Application value of bone cement containing rhbFGF and RHBMP-2 in PKP treatment of osteoporotic lumbar compression fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of bone cement containing recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP)treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture(OVCF).@*METHODS@#A total of 103 OVCF patients who underwent PKP from January 2018 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 40 males and 63 females, aged from 61 to 78 years old with an average of (65.72±3.29) years old. The injury mechanism included slipping 33 patients, falling 42 patients, and lifting injury 28 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to the filling of bone cement. Calcium phosphate consisted of 34 patients, aged(65.1±3.3) years old, 14 males and 20 females, who were filled with calcium phosphate bone cement. rhBMP-2 consisted of 34 patients, aged (64.8±3.2) years old, 12 males and 22 females, who were filled with bone cement containing rhBMP-2. And rhbFGF+rhBMP-2 consisted of 35 patients, aged (65.1±3.6) years old, 14 males and 21 females, who were filled with bone cement containing rhbFGF and rhBMP-2. Oswestry disability index (ODI), bone mineral density, anterior edge loss height, anterior edge compression rate of injured vertebra, visual analog scale (VAS) of pain, and the incidence of refracture were compared between groups.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed for 12 months. Postoperative ODI and VAS score of the three groups decreased (P<0.001), while bone mineral density increased (P<0.001), anterior edge loss height, anterior edge compression rate of injured vertebra decreased first and then slowly increased (P<0.001). ODI and VAS of group calcium phosphate after 1 months, 6 months, 12 months were lower than that of rhBMP-2 and group rhbFGF+rhBMP-2(P<0.05), bone mineral density after 6 months, 12 months was higher than that of rhBMP-2 and group calcium phosphate(P<0.05), and anterior edge loss height, anterior edge compression rate of injured vertebra of group rhbFGF+rhBMP-2 after 6 months and 12 months were lower than that of group rhBMP-2 and group calcium phosphate(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of re-fracture among the three groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Bone cement containing rhbFGF and rhBMP-2 could more effectively increase bone mineral density in patients with OVCF, obtain satisfactory clinical and radiological effects after operation, and significantly improve clinical symptoms.

Finite element analysis of the effect of the distribution position and content of bone cement on the stress and displacement of reverse femoral intertrochanteric fracture / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:The proximal femoral nail antirotation is the preferred treatment for reverse osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures.Bone cement enhancement can reduce the probability of proximal femoral nail antirotation cut-out and cut-through,but there are no relevant biomechanical studies demonstrating the effect of bone cement content and location on the stress and displacement of the fracture end. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of different contents and locations of bone cement in cement-reinforced proximal femoral nail antirotation on stress,strain,and displacement of reverse osteoporotic femoral intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly by finite element analysis. METHODS:A healthy adult female right femur model was extracted by Mimics software and smoothed in Geometric software.Five types of internal fixation methods of proximal femoral nail antirotation(cementless,cephalic spherical 1 mL,cephalic spherical 2 mL,cephalic spherical 3.4 mL,and cylindrical 5 mL around spiral blade)and femoral intertrochanteric fracture(AO subtype 31-A3.1 type)model were established in Solidworks software.After assembly,the total stress distribution,peak stress and displacement of the five models of implants with the femur were compared in Ansys software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The peak stresses of proximal femoral nail antirotation with head-end spherical 1 mL,head-end spherical 2 mL,head-end spherical 3.4 mL,and cylindrical 5 mL enhanced proximal femoral nail antirotation around the spiral blade respectively were 571.07 MPa(located at the junction of the spiral blade and the main nail),495.45 MPa(located at the junction of the spiral blade and the main nail),467.20 MPa(located at the junction of the main nail and the distal screw connection),642.70 MPa(located at the junction of the main nail and distal screw connection),and 458.58 MPa(located at the junction of the spiral blade and the main nail).(2)The maximum displacements of proximal femoral nail antirotation with head end sphere 1 mL,head end sphere 2 mL,head end sphere 3.4 mL,and with cylindrical 5 mL enhancement around the spiral blade were 9.260 5,7.589 1,7.316 8,6.790 7,and 6.615 7 mm,respectively,all of which were located at the proximal end of the femoral head.(3)These findings revealed that for reverse femoral intertrochanteric fractures treated with proximal femoral nail antirotation,the bone cement enhancement had significant mechanical stability compared with no enhancement,and the enhancement of the spiral blade 5 mL around the perimeter was the best,which is more preferable for aged unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

