Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica y contribuciones en el campo biomédico de una facultad peruana de ciencias biológicas

La producción científica de las facultades de Ciencias Biológicas en el campo biomédico no ha sido evaluada en el Perú. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las características de la producción científica y las contribuciones a las ciencias biomédicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Perú (FCCBB-UNPRG). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con enfoque bibliométrico; se consultaron tres bases de datos (Scopus, PubMed y LILACS) para buscar artículos que tuvieran, mínimo, un autor afiliado a la FCCBB-UNPRG. Se consignaron los siguientes datos: tipo de publicación, idioma, datos de autoría, financiamiento, año, área de publicación, datos de la revistas e instituciones colaborativas. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se elaboraron mapas de redes, utilizando el software VOSviewer. Se recopilaron 46 documentos; la mayoría son artículos (n = 36, 78,26 %), cartas (n = 9, 19,57 %) y reporte de casos (n = 1, 2,17 %); publicados en 30 revistas científicas, principalmente extranjeras. Existió mayor contribución en las áreas de microbiología, virología y parasitología. Se involucraron 42 instituciones colaborativas. Cerca del 90 % de las publicaciones no fueron financiadas. En los últimos años se observó un crecimiento en el número de publicaciones en diferentes áreas temáticas; esto demuestra el compromiso de la FCCBB-UNPRG con la investigación en el campo biomédico y la formación de investigadores. Se espera la implementación de políticas de investigación que involucren pautas y/o directrices para lograr un incremento sostenido de la producción científica.

The scientific production of the faculties of Biological Sciences in the biomedical field has not been evaluated in Peru. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the scientific production and the contributions to the biomedical sciences of the Faculty of Biological Sciences of Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University, Peru (FCCBB-UNPRG). A descriptive study with a bibliometric approach was carried out. Three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and LILACS) were consulted to search for articles that had, at least, one author affiliated with the FCCBB-UNPRG. The following data were recorded: type of publication, language, authorship data, funding, year, publication area, journal data, and collaborating institutions. A descriptive analysis was carried out and network maps were elaborated, using the VOSviewer software. Forty-six documents were retrived; the majority were articles (n = 36, 78.26%), letters (n = 9, 19.57%) and case reports (n = 1, 2.17%); published in 30 scientific journals, mainly foreign. Greater contribution was observed in microbiology, virology and parasitology. Fotry-two collaborative institutions were involved. About 90% of the publications were not funded. A growth in the number of publications in different thematic areas has been noted in recent years, which demonstrates the commitment of FCCBB-UNPRG to research in the biomedical field and the training of researchers. The implementation of research policies including guidelines and/or directives is expected to achieve sustained increase in scientific production.

Influencia de la cuarentena por COVID-19 en la investigación en biodiversidad y conservación durante el 2020 - el caso peruano / Influence of the COVID-19 quarantine on biodiversity and conservation research during 2020 - the Peruvian case

Resumen La cuarentena fue la medida tomada por el estado peruano para enfrentar a la pandemia causada por el COVID- 19. Esta significó un retraso para casi todos los sectores, incluyendo el sector académico. Este estudio analiza las consecuencias de esta medida en el trabajo de los investigadores científicos del Perú durante el 2020, enfocándose en aquellos que trabajan en biodiversidad y conservación. Se realizó una encuesta durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2020 que fue respondida por 111 investigadores. Los resultados de la encuesta muestran que el área más afectada fue la investigación en campo por las evidentes restricciones, y el grupo más afectado fue el de las investigadoras quienes presentaron los porcentajes más altos de insatisfacción, tanto en su vida laboral como en su estado emocional. Esta investigación da a conocer la realidad del Perú, con una inversión históricamente baja en investigación y donde, con la situación económica y laboral provocada por la pandemia, el trabajo de muchos investigadores se vio restringido. Consideramos que la réplica de esta investigación en otros países de Latinoamérica podría ser de ayuda para futuras políticas a favor del trabajo científico en los países y regionalmente.

Abstract The lockdown was the measure taken by the Peruvian state as a response to the pandemic caused by COVID-19. This imposition meant a delay for almost all sectors, including the academic sector. This study analyzes the repercussions of the lockdown through scientific work in Peru in 2020, focusing on subjects of biodiversity and conservation. We conducted a during July and August of 2020, which was answered by 111 researchers. Results of the survey show that the most affected research area was field research due to the restrictions; and that the most affected group were women, which presented the highest percentages of dissatisfaction, both in their work and emotional state. This research reveals the reality of a country with a historically low investment in research, and now the work of many researchers is restricted due to the current economic and employment situation due to the pandemic. Its replication in other Latin American countries could be of help for future policies in favor of academic research.

