Autoimmune Diseases Affecting the Orofacial Region – An Overview

Introduction: Diseases result from abnormal divergence of the normal structural and functional well-being of an organism. It can be brought about by physical, biological, chemical, genetic, or autoimmune causes. Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s defence system targets its own healthy cells and tissues. The clinical signs and symptoms vary depending on the target tissues. Oral lesions such as ulcers, blisters, mucositis, and gingivitis are seen in many autoimmune diseases and may be an early sign, first recognized by the dental surgeon. Objective: To review the various autoimmune diseases affecting the orofacial region and update the clinicians about their oral manifestations. Materials and Methods: Case reports, review articles and original research papers published in various electronic databases like PubMed, Cross reference, Google scholar, and data collected from books are compiled in this review article. Result and Conclusion: This review gives an overview of some of the common autoimmune diseases affecting the head and neck region, their pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathological features and laboratory findings.

Neumotórax espontáneo persistente como manifestación primaria de sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar primario: a propósito de un caso / Persistent spontaneous pneumothorax as a primary manifestation of primary synovial sarcoma of the lung: a case report

El sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar (SSPP) es un tumor primario de pulmón, maligno, infrecuente en pediatría (prevalencia 0,1-0,5 %) que afecta predominantemente a adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Se ha descrito una sobrevida global cercana al 30 % a los 5 años. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 12 años de edad, previamente sano, que presentó tos, dolor torácico y disnea de comienzo súbito, como manifestación inicial de neumotórax izquierdo, el que persistió a los 4 días y requirió resección quirúrgica de lesión bullosa pulmonar. Se realizó diagnóstico histológico de sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar confirmado por estudio molecular, que evidenció la translocación cromosómica entre el cromosoma X y el 18: t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) de la pieza quirúrgica extirpada. Ante pacientes con neumotórax persistente o recidivante, es importante descartar causas secundarias, entre ellas, sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar. Su ominoso pronóstico determina la necesidad de arribar a un diagnóstico temprano e implementar un tratamiento agresivo

Pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma (PPSS) is a primary malignancy of the lung, uncommon in pediatrics (prevalence: 0.1­0.5%) that predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Overall survival has been reported to be close to 30% at 5 years. Here we report the case of a previously healthy 12-year-old male patient who presented with cough, chest pain, and dyspnea of sudden onset as initial manifestation of left pneumothorax, which persisted after 4 days and required surgical resection of pulmonary bullous lesion. A histological diagnosis of pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma was made and confirmed by molecular study, which showed chromosomal translocation between chromosomes X and 18: t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) in the surgical specimen removed. In patients with persistent or recurrent pneumothorax, it is important to rule out secondary causes, including pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma. Such poor prognosis determines the need for early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.

Spontaneous pneumothorax in a young male athlete: A case report with review of literature

Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) is a serious and life-threatening condition often caused by ruptured apical lung bulla in young male individuals. It is commonly associated with different syndromes but also occurs in healthy individuals. In this case report, we aim to discuss the etiology, clinical course, and surgical treatment of a 21-year-old male kickboxer with a right-sided pneumothorax that occurred during a sparring session. A chest tube with negative suction was inserted to resolve the pneumothorax. Because there was no visible resolution, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed. During VATS, a large, apically placed, ruptured lung bulla, was revealed and removed. One month after surgery, the patient is in great clinical condition. There are no signs of a recurrence of SP.

Bula gigante secundaria a neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en niños / Giant Bulla Secondary to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

Introducción: Los neumatoceles y las bulas pulmonares son lesiones que se observan en los niños casi siempre asociadas a neumonías infecciosas, aunque sus causas pueden ser diversas. La importancia clínica de estos procesos radica en el peligro de crecimiento progresivo, que puede comprometer las funciones respiratoria y cardiovascular. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias derivadas del proceso de diagnóstico por imágenes y del tratamiento invasivo de casos atendidos. Presentación de los casos: Desde finales de 2021 y durante un período de un año, se atendieron, en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Cienfuegos, cinco niños con neumonías extensas, que desarrollaron bulas de gran tamaño varios días después del tratamiento antimicrobiano adecuado. Estas necesitaron drenaje y aspiración percutáneos debido a su magnitud y a la presencia de síntomas cardiovasculares. Conclusiones: Las bulas que aparecieron como complicación de la neumonía en el niño pueden presentarse con una frecuencia no despreciable, y hay que mantenerse atentos a su evolución, porque, a diferencia de los neumatoceles, pueden crecer progresivamente y comprometer las funciones respiratoria y cardiovascular. El drenaje percutáneo y aspiración continua por cinco días resultó un método seguro y eficaz para tratar estos procesos(AU)