Bone defect blocked by bone cement segmental filling in single-plane tibial bone transport / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Bone transport has been used for a variety of reasons in bone defects with good clinical results.However,various complications have also attracted the attention of practitioners and the avoidance of non-healing of the docking point has become a common concern for doctors and patients. OBJECTIVE:To explore effective methods of avoiding non-healing of the docking point in the treatment of tibial bone defects by bone transport so as to shorten the treatment period and reduce the pain of patients. METHODS:The clinical data of 21 patients with unilateral tibial bone defect admitted to the No.910 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA from January 2018 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed,including 16 males and 5 females,aged(32.8±10.3)years,with an average bone defect length of 10.2 cm.All 21 patients received bone transport surgery,during which the bone defect area was filled with bone cement to reduce the adverse factors affecting the healing of the docking point.The Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Ilizarov,healing index and incidence of adverse reactions were evaluated during postoperative follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The 21 patients were followed up for 15 to 24 months after surgery,and the extended area was all well mineralized and had no malformations,and no refractures occurred during treatment.Among them,one patient had foot drop,which could not be completely corrected after surgical release of the Achilles tendon and wearing foot and ankle orthotics.19 patients had different degrees of needle tract infection,and no deep infection occurred after timely needle tract nursing.The healing rate of the docking point was 100%;the healing index was 36-45 d/cm and the average was 38 d/cm.The Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Ilizarov showed that bone healing was excellent in 17 cases(81%)and poor in 4 cases(19%).The results of limb function were excellent in 18 cases(86%)and good in 3 cases(14%).These findings show that bone cement segmental filling during bone transport is an effective method to solve the non-healing of the docking point,shorten the patient's treatment period and reduce the patient's pain.

Influence of bone cement volume and distribution on surgical and adjacent vertebral refractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Studies have exhibited that symmetrical distribution and effective dose of bone cement can reduce postoperative vertebral refractures and help improve outcomes,but obtaining better distribution and dose of bone cement during percutaneous vertebroplasty remains an issue for surgeons. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the risk factors of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture,and to analyze the correlation between these factors and recurrent fractures of the operative vertebral body and adjacent vertebral bodies after percutaneous vertebroplasty. METHODS:111 patients who underwent unilateral approach percutaneous vertebroplasty in Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2018 to December 2021 were screened and divided into fracture group(n=17)and non-fracture group(n=94)according to whether refracture was observed during follow-up.The following variables were reviewed in both groups:Gender,age,body mass index,operation time,menopause age,bone cement distribution index,bone density T value,bone cement dose,location of bone cement distribution,percutaneous vertebroplasty stage,past history,adverse reactions and disc cement leakage of patients.These variables were analyzed by univariate analysis.The statistically significant factors were replaced by a binary Logistic regression model to analyze the correlation with vertebral refracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Univariate analysis demonstrated that after percutaneous vertebroplasty,vertebral refracture was associated with disc cement leakage(P=0.000),cement dose(P=0.049),and cement distribution location(P=0.017).(2)Binary Logistic regression revealed that bone cement leakage(P=0.000),cement dose(P=0.031),and location of cement distribution(P=0.015)were risk factors for recurrent fracture of the operative vertebral body and adjacent vertebral body after percutaneous vertebroplasty.Compared with cement distribution types I,II,and III,the risk of recurrent fracture in the operative and adjacent vertebrae was higher in cement distribution types IV and V(OR=36.340,P=0.016;OR=27.755,P=0.017).(3)It is concluded that recurrent fractures of the surgically operated vertebral body and adjacent vertebral bodies are caused by the interaction of multiple risk factors.Bone cement distribution and bone cement leakage were independent risk factors.Recurrent fractures of the operative vertebra and adjacent vertebrae are more likely when the cement is distributed in type IV and type V.Surgeons should fully assess these risk factors before surgery and develop targeted prevention and treatment strategies to help reduce the risk of future refractures.

Antibiotic-loaded bone cement in treatment of calf compartment syndrome caused by diabetic foot necrotizing fasciitis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:At present,the treatment methods for necrotizing fasciitis mostly use negative pressure sealing suction after thorough debridement.This method requires repeated debridement to completely remove necrotic infected tissue,causing serious physical and economic burdens to patients. OBJECTIVE:To introduce a rare clinical case of calf compartment syndrome caused by diabetic foot necrotizing fasciitis,and summarize the clinical experience of using antibiotic-loaded bone cement for treatment and comprehensive management. METHODS:A total of 6 patients with calf compartment syndrome caused by diabetic necrotizing fasciitis admitted to Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from August 2017 to August 2020 were selected,including 5 males and 1 female with an average age of 54 years.During the perioperative period,the patients'general condition was evaluated and systemic nutritional support treatment was given.In the first stage,all patients received complete debridement to control infection,antibiotic-loaded bone cement packing,and negative pressure sealed drainage.In the second stage,bone cement was removed and wound repair was performed.The wound healing,as well as the occurrence of redness,swelling,and exudation was observed during the follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The wounds of four patients were fresh after twice antibiotic-loaded bone cement packing,and the membrane formation was good,and one patient was good after three times of antibiotic-loaded bone cement packing,and the wounds of all five patients healed well after the second stage of skin grafting.Due to the difficulty in maintaining intraoperative blood pressure and infection in all four compartments of the lower leg,a patient underwent emergency knee amputation.Meanwhile,the stump wound was placed with antibiotic-loaded bone cement.The wound was closed directly after the secondary bone cement was removed,and the wound healed in the first stage.(2)The six patients were followed up for 6-24 months after discharge.At the last follow-up,all six patients had good wound healing and no symptoms such as redness,swelling,and exudation.The quality of life of the patients was significantly improved,and all of them were satisfied with the curative effect.(3)The occurrence of calf compartment syndrome should be vigilant when diabetic foot necrotizing fasciitis is highly suspected.Early diagnosis and timely incision decompression are of great importance.Besides,the application of antibiotic-loaded bone cement in the treatment of calf compartment syndrome caused by diabetic necrotizing fasciitis has a good short-term effect.

Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticle-coated stainless steel prepared via active screen plasma surface modification in vitro / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Most of the silver coating materials prepared using active screen plasma technology in the past do not involve the nanotechnology field.The formed silver coating is in a"thin film"form,which is coated on the surface of the substrate,and the distribution of silver particles on the surface is uneven.Its long-term antibacterial ability is challenged. OBJECTIVE:To prepare nano silver coatings capable of being"buried"within stainless steel(SS)substrates using active screen plasma surface modification(ASPSM)and to observe antibacterial activity. METHODS:The nano-silver coating was prepared by ASPSM technique on stainless steel substrate.Three groups of coating samples were prepared by adjusting the bombardment time(1,2,and 4 hours),which were denoted as 1 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS,2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS and 4 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS,respectively.The antibacterial activity of the coatings was analyzed by antibacterial ring test and Gram staining.The antibiotic coating samples of gentamicin combined with vancomycin were prepared by using stainless steel as substrate and were recorded as ACNs.Stainless steel,2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS,and ACNs were inserted into Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspension,respectively.The long-acting(84 days)antibacterial activity of the samples was analyzed by coating plate method.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with stainless steel,2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS,and ACNs,respectively.CCK-8 assay,dead/alive staining,and lactate dehydrogenase activity of cell supernatant were detected.Stainless steel,2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS,and ACNs were taken after continuous exposure to Staphylococcus aureus suspension for 12 weeks.The amount of residual viable bacteria on the surface of the material was evaluated by spread plate method.Vancomycin drug sensitive disk method was used to evaluate the resistance of residual live bacteria on the surface of materials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)With increasing bombardment time,the diameter of nano silver on the sample surface and the silver content in the coating gradually increased.Among them,the 2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS exhibited the highest surface silver content while forming uniformly spherical nanoparticles.(2)Antibacterial ring test and Gram staining results demonstrated that compared with 1 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS and 4 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS,the 2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS exhibited better inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa.After co-culturing with bacteria for 42 and 84 days,the number of viable bacteria on the spread plate method was significantly lower in the 2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS group compared to the stainless steel and ACNs groups.After co-culturing with Staphylococcus aureus for 84 days and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 42 days,the number of viable bacteria on the surface of the eluate from the ACNs group was higher than that of the stainless steel group.(3)CCK-8 assay,live/dead staining and lactate dehydrogenase activity of cell supernatant displayed that 2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS did not have obvious cytotoxicity.ACNs showed obvious cytotoxicity.(4)After co-culture with Staphylococcus aureus for 12 weeks,the residual viable bacteria on the surface of 2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS group was less than that of stainless steel group,and the residual viable bacteria on the surface of the ACNs group was more than that of stainless steel group.Compared with the stainless steel group,the sensitivity to vancomycin was significantly decreased in the ACNs group(P＜0.001),and there was no significant change in sensitivity to vancomycin in 2 h-Ag-ASPSM@SS group(P＞0.05).(5)The above results indicate that the silver nanoparticle coated stainless steel greatly improves the deposition efficiency of silver nanoparticles on the stainless steel surface and has long-lasting antibacterial properties and good cell compatibility.

Effect of bone cement with different elastic moduli injected into intervertebral space on stress of adjacent upper and lower vertebrae / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:In recent years,the treatment method of injecting bone cement into the intervertebral space has been introduced from abroad for the treatment of lumbar recurrent pain caused by lumbar disc degeneration and intervertebral space narrowing;however,some patients had vertebral fractures after treatment;the fracture may occur because the bone cement injected into the intervertebral space has a poor elastic modulus. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the effect of bone cement with different elastic moduli injected into the intervertebral space on the maximum stress of upper and lower vertebrae using a three-dimensional finite element model. METHODS:A volunteer with normal spine was recruited to obtain CT data.The finite element model of L2-L5 lumbar spine was established using Mimics,Geomagic,SolidWorks,and Ansys.Subsequently,a L3-L4 intervertebral space injection model with different doses(1 mL and 4 mL)of bone cement was established.Four different elastic moduli(1 000,2 000,4 000,and 8 000 MPa)were assigned to bone cement at each dose.Pressure and bending moment were applied on the surface of the L2 vertebral body to analyze the stress on the lower surface of the L3 vertebral body and the upper surface of the L4 vertebral body. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the case of the same amount of bone cement injection,as the elastic modulus of bone cement increased,the stress on the lower surface of L3 vertebral body and the upper surface of L4 vertebral body increased.Among them,the bone cement with an elastic modulus of 1 000 MPa had the least effect on the lower surface of L3 vertebral body and the upper surface of L4 vertebral body.Bone cement with elastic modulus of 8 000 MPa had the greatest effect on the lower surface of L3 vertebral body and the upper surface of L4 vertebral body.Bone cement with different elastic moduli had little effect on the motion range of the whole lumbar spine.(2)The results indicate that injecting bone cement with lower elastic modulus while meeting treatment requirements can reduce the risk of postoperative fractures.

