either from tumor fragmentation or complete tumor detachment hence it should be removed as soon as it is detected. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography has a vital importance in the surgery. After resection of myxoma, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography must be performed to rule out residual mass. The case here reported is of a 48-year old female, who presented with giant and floating left atrial myxoma. Residue mass was detected with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in the left ventricle after the resection of myxoma. Subsequently, the residue mass was successfully removed. Complete resection must be required to prevent possible complications such as recurrence, embolization in atrial myxomas. Transesophageal echocardiography performed intraoperatively is vital importance to confirm that the myxoma is completely resected.

Resumo Mixoma atrial é um tumor benigno do coração que ocorre principalmente no átrio esquerdo. Os mixomas flutuantes ou grandes em átrio esquerdo com frequência causam estenose mitral funcional, podendo também afetar a estrutura e o fluxo da válvula mitral e levar à insuficiência mitral. A embolização sistêmica ocorre em cerca de 30% dos casos, quer pela fragmentação do tumor ou pelo desprendimento total do tumor; portanto, o tumor deve ser removido assim que detectado. A ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória tem uma importância vital na cirurgia. Após a ressecção do mixoma, a ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória deve ser feita para excluir a massa residual. O caso aqui relatado é o de uma paciente de 48 anos que apresentou um mixoma de átrio esquerdo gigante e flutuante. A massa residual foi detectada com ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória no ventrículo esquerdo após a ressecção do mixoma. Posteriormente, a massa residual foi removida com sucesso. A ressecção completa é necessária para evitar possíveis complicações, como recorrência e embolização em mixomas atriais. A ecocardiografia transesofágica realizada no intraoperatório é de vital importância para confirmar a ressecção completa do mixoma.

Silent Left Large Atrial Myxoma: A Patient with Serial Electrocardiogram Variation / 가정의학회지

Cardiac myxoma is often discovered as an incidental finding and presents with various subtle symptoms and signs. Electrocardiographic findings are mostly non-specific. Atrial flutter or conduction abnormalities are known to be rare. We report a case of large left atrial myxoma that was diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography at a primary care clinic. An asymptomatic, 71-year-old woman presented with serial abnormal electrocardiogram changes during a routine consultation. A diagnosis of left atrial myxoma was obtained through transthoracic echocardiography. We report this case with a review of literature on cardiac myxoma associated with arrhythmia.

Mixoma auricular izquierdo: manifestación por lipotimia y episodios sincopales de corta duración / Left atrial myxoma: manifestation due to lipotimia and syncopal episodes of short duration

Se presenta un caso de mixoma auricular izquierdo que se manifiesta clínicamente por episodios sincopales de corta duración relacionados con la posición postural. El diagnóstico fue confirmado con la ecocardiografía transtorácica y transesofágica y complementado con un cateterismo cardiaco en donde se descubrió una lesión severa de la arteria descendente anterior. La cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea fue el tratamiento lográndose exéresis completa del tumor en el sitio de implante de su pedículo.

We present a case of left atrial myxoma that is manifested clinically by syncopal episodes of short duration related to the postural position. The diagnosis was confirmed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and complemented by cardiac catheterization in which a severe lesion of the anterior descending artery was discovered. Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation was the treatment achieving complete excision of the tumor at the site of implantation of its pedicle.

Mixoma atrial: más que una neoplasia benigna / Atrial myxoma: more than a beningn neoplasm

RESUMEN Los tumores cardíacos son parte del diagnóstico diferencial en el estudio de las masas intracardíacas, junto con vegetaciones, trombos, calcificaciones valvulares, entre otros. Su localización, tamaño y movilidad pueden dar lugar a importantes implicaciones funcionales y anatómicas que determinan la presentación clínica. Describimos el caso de una mujer de 51 años de edad, quien se presentó con cuadro sugestivo de un síndrome coronario agudo, pero gracias a los hallazgos ecocardiográficos se le diagnosticó un tromboembolismo pulmonar originado por un mixoma en la aurícula derecha con posterior verificación histopatológica..