Introduction: Pneumoatoceles and pulmonary bullae are lesions that are observed in children almost always associated with infectious pneumonia, although their causes may be diverse. The clinical importance of these processes lies in the danger of progressive growth, which can compromise respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Objective: To describe the experiences derived from the imaging process and the invasive treatment of treated cases. Presentation of the cases: Since the end of 2021 and for a period of one year, five children with extensive pneumonia were treated in the pediatric intensive care unit of the University Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos, who developed large bullae several days after appropriate antimicrobial treatment. The bullae required percutaneous drainage and aspiration due to their magnitude and the presence of cardiovascular symptoms. Conclusions: The bulla that appeared as a complication of pneumonia in the child can occur with a not negligible frequency, and it is necessary to be attentive to their evolution, because, unlike pneumoatoceles, can grow progressively and compromise respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Percutaneous drainage and continuous aspiration for five days was a safe and effective method to treat these processes(AU)

Clinical Characteristics and Gene Mutations in 186 Cases of Kindler Syndrome / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and genetic mutations in Kindler syndrome(KS)and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of KS. Methods The clinical data of one case of KS from Peking Union Medical College Hospital and 185 cases reported in literature were collected. The gene mutation types,patient clinical data,and tumor characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 186 cases were enrolled,including 110 males and 76 females,with the mean age of(28±16)years. The data of gene mutation and specific clinical manifestations were available in 151 and 94 patients,respectively. The main clinical manifestations of KS included poikiloderma,occurrence of blister in childhood,and photosensitivity,and the secondary clinical manifestations included oral inflammation,palmoplantar keratoderma,webbing/pseudoainhum,dysphagia,urethral stricture and so on.Oral inflammation(r=0.234,P=0.023),palmoplantar keratoderma(r=0.325,P=0.001),webbing/pseudoainhum(r=0.247,P=0.016),dysphagia(r=0.333,P=0.001),urethral stricture(r=0.280,P=0.006)were significantly correlated with age,showing significantly higher incidence in the patients over 32 years old.Urethral stricture(χ2=11.292,P=0.001)and anal stenosis(χ2=4.014,P=0.045)were significantly correlated with sex,with higher incidence in males.Eighty different mutations were found in 151 patients,and the most common gene mutation was c.676C>T.Forty-one tumors occurred in 27 patients,among which squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 92.7%. The gene mutation site had no significant correlation with squamous cell carcinoma or patient country. Conclusions The c.676C>T in FERMT1 gene is the most common mutation in KS.The patients are prone to squamous cell carcinoma and mainly attacked at the exposure sites(hand and mouth).

Lesiones ampollares en una paciente con morfea panesclerótica discapacitante de la infancia / Bullous lesions in a patient with panesclerotic morphea of the childhood

La morfea ampollar es un tipo enfrecente de esclerodermia localizada que se caracteriza por presentar ampollas sobre placas escleróticas. La presencia de este tipo de lesiones obliga a descartar la variante extraenital de liquen esclerodemias localizadas, es posible hallar ambas afecciones. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 19 años con diagnóstico de morfea panesclerótica y liquen escleroso ampollar.

Bollous morphea is an infreqent type of morphea characterized for developing bullae on sclerodermiformic plaques. The presence of bullae forces to discard lichen sclerosus, a disease that usually develops in the genital zone, the extragenital variant could belong to the same spectrum that localized sclerodermiformic diseases. We present a 19 year old female patient with the diagnosis of panesclerotic morphea and bullous lichen sclerosus.