Antibiotic-loaded bone cement enhances ability of tibial cortex transverse transport for treating infected wounds / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Diabetic foot patients with wound infections constitute a large patient population,and there is currently no satisfactory treatment approach. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical efficacy of a modified tibial cortex transverse transport combined with antibiotic-loaded bone cement for treating refractory diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS:A total of 46 diabetic foot ulcers patients,27 males and 19 females,with an average age of 64.37 years,were selected from Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University and Beijing Chaoyang Integrative Medicine Rescue and First Aid Hospital from January 2020 to January 2023.All of them underwent the modified tibial cortex transverse transport combined with antibiotic-loaded bone cement treatment.Ankle-brachial index,WIFi(Wound/Ischemia/Foot infection)classification,pain visual analog scale score,and ulcer area were recorded before and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The mean ulcer healing time for the 46 patients was(58.07±24.82)days.At 3 months postoperatively,there were significant improvements in ankle-brachial index,pain visual analog scale score,ulcer area,and WIFi classification in 46 patients,as compared to the preoperative values,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Two patients experienced pin-tract infections,without infection or ulcer recurrence during the follow-up period.(2)These findings indicate that the modified tibial cortex transverse transport combined with antibiotic-loaded bone cement effectively alleviates patients'pain,improves lower limb circulation,controls infections,and promotes ulcer healing.

Relationship between bone cement-vertebral volume ratio and therapeutic effect of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Percutaneous vertebroplasty has become the main treatment method for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures due to its advantages of convenient operation and low trauma.However,the optimal bone cement-vertebral volume ratio has not been determined. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of bone cement-vertebral volume ratio on percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. METHODS:The clinical data of 100 patients with single-stage osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures admitted to Xinjiang Bazhou People's Hospital from July 2019 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients received percutaneous vertebroplasty.According to the bone cement-vertebral volume ratio,they were divided into the low volume group(15%≤ratio≤20%)and the high volume group(20%<ratio≤25%)with 50 cases in each group.The visual analog scale score,Oswestry disability index,vertebral anterior margin height,Cobb angle of injured vertebra,bone cement distribution pattern,and bone cement leakage rate were analyzed before surgery,3 days and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the preoperative results,the visual analog scale scores,vertebral anterior margin height,Cobb angle of injured vertebra at 3 days and 1 year after surgery,and Oswestry disability index at 1 year after surgery were significantly improved in 100 patients(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in visual analog scale scores at 3 days and 1 year after surgery and Oswestry disability index at 1 year after surgery between the low volume group and the high volume group(P>0.05).The vertebral anterior margin height in the low volume group was lower than that in the high volume group at 3 days and 1 year after surgery(P<0.05).The Cobb angle of the injured vertebrae in the low volume group was higher than that in the high volume group at 3 days and 1 year after surgery(P<0.05).(2)There were 10 H-type and 40 O-type bone cement distributions in the low volume group.There were 36 H-type and 14 O-type bone cement distributions in the high volume group,and there was no significant difference in bone cement distributions between the two groups(P<0.05).The bone cement leakage rate in the high volume group and low volume group was 10%and 6%,respectively.(3)It is indicated that both low and high bone cement-vertebral volume ratios can improve postoperative pain and functional dysfunction,but high bone cement-vertebral volume ratio can improve the morphological recovery of injured vertebral,which may be related to the fact that the distribution of bone cement in this group is more H-type.

Influence of bone cement distribution on surgical and adjacent vertebral refractures in percutaneous vertebroplasty / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that good bone cement distribution during percutaneous vertebroplasty reduces postoperative secondary vertebral fractures and helps improve prognosis.However,how to get a good distribution of bone cement is a problem for spine surgeons. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the correlation of bone cement distribution with surgical and adjacent vertebral refractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty. METHODS:A total of 193 patients with thoracolumbar compression fracture(≤2 fractured vertebrae)admitted to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Orthopedic Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were selected.They underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty via unilateral approach and were followed up after surgery.They were divided into fracture group(n=30)and non-fracture group(n=163)based on whether the surgical and adjacent vertebral fractures were observed during the follow-up period(more than 6 months).The basic data of the two groups were analyzed by univariate analysis.Statistically significant factors were replaced with binary logistic regression model to explore the correlation with recompression fracture of surgical and adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Univariate analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in gender,body mass index,menopause age of female patients,bone cement dose,previous history,smoking history,drinking history,operation segment,operation time,and hospital stay(P>0.05).There were significant differences in age,bone mineral density T value,bone cement leakage,and bone cement distribution between the two groups(P<0.05).(2)Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age(95%CI:1.016-1.167,P=0.016),bone cement leakage(95%CI:0.080-0.582,P=0.002),bone mineral density T value(95%CI:1.214-22.602,P=0.026),and bone cement distribution(P=0.007)were risk factors for recurrent fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty and adjacent vertebroplasty.Patients with type I bone cement distribution(which did not touch the upper and lower endplates of the vertebral body)had a higher risk of recurrent fractures of surgical and adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty.(3)The results of this study show that refracture of surgical and adjacent vertebrae is caused by the interaction of various risk factors.Age,bone cement leakage,T value of bone mineral density and bone cement distribution are independent risk factors for surgical and adjacent vertebral refracture.Refracture of surgical and adjacent vertebrae can easily occur when bone cement is distributed type I.