Cardiac tumors are part of the differential diagnosis in the study of intra-cardiac masses along with vegetations, thrombi, valvular calcifications among others. Their localization, size and mobility can lead to major anatomical and functional implications determining the clinical presentation. We describe the case of a 51 year-old female, who presented with complains suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome, in which an echocardiographic showed it a pulmonary embolism caused by a right atrial myxoma with histopathological verification was made.

Right Atrial Myxoma Diagnosed by Echocardiography / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the echocardiographic features in patients with right atrial myxoma and thus evaluate the value of echocardiog?raphy in the diagnosis of right atrial myxoma. Methods The echocardiographic findings of 20 patients with right atrial myxomas were retrospectively analyzed,and the echocardiographic features of these patients were summarized. Results The main clinical symptoms of right atrial myxoma includ?ed chest tightness,shortness of breath,lower limb edema,and syncope. Of these 20 patients,the echocardiography showed that the average size of the right atrial myxomas was 3.11 cm × 2.90 cm to 7.44 cm × 4.52 cm. The myxomas were round or oval shape in 15 patients(75%)and lobulated shape in 5(25%). The myxomas were attached to the atrial septum in 15 patients(75%)and to right atrial free wall in 25%of the patients. The aver?age width of the basement was 1.62±0.30 cm,and the width was greater than 1 cm in 80%of the patients had the width over 1 cm. Some myxomas had internal areas of calcification and anechoic cystic areas. The percentages of patients with the blocking of right atrium,tricuspid and pulmonary hy?pertension were 70%,50%,and 10%,respectively. Conclusion The echocardiographic features of right atrial myxoma were specific. Echocardiog?raphy can accurately assess the tumor and identify the secondary changes in cardiac structure and hemodynamics and thus provide evidence for time?ly and accurate diagnosis of right atrial myxoma.

Floating Bodies in the Left Atrium by 2D-echo: A Differential Diagnosis.

Two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-echo) is sensitive in detecting floating bodies in the left atrium. Identification of a freefloating left atrial thrombus, as a source of embolus, is a common indication for 2D-echo. Screening for other cardiac conditions such as valvular heart diseases often, if not common, reveal floating bodies in the left atrium. The differential diagnosis of a floating body in the left atrium will be discussed.

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography assessment of right atrial myxoma resulting in a change of the surgical plan.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an important diagnostic tool. It provides structural and functional assessment of cardiac structures which can improve the overall outcome of the patient. We present a case with right atrial myxoma in which TEE helped to find the attachment of the mass so that overall surgical plan was changed.

Left atrial myxoma, ruptured chordae tendinae causing mitral regurgitation and coronary artery disease.

Mitral regurgitation is uncommon with left atrial myxoma. The echocardiographic assessment of presence of mitral regurgitation and its severity are impaired by the presence of left atrial myxoma. We describe an uncommon association of left atrial myxoma with coronary artery disease and mitral regurgitation. MR was reported as mild on pre‑operative transthoracic echocardiography but found to be severe due to ruptured chordae tendinae during intra‑operative transesophageal echocardiography, which lead to change in the surgical plan to mitral valve replacement in addition to excision of myxoma.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Hemiparesis before Pacemaker Implantation in a Case with Cerebral Embolism due to a Left Atrial Myxoma / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

A 47-year-old male with a left middle cerebral artery embolism due to a left atrial myxoma was admitted to our hospital for severe right hemiparesis (Brunnstrom Recovery Stage I in all parts) and total aphasia. On day 29, the tumor was extracted but he developed complete AV block as a complication after surgery. Rehabilitation was delayed for a long time and the severe hemiparesis remained unchanged. He required assistance even when taking a sitting position on the bed, but muscle tonus appeared on the right lower limb. Beginning on day 59, before pacemaker implantation, we applied high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to his bilateral lower limb motor areas for 5 consecutive days. As a result, paresis in the right lower limb improved to Brunnstrom Recovery Stage III and he could walk between parallel bars. On day 67, a pacemaker was implanted. On day 88, he could walk independently with a cane on discharge from our hospital, although the upper limb and hand paresis remained severe. Although there has been no report on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the lower limb motor area except in the chronic stage, our experience suggests that this type of intervention can be effective in the recovery stage as well. Since transcranial magnetic stimulation is not feasible after pacemaker implantation, careful assessment is necessary for determining the precise indication for this treatment.