Anestesia y ventilación unipulmonar para bullectomía mínimamente invasiva. A propósito de un caso / Case report: Anesthesia and single lung ventilation for minimally invasive bullectomy

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an underdiagnosed disease; it is one of the pulmonary diseases with the greatest impact on health worldwide. Objective: To describe the anesthetic conduct carried out in a patient who undergoes surgical intervention to practice bullectomy of the right lung. Clinical case: We present the case of a 42-year-old smoker who was admitted a month ago with bilateral pneumothorax due to emphysematous bullae. He underwent anesthesia and multimodal analgesia to undergo bullectomy, achieving a good recovery and without complications. Conclusions: The use of controlled ventilation strategies in volume control mode regulated by pressure. Combined anesthesia and multimodal analgesia as well as respiratory physiotherapy in patients who will undergo surgery to perform bullectomy is a good anesthetic strategy that guarantees an adequate recovery of the patient.

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una enfermedad infradiagnosticada, es uno de los padecimientos pulmonares con mayor repercusión en la salud a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Describir la conducta anestésica llevada a cabo en un paciente que se interviene quirúrgicamente para practicarle bullectomía de pulmón derecho. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 42 años de edad, fumador que ingresa hace un mes con neumotórax bilateral por bullas enfisematosas, se le realiza anestesia y analgesia multimodal, para realizarle bullectomía, logrando una buena recuperación del mismo y sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: La utilización de estrategias de ventilación controladas en modalidad volumen control regulada por presión. Anestesia combinada y analgesia multimodal, además, de una fisioterapia respiratoria en pacientes que serán operados para realizarles bullectomía es una buena estrategia anestésica que garantiza una adecuada recuperación del enfermo.

Do Blebs or Bullae on High-Resolution Computed Tomography Predict Ipsilateral Recurrence in Young Patients at the First Episode of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax? / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the size of bullae and pneumothorax recurrence is controversial. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the role of blebs or bullae in predicting ipsilateral recurrence in young patients experiencing their first episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) who underwent conservative treatment. METHODS: A total of 299 cases of first-episode PSP were analyzed. The status of blebs or bullae was reviewed on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The dystrophic severity score (DSS; range, 0 to 6 points) was calculated based on HRCT. RESULTS: The 5-year recurrence rate was 38.2%. In univariate analysis, age (<20 years), body mass index (<20 kg/m2), a unilateral lesion, and intermediate risk (DSS 4 and 5) were associated with recurrence. Sex; smoking history; and the presence, number, and maximal size of blebs or bullae were not related to recurrence. In Cox regression, age and intermediate risk were independent risk factors for recurrence. High risk (DDS 6) was not an independent risk factor. CONCLUSION: The presence, number, and size of blebs or bullae did not affect ipsilateral recurrence. DSS failed to show a positive correlation between severity and recurrence. The decision to perform surgery in patients experiencing their first episode of PSP should not be determined by the severity of blebs and bullae.

Sjogren' s syndrome with pulmonary bullae in both lungs as lung imaging performance: A case report and literature review / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of Sjogren' s syndrome (SS) with pulmonary bullae in both lungs as lung imaging performance, to analyze the common lung imaging performance of SS, and to impove the clinicians' understanding of the common lung imaging performace of the SS patients. Methods: The clinical materials, the results of bronchoscope and pathological examination of a SS patient with pulmonary bullae in both lungs as lung imaging performance were collected, and the relative literatures were reviewed. Results: A young female patient with dyspnea and hemoptysis as the chief complaint was permitted to the hospital. The physical examination results showed rampant tooth and there were no other obvious positive signs. The chest CT results showed the pulmonary bullae in both lungs. Further rheumatism examinations, corneal staining, labial gland biopsy and other assistant examinations were performed, and the patient received the related treatment. The serum immunological results indicated anti-SSA, anti-SSB, and corneal staining (+), and the rheumatoid factors were all positive; the pathology of the lower labial gland biopsy showed the number of lymphocytes in each lesion 50; the patient was diagnosed as SS finally. The patient was treated with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. After the treatment, the symptoms of the patient were improved. After discharged from the hospital, the patient was treated with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide continuously for 2 months. However, reviewing of chest CT showed no significant changes in the lung bullae in both lungs. Conclusion: SS is a connective tissue disease with diverse clinical manifestations. When the lungs are involved, the lung imaging performance also presents no specificity. When the patient' s chest CT indicates the presence of multiple pulmonary bullae in both lungs, and no causes are find out, the possibility of SS should be considered; so that early detection and early treatment should be performed, and misdiagnosis and delay treatment of illness can be avoided.