Bioactive glass:different application forms and functions by adjusting preparation process and doping elements / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Bioactive glass is a multifunctional synthetic composite material that releases active ions slowly and exhibits certain biological activities after affinity with tissues.Their versatility stems from the versatility of their preparation processes and components,allowing them to be applied in different clinical scenarios. OBJECTIVE:To review the main application forms,application fields of bioactive glass,as well as the influence of doping different elements on its function. METHODS:A literature search was conducted across WanFang Medical Database,CNKI Database,PubMed Database,and Web of Science Database,using the search terms"bioactive glass,slow-release ions,bone tissue engineering,composite scaffold,tissue regeneration and repair,biomedical engineering"in Chinese and English.The timeframe was limited from 2000 to 2023.Finally,88 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In terms of application forms,bioactive glass can be fabricated as coatings,particles,bone cements,and scaffolds according to needs.Coatings have the potential to enhance the biological activity of implants,yet they are susceptible to instability as a result of degradation.Particles offer a viable solution for the repair of irregular bone defects;however,particles produced through traditional methods often possess limited functionality.Bone cement provides the benefits of minimal invasiveness and injectability,yet its application is restricted to smaller bone defects.Scaffolds exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are commonly used for larger-sized bone defects,yet they have limited toughness.(2)In terms of applications,bioactive glass can be used in a variety of tissue regeneration and repair and disease treatment fields,including dentistry,orthopedics,soft tissue engineering,and cancer.(3)In terms of element doping,the addition of specific elements to bioactive glass not only improves its mechanical properties but also endows it with special biological functions such as bioactivity,degradability,and antibacterial properties.(4)Biologically active glass is a versatile material that can be used in different forms and functions by adjusting the preparation process and element doping to meet various clinical needs in bone tissue engineering and is widely used in the field of biomedical engineering.

Application of mixed reality technology in vertebroplasty / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:How to improve the accuracy of puncture,reduce surgical damage,and improve surgical efficiency during vertebroplasty is currently one of the focuses of exploration and improvement in vertebroplasty techniques. OBJECTIVE:To explore the clinical significance of application of mixed reality technology in percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal fractures. METHODS:Two patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture in Dalian Second People's Hospital in June 2023 were selected.Before operation,128-row CT scanning of the lumbar spine was performed and the original data of digital imaging and communications in medicine(DICOM)were obtained.Visual Volume software was used to build the three-dimensional network model of vertebral compression fracture.Holographic imaging glasses were used to accurately map 3D network model images to the real world,assist the surgeon in completing preoperative simulation,explaining preoperative conditions and treatment plans,and guiding puncture and bone cement injection during surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Precise puncture was achieved with the assistance of a mixed reality technology.Postoperative imaging examination showed good bone cement filling and no obvious leakage.The postoperative symptoms of the patient were alleviated well,and they were able to move to the ground on the same day after surgery.(2)It is concluded that a mixed reality technology is helpful for preoperative surgical design and communication efficiency with patients and their families.Assisting with precise puncture during surgery,shortening surgical time,and reducing side injuries is a new and effective clinical diagnosis and treatment model,which has development potential in minimally invasive,precise,and personalized treatment of spinal surgery.

Biomechanical characteristics of thoracic T10 bone tumor metastasis at different locations:three-dimensional finite element analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:With the innovation of examination technique,the number of patients with spinal metastases in different stages is increasing year by year.Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an important treatment for spinal metastases;however,there is no report on the biomechanical effect in different stages and different activities after operation. OBJECTIVE:To simulate thoracic T10 bone stress and displacement of the different locations of the tumor metastasis based on the three-dimensional finite element model. METHODS:According to thoracic three-dimensional CT images of a 30-year-old healthy male,Mimics software was used to construct a three-dimensional geometric model of thoracic vertebrae(T9-T11),including ribs,ligaments and intervertebral discs.Three-dimensional models of T9-T11 vertebral bodies and different parts of the posterior thoracic vertebrae invaded by thoracic metastatic tumors were simulated,including the control group with intact vertebral structure,unilateral metastasis involving the vertebral body area(experimental group 1),unilateral metastasis involving the vertebral body and pedicle area(experimental group 2),unilateral metastasis involving the vertebral body,pedicle and transverse process area(experimental group 3),and bilateral metastasis involving the vertebral body,pedicle and transverse process area(experimental group 4).Abaqus software was used to create a three-dimensional finite element model.The von Mises stress distribution and the displacement of the model were analyzed under the loading condition,buckling condition,extension condition,and rotation condition. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the study of the maximum total displacement of loading points in different experimental groups under loading,flexion,extension,and rotation conditions,with the increase of metastatic tumor invasion site and invasion surface,the total displacement of loading points increased,and the overall stiffness decreased,especially the total displacement of loading points in experimental group 4 was the largest.(2)Under flexion condition,the maximum Von Mises stress value increased significantly after vertebral body and pedicle destruction,while the maximum Von Mises stress value was almost unchanged when the thoracocostal joint destruction was added.(3)On the basis of finite element analysis and simulation of bone tumor model,the elements in the bone cement region were set as a single set,and the bone cement region was set as the corresponding material properties to simulate bone cement filling.The results showed that the maximum total displacement under loading,flexion,extension,and rotation conditions was less than that of each experimental group.(4)The maximum stress values of the simulated percutaneous vertebroplasty patients in the loading,flexion,extension and rotation conditions were significantly lower than those of the femoral model.(5)It is concluded that the three-dimensional finite element model based on thoracic T9-T11 conducive to the biomechanics characteristics of thoracic vertebrae tumor metastasis,and on the basis of the thoracic vertebrae tumor metastasis model can accurately simulate load point after percutaneous vertebral body under different conditions of total displacement and the maximum Von Mises stress situation.