Scientific production and most researched diseases in the Biological Sciences postgraduate programs in Brazil / Produção científica e doenças mais pesquisadas nos programas de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas no Brasil

This macro-level scientometrics study aimed to analyze the similarities and differences in the scientific communication patterns of the Brazilian postgraduate programs (BPPs) belonging to the Biological Sciences II field (BS2), as defined by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Also, it was identified the most researched diseases and it was discussed their relationship with the needs of Brazilian public health considering the burden of disease (Disability-Adjusted Life Year - DALY, Brazil) estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Thus, the scientific production of the BS2's sub-areas Biophysics, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Physiology, and Morphology was evaluated from 2013 to 2016, through considering the citation impact, Impact Factor (Journal Citation Reports), and scientific collaboration. Data collected included formal information provided to CAPES by all BPPs through the Plataforma Sucupira as well as metadata from Web of Science documents. In addition, were employed the standardized Medical Subject Headings (PubMed) for the analysis of researched diseases. We concluded that the patterns of scientific communication in Biophysics, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Physiology, and Morphology were predominantly different. Thus, there is a need to consider specificities among the five sub-areas in the evaluation process performed by CAPES. Different approaches are revealed by identifying the most frequently researched diseases and explaining the contributions of each sub-area for Brazilian public health.

Este estudo cientométrico de nível macro teve como objetivo analisar as semelhanças e as diferenças nos padrões de comunicação científica dos programas de pós-graduação brasileiros (PPGs) da área de Ciências Biológicas II, avaliados pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Além disso, foram identificadas as doenças mais pesquisadas e foi discutido sua relação com as necessidades de saúde pública brasileira, considerando a carga de doenças (Disability-Adjusted Life Year - DALY, Brasil) estimada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Assim, a produção científica das subáreas Biofísica, Bioquímica, Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Morfologia da área de Ciências Biológicas II foi avaliada de 2013 a 2016, considerando o impacto de citações, o Fator de Impacto (Journal Citation Reports) e a colaboração científica. Os dados coletados incluíram informações declaradas à CAPES por todos os PPGs por meio da Plataforma Sucupira, bem como metadados de documentos da Web of Science. Além disso, foram utilizados os cabeçalhos de Medical Subject Headings (PubMed) para a análise das doenças pesquisadas. Concluímos que os padrões de comunicação científica entre as subáreas Biofísica, Bioquímica, Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Morfologia foram predominantemente diferentes. Assim, é necessário considerar as especificidades entre as cinco subáreas no processo de avaliação realizado pela CAPES. Diferentes abordagens são reveladas a partir da identificação das doenças mais pesquisadas e da explicação das contribuições de cada subárea para a saúde pública brasileira.

El impacto de la educación en ciencias biológicas en pacientes con enfermedad renal en un contexto de epidemia por COVID-19 / The impact of education in biological science in patients with kidney disease in the context of a covid-19 epidemic

Resumen La educación en ciencias biológicas juega un papel importante a la hora de entender los sistemas vivos y ecosistemas que nos rodea en contexto de una epidemia de tipo zoonótico como SARS-CoV-2 y cumple un papel importante para el autocuidado en pacientes con enfermedad renal que son una población en alto riesgo según datos epidemiológicos. El presente trabajo pretende describir la asociación entre la educación en ciencia biológica y la epidemia por COVID-19. La educación en ciencias biológicas es un componente importante supeditado al autocuidado para que muchos pacientes con enfermedad renal puedan entender la importancia de tener una mejor adherencia al régimen terapéutico y el régimen alimenticio, y en el caso puntual de la epidemia por COVID-19 puede permitir que ellos tomen las medidas preventivas que eviten su exposición al patógeno.

Abstract Biologic education plays an important role in understanding the living systems and ecosystems that it does not surround in the context of a zoonotic-like epidemic such as SARS-CoV-2 may have an important role for self-care in patients with kidney disease that they are a population at high risk according to epidemiological data. That is why the present work aims to describe the association between education in biological science in patients with kidney disease in the context of a covid-19 epidemic. Biological science education is an important component subject to self-care so that many patients with kidney disease allowing them to understand, the importance of having a better adhere to the therapeutic regimen, dietary regimen and in the specific case of the epidemic by COVID-19 may allow them to take preventive measures to avoid their exposure to the pathogen.