Dioctophymatosis as cause of dyspnea in a dog / Dioctofimatose como causa de dispnéia em cão

ABSTRACT: Dioctophyme renale is a parasite of the nematode class that can infect various species, including humans and dogs. Usually, the parasite migrates to the right kidney of the definitive host. Although, aberrant migrations have been previously reported, they mainly occur without clinical manifestations. No reports of dyspnea secondary to D. renale infestation has been found in the reported literature. The aim of this paper is to report intense respiratory distress caused by the presence of the parasite in the thoracic cavity of a dog. Radiographic images revealed multiple circular structures with a cavity with a radiopaque, thick contour in the thorax, which raised the suspicion of pulmonary bullae. Ultrasound examination revealed nematode infestation in the right kidney, scrotum, and thoracic cavity. Subsequently, right nephrectomy, orchiectomy and trans-sternal thoracotomy were performed to remove the parasites. The patient exhibited recovery after the procedures.

RESUMO: Dioctophyme renale é um parasita da classe de nematoda que pode infectar diferentes espécies, incluindo humanos e cães. Normalmente, o parasita migra para o rim direito do hospedeiro definitivo. Embora migrações erráticas tenham sido relatadas anteriormente, estas geralmente ocorrem sem manifestações clínicas. Não foram encontrados relatos de dispnéia secundária à infestação de D. renale. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a presença do parasita na cavidade torácica de um cão, causando angústia respiratória. As imagens radiográficas revelaram a presença de múltiplas estruturas circulares com aspecto de cavidade e contorno espesso radiopaco no tórax, o que suscitou a suspeita de bullae pulmonar. O exame de ultra-som foi determinante na revelação de infestação múltipla por nematódeos, no rim direito, escroto e cavidade torácica. Posteriormente, como medida terapêutica, foram realizadas os procedimentos de nefrectomia direita, orquiectomia e toracotomia transesternal para remoçãodos parasitas. O paciente evoluiu clinicamente bem após os procedimentos.

Anesthetic challenges of a patient with the communicating bulla coming for nonthoracic surgery

Management of a patient with a giant bulla coming for a nonthoracic surgery is rare, and its anesthetic management is very challenging. It is imperative to isolate only the subsegmental bronchus, in which the bulla communicates to avoid respiratory morbidities such as pneumothorax, emphysema or atelectasis of the surrounding lung parenchyma, and postoperative respiratory failure. Herewith, we want to report the anesthetic challenges of a patient with giant bulla communicating into one of the subsegmental right upper lobe bronchus for splenectomy.

Application of spontaneous breathing anesthesia combined with tubeless uniportal thoracoscopy in pulmonary bullae resection: A randomized controlled trial / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the safety and feasibility of spontaneous breathing anesthesia combined with tubeless uniportal thoracoscopy in pulmonary bullae surgery. Methods    Totally 112 patients with pulmonary bullae in the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from March 2015 to May 2017 were enrolled. According to the random number chosen by computer, the patients were randomly divided into two groups: a tubeless group (spontaneous breathing anesthesia combined with tubeless uniportal thoracoscopy) and a control group (uniportal thoracoscopy by general anesthesia with tracheal intubation) . There were 49 males and 7 females with an average age of 25.5±6.5 years in the tubeless group, and 50 males and 6 females with an average age of 23.5±4.5 years in the control group. The difference of the lowest intraoperative arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), SaO2 at postoperative one hour, operation time, postoperative awakening time, hospital stay, hospitalization cost and postoperative pain score were analyzed. Results    There was no significant difference between the two groups in the operation time, the lowest SaO2, SaO2 at one hour after the operation and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The awakening time and duration of postoperative hospital stay in the tubeless group was shorter than those in the control group (P=0.000). The cost of hospitalization in the tubeless group was less than that in the control group (P=0.000). The discomfort caused by urinary tract and visual analogue score (VAS) in the tubeless group were better than those in the control group. Conclusion    It is safe and feasible to use spontaneous breathing anesthesia combined with tubeless uniportal thoracoscopy in pulmonary  bullae resection.

Successful Treatment of a Giant Emphysematous Bulla with an Endobronchial Valve in a Patient with Contralateral Lung Cancer

Patients with severe emphysema have a higher risk of developing lung cancer, and their surgical risk increases when emphysema is accompanied by a giant bulla. Here, we describe a patient who had an emphysematous giant bulla in the right upper lobe that was treated with an endobronchial valve placement. Subsequently, a cancerous lesion on the contralateral lung was successfully removed by lobectomy.