Risk factors for adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Percutaneous vertebroplasty is the most widely used method for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,and most studies have concluded that percutaneous vertebroplasty increases the probability of adjacent vertebral secondary compression fractures in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.However,controversy remains regarding the risk factors associated with adjacent vertebral re-fracture caused after percutaneous vertebroplasty. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the influencing factors of adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,in order to provide a certain reference for reducing the risk of its occurrence as well as formulating the corresponding treatment plan. METHODS:Using"osteoporosis,fracture,percutaneous vertebroplasty,adjacent vertebral compression fractures,risk factors"as the Chinese search terms,"osteoporosis,osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,percutaneous vertebroplasty,adjacent vertebral compression fractures,risk factors"as English search terms,computerized searches were conducted on CNKI,Wanfang Medical Network,VIP,PubMed,Springer,ScienceDirect,and Elsevier databases.The search timeframe focuses on January 2018 through September 2023,with the inclusion of a few classic forward literature.The literature was screened by reading the titles and abstracts,and 83 papers were finally included in the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are one of the most common complications of osteoporosis,placing elderly patients at a significant risk of disability and death.Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a practical and effective treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.(2)With the popularity of percutaneous vertebroplasty,its secondary vertebral compression fractures have gradually increased,with adjacent vertebral compression fractures being the most common.(3)Previous studies have only discussed the effects of factors such as bone mineral density,multiple vertebral fractures,body mass index,age,sex,amount of bone cement,cement leakage,and anti-osteoporosis treatment on secondary compression fractures of adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty,and summarized the number of vertebral fractures,timing of the operation,surgical approach,cement material,diffuse distribution of bone cement,recovery height of the injured vertebrae,and wearing of a support after surgery,which is not yet comprehensive.The analysis of the specific mechanisms of risk factor-induced adjacent vertebral fractures is relatively rare.(4)The results of the article showed that low bone mineral density,advanced age,perimenopausal women,multiple vertebral fractures,excessive recovery of the height of the injured vertebrae,cement leakage,comorbid underlying diseases,and poor lifestyle habits were the risk factors for secondary adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty,and that maintaining a normal body mass index,early surgery,bilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty,use of a new type of cement material,an appropriate volume of bone cement injection and uniform cement dispersion,regular anti-osteoporosis treatment,and postoperative brace wearing are protective factors for secondary adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Effect of injury degree of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture on bone cement cortical leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the correlation between bone cement cortical leakage and injury degree of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP), and to provide guidance for reducing clinical complications.@*METHODS@#A clinical data of 125 patients with OVCF who received PKP between November 2019 and December 2021 and met the selection criteria was selected and analyzed. There were 20 males and 105 females. The median age was 72 years (range, 55-96 years). There were 108 single-segment fractures, 16 two-segment fractures, and 1 three-segment fracture. The disease duration ranged from 1 to 20 days (mean, 7.2 days). The amount of bone cement injected during operation was 2.5-8.0 mL, with an average of 6.04 mL. Based on the preoperative CT images, the standard S/H ratio of the injured vertebra was measured (S: the standard maximum rectangular area of the cross-section of the injured vertebral body, H: the standard minimum height of the sagittal position of the injured vertebral body). Based on postoperative X-ray films and CT images, the occurrence of bone cement leakage after operation and the cortical rupture at the cortical leakage site before operation were recorded. The correlation between the standard S/H ratio of the injured vertebra and the number of cortical leakage was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Vascular leakage occurred in 67 patients at 123 sites of injured vertebrae, and cortical leakage in 97 patients at 299 sites. Preoperative CT image analysis showed that there were 287 sites (95.99%, 287/299) of cortical leakage had cortical rupture before operation. Thirteen patients were excluded because of vertebral compression of adjacent vertebrae. The standard S/H ratio of 112 injured vertebrae was 1.12-3.17 (mean, 1.67), of which 87 cases (268 sites) had cortical leakage. The Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the number of cortical leakage of injured vertebra and the standard S/H ratio of injured vertebra ( r=0.493, P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The incidence of cortical leakage of bone cement after PKP in OVCF patients is high, and cortical rupture is the basis of cortical leakage. The more severe the vertebral injury, the greater the probability of cortical leakage.