A pós-graduação na educação física brasileira: condições e possibilidades das subáreas sociocultural e pedagógica

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo traçar um panorama da atual configuração da pós-graduação stricto sensu da educação física brasileira; analisar as condições e possibilidades de expansão das subáreas sociocultural e pedagógica; e analisar a configuração do Qualis Periódicos da área 21, referente ao quadriênio 2013-2016. O estudo teve um caráter exploratório e seguiu os princípios epistemológicos e metodológicos da pesquisa qualitativa, usou prioritariamente a análise documental. Concluiu-se que as lógicas epistemológicas e avaliativas que vigoraram na área 21 nas últimas avaliações, principalmente por referendar um Qualis Periódicos predominantemente biológico, têm obstruído as condições e possiblidades de expansão das subáreas sociocultural e pedagógica.

Abstract This research's goal is to paint a picture of the post graduation studies, stricto sensu, of brazilian physical education; analyzing conditions and possibilities of expansion of it's sociocultural and pedagogical subareas; analyzing "area 21" "Qualis Periodicos" condition, concerning the period between 2013-2016. This study has an exploratory approach and followed the methodological and epistemological method of qualitative research, using mainly documental data. Concludes, that the epistemological logic and the evaluations enforced in "area 21" during the periods evaluated, expecially those that enforced a biological predominant "Qualis Periódico" have been obstructing the conditions and possibilities of expansion of the sociocultural and pedagogical subareas.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo trazar un panorama de la actual configuración de los estudios de posgrado, stricto sensu, de la educación física brasileña; analizar condiciones y posibilidades de expansión de las subáreas sociocultural y pedagógica, y analizar la configuración del sistema Qualis Periódicos del área 21, en relación con el cuatrienio 2013-2016. Este estudio tiene carácter exploratorio, obedece principios epistemológicos y metodológicos de investigación cualitativa, y utiliza principalmente el análisis documental. Se concluye que las lógicas epistemológicas y de evaluación que se llevaron a cabo en el área 21 durante las últimas evaluaciones, especialmente aquellas que reforzaban un Qualis Periódico predominantemente biológico, obstruyeron las posibilidades de expansión de las subáreas sociocultural y pedagógica.

Expansão do Curso de Biomedicina no Brasil entre os Anos de 1998-2014 / Expansion of the Biomedicine Course in Brazil between the Years 1998 and 2014

Objetivo: avaliar a expansão do curso de Biomedicina no Brasil durante a série histórica compreendida entre os anos 1998 e 2014. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal em que as variáveis de interesse utilizadas foram cursos e vagas, analisadas segundo a natureza jurídica em instituições públicas e privada, por regiões brasileiras. Foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Indicadores das Graduações (SIGRAS) do Ministério da Saúde (MS) para a análise. Resultados: no período de estudo houve crescimento exponencial de cursos e vagas em todas as regiões brasileiras, principalmente na Região Sudeste e na Rede Privada de ensino. Vislumbra- se a necessidade de novos estudos que investiguem a distribuição dos cursos e vagas, do mesmo modo que outras variáveis, com a demanda do mercado de trabalho atual e os determinantes sociais e econômicos que moldam esse processo. Conclusão: observou-se que as duas variáveis analisadas, cursos e vagas, apresentaram crescimento considerável durante o período analisado. Destaca-se que a maior prevalência dos graduandos em Biomedicina concentrou-se na Rede Privada de ensino, porém com a evolução significativa do curso também na Rede Pública. A região de maior notoriedade foi a Sudeste, evidenciando uma desigualdade na distribuição da oferta de cursos e vagas nas outras Regiões. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the expansion of Biomedicine course in Brazil during the historical series between 1998 and 2014. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study whose variables of interest were courses and positions, analyzed in light of the legal nature of public and private institutions across Brazi. Secondary data from the Health Undergraduate Courses Database System (Sistema de Indicadores das Graduações em Saúde ­ SIGRAS) were used for analysis. Results: In the study period, there was an exponential growth of courses and positions in all Brazilian regions, mainly in the Southeast region and in private institutions. There is a need for further studies investigating the distribution of other courses, as well as other variables, supplying the demand of the job market and the social and economic determinants that shape this process. Conclusion: It was observed that the two analyzed variables, courses and positions, presented considerable growth during the analyzed period. It should be noted that the highest prevalence of undergraduate students in Biomedicine was concentrated in private institutions, but with significant evolution of the courses also in public institutions. The most notable region was the Southeast, showing an inequality in the distribution of courses and positions as compared to the other regions of the country. (AU)