Retrospective study on rick factors of postoperative recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in 1128 patients at a single center / 天津医药

Objective To analyze rick factors for postoperative recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax surgery. Methods The clinic characteristics of 1128 patients who received spontaneous pneumothorax surgery in Tianjin Chest Hospital were collected from January 2009 to March 2015. The relationship between clinic characteristics and the pulmonary bullae was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors affecting the postoperative relapse of spontaneous pneumothorax. Results The pulmonary bullae were found in 877 patients of 1128 during the operation. The incidence of pulmonary bullae was significantly high in patients with age below 25 years compared with patients over 25 years (P 3 d) were independent risk factors of postoperative recurrence for spontaneous pneumothorax (P<0.05). Conclusion Pulmonary bullae, pleurodesis without pleura friction and delayed drainage duration are risk factors of postoperative recurrence for spontaneous pneumothorax, which should be paid more attention in clinic.

Outcome of fast track surgery after intercostal nerve block during thoracoscopic resection of lung bullae: A randomized controlled trial / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze the outcome of fast track surgery after intercostal nerve block (INB) during thoracoscopic resection of lung bullae. Methods    We recuited 76 patients who accepted thoracoscopic resection of lung bullae from February 2013 to March 2015. They were randomly divided into two groups: an intercostal nerve block and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (INB+IPCA) group, in which 38 patients (30 males, 8 females, with a mean age of 23.63±4.10 years) received INB intraoperatively and IPCA postoperatively, and a postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IPCA) group, in which 38 patients (33 males, 5 females, with a mean age of 24.93±6.34 years) only received IPCA postoperatively. Their general clinical data and the postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded. Analgesia-associated side effects, rate of the pulmonary infection were observed. Expenses associated with analgesia during hospital were calculated. Results    The score of VAS, the incidence of nausea and vomiting, fatigue and other side effects, pulmonary atelectasis and the infection rate in the INB+IPCA group were significantly lower than those in the IPCA group. Postoperative use of analgesic drugs was significantly less than that in the IPCA group. Medical expenses did not significantly increase. Conclusion    INB+IPCA is beneficial for fast track surgery after thoracoscopic resection of lung bullae.

Effect of epidural anesthesia vs. intubated anesthesia on the postoperative recovery of patients with thoracoscopic resection of lung bullae: A randomized controlled trial / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To compare the effects of epidural anesthesia with intubated anesthesia in the postoperative recovery of patients with thoracoscopic resection of lung bullae. Methods    Sixty patients (53 males, 7 females, aged 16-65 years) undergoing thoracoscopic resection of unilateral pulmonary bullae in our hospital from December 2014 to December 2015 were randomly divided into two groups: a group A (epidural anesthesia group) received thoracic epidural block combined with intraoperative interthoracic vagus nerve block; a group B (general anesthesia group) received general anesthesia with double lumen endobronchial intubation and pulmonary sequestration. Postoperative anesthesia-related complications and postoperative recovery were recorded. Results    Both of the two anesthesia methods could meet the requirements of operation. The patients with the vocal cord injury and sore throat in the group B were more than those in the group A. The difference was statistically significant in the incidence of sore throat (P<0.01) . Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in the group A was significantly higher than that of group B before lung recruitment (P<0.01). Compared with the group B, the group A had less visual analogue scale (VAS) score (P<0.05), earlier activity and feeding, less postoperative ICU and hospital stay (P<0.01). Conclusion    Epidural anesthesia combined   with intraoperative interthoracic vagus nerve block can meet thoracoscopic bullectomy surgery requirements with few complications and fast postoperative recovery.

Location of Ruptured Bullae in Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) can be complicated by fragile lung parenchyma. The preoperative prediction of air leakage could help prevent intraoperative lung injury during manipulation of the lung. Common sites of bulla development and ruptured bullae were investigated based on computed tomography (CT) and intraoperative findings. METHODS: The study enrolled 208 patients with SSP who underwent air leak control through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). We retrospectively reviewed the sites of bulla development on preoperative CT and the rupture sites during VATS. RESULTS: Of the 135 cases of right-sided SSP, the most common rupture site was the apical segment (31.9%), followed by the azygoesophageal recess (27.4%). Of the 75 cases on the left side, the most common rupture site was the apical segment (24.0%), followed by the anterior basal segment (17.3%). CONCLUSION: The azygoesophageal recess and parenchyma along the cardiac border were common sites of bulla development and rupture. Studies of respiratory lung motion to measure the pleural pressure at the lung surface could help to determine the relationship between cardiogenic and diaphragmatic movement and bulla formation or rupture.