Clinical application of targeted sealing with high viscosity bone cement and secondary injection of low viscosity bone cement in vertebroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical efficacy of targeted sealing with high viscosity bone cement and secondary injection of low viscosity bone cement in the treatment of OVCFs patients with the fracture lines involved vertebral body margin.@*METHODS@#The elderly patients who underwent vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures from January 2019 to September 2021 were selected as the screening objects. Through relevant standards and further CT examination, 56 patients with fracture lines involving the anterior wall or upper and lower endplates of the vertebral body were selected for the study. There were 21 males and 35 females, aged from 67 to 89 years old with an average of (76.58±9.68) years. All 56 patients underwent secondary injection of bone cement during operation. Only a small amount of high viscosity cement was targeted to seal the edge of the vertebral body for the first time, and low viscosity cement was injected to the vertebral bodies during second bolus with well-distributed. The operation time, bone cement volume and bone cement leakage were recorded, and the pain relief was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS).@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for more than 3 months and the surgeries were successfully complete. The operation time was (50.41±10.30) min and the bone cement volume was (3.64±1.29) ml. The preoperative VAS was (7.21±2.41) points, which decreased significantly to (2.81±0.97) points 3 days after operation(P<0.05). Among the 56 patients, 2 cases(3.57%) had bone cement leakage, 1 case leaked to the paravertebral vein, and 1 case slightly bulged to the paravertebral through the crack when plugging the vertebral crack. Both patients had no obvious clinical symptoms.@*CONCLUSION@#In vertebroplasty surgery, targeted sealing of high viscosity bone cement and secondary injection of low viscosity bone cement can reduce intraoperative bone cement leakage and improve the safety of operation.

Finite element analysis of PMMA bone cement reinforced screw plate fixation for osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#With the help of finite element analysis, to explore the effect of proximal humeral bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation on the stability of internal fixation of osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture.@*METHODS@#The digital model of unstable proximal humeral fracture with metaphyseal bone defect was made, and the finite element models of proximal humeral fracture bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation and common screw plate fixation were established respectively. The stress of cancellous bone around the screw, the overall stiffness, the maximum stress of the plate and the maximum stress of the screw were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The maximum stresses of cancellous bone around 6 screws at the head of proximal humeral with bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation were 1.07 MPa for No.1 nail, 0.43 MPa for No.2 nail, 1.16 MPa for No.3 nail, 0.34 MPa for No.4 nail, 1.99 MPa for No.5 nail and 1.57 MPa for No.6 nail. These with common screw plate fixation were:2.68 MPa for No.1 nail, 0.67 MPa for No.2 nail, 4.37 MPa for No.3 nail, 0.75 MPa for No.4 nail, 3.30 MPa for No.5 nail and 2.47 MPa for No.6 nail. Overall stiffness of the two models is 448 N/mm for bone cement structure and 434 N/mm for common structure. The maximum stress of plate appears in the joint hole:701MPa for bone cement structure and 42 0MPa for common structure. The maximum stress of screws appeared at the tail end of No.4 nail:284 MPa for bone cement structure and 240.8 MPa for common structure.@*CONCLUSION@#Through finite element analysis, it is proved that the proximal humerus bone cement enhanced screw plate fixation of osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture can effectively reduce the stress of cancellous bone around the screw and enhance the initial stability after fracture operation, thus preventing from penetrating out and humeral head collapsing.

Masquelet technique combined with tissue flap transfer in treatment of early and middle stage infected composite bone and soft tissue defects after internal fixation of tibial fractures / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of Masquelet technique combined with tissue flap transfer in the treatment of infectious composite bone and soft tissue defects in the early and middle stages after internal fixation for tibial fractures.Methods:From October 2017 to November 2020, 12 patients (13 tibial fractures) with infectious bone and soft tissue defects in the early and middle stages after internal fixation were treated in the Department of Orthopaedics, 988th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of CPLA by two-phased surgery with retaining internal fixation. Phase I procedures were thoroughly removal of the infected lesions and failed screws, preserving internal implants as many as possible, implantation of absorbable calcium sulphate and an antibiotics blended string of beads into the distal and proximal medullary cavity of the fractured bones, filling the bone defect and wrapping the internal implants with antibiotics loaded bone cement. The size of defects was 3.5 cm × 5.0 cm-7.5 cm × 14.5 cm, and the flaps for wound coverage sized 4.0 cm × 5.5 cm-8.0 cm × 15.0 cm. As for the repair of donor site, 8 limbs were sutured directly, 5 limbs could not be closed completely, and the remaining wounds were covered by skin grafting after suture. Based on well control of infection and stable clinical signs, fillings of bone cement were then removed in Phase II surgery, or 6-9 weeks after primary surgery. Autologous cancellous bone pieces or composite allogeneic bone were fully implanted around the induction membrane formed by Masquelet technique, and auxiliary steel plates were implanted for internal fixation of unstable fractures. After discharge, the patients visited the outpatient clinic regularly, and combined with Wechat follow-up. The texture, colour and bone healing were observed. At the last follow-up, the function of the affected limbs were assessed according to Johner-Wruhs evaluation standard.Results:After Phase I surgery, 13 flaps survived smoothly without vascular compromise. The wounds healed in Phase I. Two patients (2 sides) had recurrent infections. Re-debridement was performed and external fixation was applied after removal of internal fixation. After Phase II surgery, all patients were included in 12-26 months of follow-up, with an average of 18 months. Thirteen lower leg fractures healed well, and the time of bone healing was 16-25 (average 19.5) weeks. The Johner Wruhs criteria was used in evaluation of the function of affected limbs, and it was found that 6 patients were in excellent, 5 in good and 2 in fair.Conclusion:It is feasible while preserving the internal implants, to use membrane induction technique (Masquelet technique) combined with flap transfer, together with the absorbable calcium sulphate antibiotic sustained-release beads as a carrier in the phased treatment of infectious bone defects and bone exposure in the early and middle stages after the surgery of tibial internal fixation. It also gives a higher rate of excellence in surgical outcome. This study explores a treatment procedure for traumatic bone infection combined with composite soft tissue defects.