Periódicos científicos de ciências biológicas: estudo dos títulos classificados no estrato A1 do Qualis / Scientific journals of biological sciences: study of the titles classified in the stratum A1 of the Qualis / Revistas científicas de ciencias biológicas: studio de los títulos clasificados en el estracto A1 del Qualis

Este artigo apresenta um estudo dos periódicos em que é publicada a produção nacional da área de ciências biológicas com a finalidade de: a) descrever as características editoriais dos periódicos; b) identificara participação de editoras comerciais; e c) verificar a adoção do acesso aberto. O universo da pesquisa realizada no estudo é composto pelos periódicos classificados no estrato A1 do Qualis 2014 da área de Ciências Biológicas I, totalizando 131 títulos, e os dados foram coletados na Web of Science. Os resultados mostraram que, em sua totalidade, os títulos foram editados no exterior, com domínio de publicações nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido (83,21%). Os periódicos foram criados desde 1860, mas a sua expansão ocorreu a partir de 1960 (75,57%) e são mantidos por associações e editoras comerciais (83,96%), com evidente destaque dos grupos Elsevier (23,66%), Wiley (18,32%) e Springer (12,21%). A maioria dos artigos está publicada em língua inglesa (99,98%) e a adoção do acesso aberto por esses periódicos é baixa (8,4%).(AU)

This article presents a study of the journals in which the national production in the area of biological sciences is published, with the purpose of: a) to describe the editorial characteristics of the journals; b) to identify the participation of commercial publishers; and c) to verify the adoption of open access. The universeof the study is composed of journals classified in the stratum A1 of Qualis 2014 of the area of Biological Sciences I, totalling 131 journals, and the data were extracted from the Web of Science. The results of the research show that all the journals were edited in foreign countries, especially in United States and United Kingdon (83,21%). The journals were created since 1860, but their expansion started in 1960 (75,57%) and they are maintained by associations and commercial publishers (83,96%), being in an evident position of prominence the groups Elsevier (23,66%), Wiley (18,32%) and Springer (12,21%). The greatest number of articles is published in English (99,98%) and the offer of open access by these journals is low (8,4%).

Este artículo presenta un estudio de las revistas científicas en que se publica la producción nacionalen el campo de las ciencias biológicas, con el fin de: a) describir las características editoriales de lasrevistas; b) determinar la participación de las editoras comerciales; y c) verificar la adopción del accesoabierto. El universo de la investigación consiste en las revistas clasificadas en el estrato A1 del Qualis2014 del área de Ciencias Biológicas I, un total de 131 revistas, y los datos fueron recogidos en la Webof Science. Los resultados muestran que la totalidad de las revistas es publicada en el extranjero sobretodo en los Estados Unidos y en el Reino Unido (83,21%). Las revistas científicas fueron creadas desde1860, pero su expansión ocurrió a partir de 1960 (75,57%) y ellas son mantenidas por las asociaciones yeditoras comerciales (83,96%), con evidente relevancia de los grupos Elsevier (23,66%), Wiley (18,32%)y Springer (12,21%). La mayoría de los artículos es publicada en inglés (99,98%) y la adopción del acceso abierto por esas revistas es baja (8,4%)

Diagnóstico de componentes bioéticos en el ámbito educativo de ciencias biológicas y de la salud / Diagnosis of bioethical components in the field of education in biological and health-sciences / Diagnóstico de componentes de bioética no âmbito de ensino de ciências biológicas e da saúde

Las múltiples crisis ecológico-sociales de la actualidad necesitan que la bioética global se integre a la educación superior en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Partiendo de esta premisa y con miras a desarrollar estrategias educativas que fortalezcan la adquisición de actitudes bioéticas entre los alumnos de las licenciaturas de la División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS) de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa (UAM-I), nuestro equipo realizó dos estudios entre 2012 y 2014, con el objetivo de conocer el contenido de bioética en planes y programas de las licenciaturas de la DCBS y las actitudes de los alumnos de licenciatura, para los cuales se emplearon una metodología de análisis de coincidencias con palabras clave y un cuestionario tipo Likert. Los resultados sugieren que la bioética no se ha incluido adecuadamente en el contenido de planes y programas, ni ha jugado un papel importante en la formación de las actitudes de los estudiantes que; sin embargo, no son tan desfavorables al respecto. Con base en lo anterior, los autores sugerimos una serie de estrategias educativas que podrían mejorar dicha situación, así como otro tipo de análisis para profundizar en el conocimiento de esta problemática.