Comparison of the efficacy of video assisted thoracic surgery using two ports and three ports for pulmonary bullae / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of video assisted thoracic surgery using two ports and three ports for pulmonary bullae.Methods Clinical data of 120 patients used video assisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of pulmonary bullae were retrospectively analyzed.62 patients with three ports conventional surgery were selected as three ports group,58 patients with two ports method were selected as two ports group.The two groups were followed up after operation,and the operation time,intraoperative bleeding,extubation time,postoperative drainage volume and hospital stay,the pain scores at postoperative 6h,1 day,3 days,1 week and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.Results There were no significant differences in operative time and blood loss between the two groups(t=-0.845,-1.164,all P>0.05).After operation,the extubation time[(3.2±1.6)d],postoperative thoracic drainage[(270.8±192.4)mL]and hospitalization time[(5.9±2.1)d] of the two ports group were significantly less than those of the three ports group(t=-4.972,-2.637,-4.601,all P<0.05).The two groups had no postoperative complications,all patients recovered and discharged,followed up,there was no recurrence and other complications.6h,1 day,3 days and 1 week after surgery,the VAS scores of the two ports group were significantly lower than those of the three ports group(t=-5.888,-6.682,-4.190,-5.710,all P<0.01).Conclusion The clinical curative effect of video assisted thoracic surgery using two ports is obvious,the safety is high,and it has high popularization and application value.

Diagnostic Dilemma in a 70-Year-Old Man with Fever and Air-fluid Level on Chest X-ray.

Infected bullae are frequently confused with a pulmonary abscess. There recognition is important to avoid unnecessary interventions. We describe a case of 70 years male patient, who came with complaints of breathlessness since 5 years, cough with a moderate amount of mucopurulent expectoration, pain in back and right shoulder and low-grade intermittent fever all since 20 days. Past history was unremarkable. There is a history of 100 pack-years. On examination, he was tachypneic, having oxygen saturation of 87% on room air. On respiratory examination; the finding was consistent with emphysema with right sided cavitary disease. Chest X-ray showed thin walled cavity with fluid level in the right upper zone with pneumothorax on the left side. Investigations revealed 17, 000 white blood cell with neutrophil predominance. He was not responding adequately so high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was ordered which showed multiple thin-walled bullae in both lung along with air-fluid level in one large bullae with surrounding pneumonitis on the right side. Infected emphysematous bullae should be suspected when a fluid level appears in a patient with clinical finding suggestive of emphysema. We propose that symptomatic patients with radiological signs of air-fluid level should be evaluated with HRCT to rule out similar condition and assessment of underlying condition.

Bulas y neumotórax espontáneo en anorexia nerviosa / Bullae and spontaneous pneumothorax in anorexia nervosa

La anorexia nerviosa es un trastorno mental grave que afecta principalmente a mujeres jóvenes, con pobre pronóstico y una elevada mortalidad, la cual llega hasta el 25%. Dentro de las complicaciones médicas más mencionadas en la literatura se encuentran las cardiovasculares, endocrinas y metabólicas, inmunológicas y hematológicas. Las complicaciones pulmonares son escasas y hay muy poca evidencia escrita. En el presente artículo se describe un caso de bulas pulmonares y neumotórax a tensión en una paciente con anorexia nerviosa y se hace una breve discusión sobre la posible fisiopatología al compararla con los pocos casos similares publicados.

Anorexia nervosa is a serious mental disorder that primarily affects young women, having poor prognosis and high mortality, which reaches 25%. Endocrine, metabolic, immunologic and hematologic medical complications are among the most frequently mentioned in the literature. Pulmonary complications are rare and there is little evidence published. In this article, a case of pulmonary bullae and tension pneumothorax in a patient with anorexia nervosa is described, and a brief discussion on the possible pathophysiology when compared to the few published similar cases is made.