Biomechanical Analysis on NiTi Memory Alloy Stent for Lumbar Interbody Fusion / 医用生物力学

Objective To evaluate biomechanical properties of the nickel-titanium (NiTi) memory alloy stent and its in vitro biomechanical properties for lumbar interbody fusion. Methods The mechanical properties of the NiTi memory alloy stent were tested on mechanical testing machine. Moreover, lumbar interbody fusion was simulated on fresh lumbar specimens, and biomechanical properties of the NiTi memory alloy stent with matching bone graft for used for lumbar interbody fusion were analyzed and compared with the traditional box-shape cage. Results The maximum compressive strength of the NiTi memory alloy stent was ( 12 964 ± 962) N. The maximum deformation within the effective range of memory characteristics was (4. 68±0. 03) mm. The recovery rate of the NiTi memory alloy stent was up to 99. 86% . Compared with the intact lumbar model, the stability of the operative segment after the simulated lumbar interbody fusion using NiTi memory alloy stent alone was increased in the direction of anterior flexion, posterior extension, lateral flexion and rotation, which was equivalent to the box shape cage group (P>0. 05). After the combined use of autogenous bone granule and absorbable bone cement the ROM of the operative segment was further reduced (P0. 05). The pull-out strength of the NiTi memory alloy stent with matching bone graft group was significantly stronger than that of the box-shape cage group (P<0. 05). Conclusions The NiTi memory alloy stent in this study was designed with a matched bone granule-absorbable bone cement graft,which provided a new idea for the further optimization and development of lumbar interbody fusion. With excellent support and deformation properties, this NiTi memory alloy stent is biomechanical equivalent to the traditional box shape cage for lumbar interbody fusion, and can greatly improve the stability of surgical segment and the pull-out strength of implants after the combined use of autogenous bone granule and absorbable bone cement.

The application value of tibial transverse transport microvascular reconstruction combined with antibiotic bone cement in the limb salvage of diabetic foot / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze the application value of tibial transverse transport (TTT) microvascular reconstruction combined with antibiotic bone cement in the limb salvage of diabetic foot.Methods:Seventy-seven patients with diabetic foot admitted to the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Zhongshan from January 2018 to January 2021 were enrolled retrospectively, and they were divided into the control group (performed TTT microvascular reconstruction, 47 cases) and the combined group (performed TTT microvascular reconstruction combined with antibiotic bone cement, 30 cases) according to the surgical method. Wound healing rate, limb salvage rate, the ulcer healing time, bone window healing time, wound infection control status, affected side lower limb vascular blood supply situation, and peripheral nerve function recovery were compared between the two groups.Results:The amputation rate between the two groups had no significant difference ( P>0.05), but the healing rate in the combined group was higher than that in the control group: 90.00%(27/30) vs. 68.08%(32/47); and the ulcer healing time, bone window healing time in the combined group were shorter than those in the control group: (12.55 ± 2.14) weeks vs. (15.01 ± 3.17) weeks, (17.47 ± 2.09) weeks vs. (19.00 ± 2.58) weeks, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The positive percentage of bacteria culture in wound secretions in the combined group after the surgery for 6 d was lower than that in the control group: 20.00%(6/30) vs. 44.68%(21/47), there was statistical difference ( P<0.05). After the surgery for 3 months, the dorsal skin temperature and ankle brachial index in the combined group were higher than those in the control group: (31.05 ± 1.74) ℃ vs. (29.27 ± 1.66) ℃, 0.93 ± 0.29 vs. 0.80 ± 0.19, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05), but the scores of visual analog scale (VAS) and 10 g nylon line test values between the two groups had no significant differences ( P>0.05). Conclusions:TTT combined with antibiotic bone cement can achieve better wound healing and infection control effect in the limb salvage of diabetic foot, and the blood supply improvement of the affected limb is more significant.