The multiple ecological and social crisis of today require the integration of global bioethics into higher education in Biological and Health Sciences. Based on this premise and with the intention of developing educational strategies to strengthen the acquisition of bioethical attitudes among the undergraduate students of the Division of Biological Sciences and Health (DCBS) of the Autonomous Metropolitan University, Iztapalapa (UAM-I), our team conducted two studies between 2012 and 2014, aiming to know the content of bioethics in plans and research programs of the degrees offered at the DCBS and the attitudes of undergraduate students. Therefore, we used a methodology of keyword analysis and a Likert questionnaire. Our results suggest that bioethics has not been adequately included as a content of plans and study programs, nor has it played an important role in shaping the attitudes of students. These attitudes, however, are not so unfavorable. Based on the above, we suggest some educational strategies that could improve the situation, as well as another type of analysis to deepen the knowledge of this problem.

As múltiplas crises ecológico-sociais da atualidade precisam que a bioética global integre-se ao ensino superior em Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Partindo deste principio e com vista a desenvolver estratégias educacionais que fortaleçam a aquisição de atitudes bioéticas entre os estudantes das licenciaturas da Divisão de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (DCBS) da Universidade Autônoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa (UAM-I), nossa equipe realizou dois estudos entre 2012 e 2014, com o objetivo de conhecer o conteúdo da bioética nos planos e programas das licenciaturas da Divisão de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde e as atitudes de alunos de licenciaturas, para o os quais foram empregados uma metodologia de análise de coincidências com palavras-chave e um questionário do tipo Likert. Os resultados sugerem que a bioética não tem sido adequadamente incluída no conteúdo dos planos e programas, e nem tem desempenhado um papel importante na formação das atitudes dos alunos que; no entanto, não são tão desvantajosos ao respeito. Com base no exposto, os autores sugeriremos uma série de estratégias educacionais que poderiam melhorar dita situação, bem como outras análises para aprofundar na compreensão deste problema.

Conhecimento dos acadêmicos de uma universidade de Goiás sobre a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano, Câncer do colo do útero e vacina anti-hpv / Knowledge of human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, and anti-hpv vaccine among students from a university in Goiás, Brazil

O câncer do colo do útero afeta as mulheres em todo o mudo. O agente etiológico é o papilomavírus humano (HPV). Apesar da alta incidência, existem programas de prevenção que incluem o exame Papanicolau e a vacina anti-HPV. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção e o conhecimento dos acadêmicos de graduação em Biomedicina da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás) sobre a infecção pelo HPV, o câncer do colo do útero e a vacina anti-HPV. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado com perguntas de múltipla escolha. A média de acerto para cada grupo de questões foi classificada como satisfatória quando acima de 80%; razoável, entre 70 e 80%; e insatisfatório, quando menor que 70%. Os dados foram transportados para o programa R Core Team 2012 e para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ( χ 2 ), com intervalo de confiança de 95% e valor significativo inferior a 0,05. Resultados: Entre os 268 participantes, índices de acerto observados para as questões relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre a infecção pelo HPV variaram de 23,2 a 99,6%, com média de 75,7%; acerca do câncer do colo do útero, os índices de acerto ficaram entre 25,9 e 98,1%, com média de 68,9%; concernente à vacina anti-HPV, os índices de acerto variaram de 14,3 a 97,4%, com média geral de 69,3%. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que o conhecimento geral dos acadêmicos foi insuficiente. Destaca-se a necessidade de novas estratégias de ensino na graduação sobre o HPV, suas complicações e prevenção.

Cervical cancer affects women worldwide. The etiological pathogen is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Despite the high incidence, there are some prevention programs that include Pap smear test and the anti-HPV vaccine. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception and knowledge of HPV infection, cervical cancer, and anti-HPV vaccine among biomedicine students from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás). Methods: A questionnaire was administered with objective questions in a multiple-choice format. The mean score for each group of questions was classified as follows: satisfactory, if above 80%; reasonable, between 70 and 80%; and unsatisfactory, when less than 70%. The data was transferred to the R Core Team 2012. In order to develop the statistical analysis, the chi-square test ( χ 2 ) was applied, with a confidence interval of 95% and a significant value below 0.05. Results: From 268 participants, the scores concerning the HPV infection varied from 23,2 to 99,6%, with an average of 75,7%; with regard to cervical cancer, scores ranged from 25,9 to 98,1% with an average of 68,9%; and regarding the anti-HPV vaccine, scores ranged from 14,3 to 97,4%, with an average of 69,3%. Conclusion: The results showed that the general performance of the academics was insufficient. We highlight the need for new strategies on undergraduate teaching about HPV, its complications and prevention.

Acciones didácticas para un aprendizaje desarrollador desde las ciencias básicas en la carrera de Medicina / Didactic actions for a developing learning through the basic sciences in the Medicine career

Fundamento: el aprendizaje desarrollador garantiza en el estudiante la apropiación activa y creadora de los conocimientos y lo prepara para resolver los problemas que se le presenten en su práctica profesional. Objetivo: diseñar un conjunto de acciones didácticas encaminadas a lograr un aprendizaje desarrollador desde la asignatura Anatomía Patológica de la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad de Guayaquil, República de Ecuador. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el periodo comprendido de noviembre 2015 a febrero 2016. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: sistémico, histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético; y empíricos: análisis documental, encuesta en forma de cuestionario a estudiantes y de entrevista a expertos; y métodos matemáticos para los valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: se constató que en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje de Anatomía Patológica aún se utilizan rasgos de la enseñanza memorística, los alumnos reconocieron no saber identificar lo esencial del contenido o invariantes del conocimiento, tienen dificultades para aplicarlo ante nuevas situaciones, les es difícil establecer relaciones y realizar resúmenes y copian textualmente del libro de texto, por lo que se diseñaron acciones para lograr un aprendizaje desarrollador acorde con las tendencias contemporáneas de la educación superior, desde la mencionada asignatura. Conclusiones: las necesidades existentes en los estudiantes estimularon a los autores a diseñar acciones para lograr un aprendizaje desarrollador desde la asignatura Anatomía Patológica, las cuales fueron valoradas como pertinentes y de adecuado acierto científico- metodológico por el grupo de expertos.

Background: the developing learning guarantees the active and creative knowledge acquisition in the student so that he/she gets ready to solve the current problems in its professional practice. Objective: to design a group of didactic actions guided to achieve a developing learning through the Pathological Anatomy subject of the Medicine career in the University of Guayaquil, Republic of Ecuador. Methods: it was carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study from November 2015 to February 2016. Theoretical methods were used: systemic, historical-logical and analytic-synthetic; and empiric ones: documental analysis, interviews in questionnaire form to students and an interview was applied to experts; and mathematical methods for the absolute and relative values. Results: it was verified that in the teaching-learning process of Pathological Anatomy features of rote learning teaching are still used, the students recognized not to know how to identify the core contents of knowledge, they have difficulties to apply it to new situations, it is difficult for them establishing interrelations and carrying out summaries and they copy from the text book textually, that´s why actions were designed to achieve a developing learning according to the contemporary tendencies of higher education, through the above mentioned subject. Conclusions: the student´s necessities stimulated the authors to design actions to achieve a developing learning through the Pathological Anatomy subject, which were valued as pertinent and with a scientific-methodological adequacy by the group of experts.

Ciencias biológicas y línea profesional: opinión de enfermeras docentes para la formación de competencias profesionales / Biosciences and discipline-related subjects: views of nurse training teachers on professional competences

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de las Enfermeras docentes respecto a los factores asociados a la integración de Ciencias Básicas con la línea Profesional en el plan de estudio de la carrera de Enfermería. Método: Se realizó en el 2011 una investigación cualitativa a través de un estudio intrínseco de casos. Los informantes claves fueron 16 docentes de la Carrera de Enfermería que realizaban actividades de supervisión clínica, mínimo tres años de ejercicio docente, y que otorgaron Consentimiento Informado. La recolección de datos se hizo en grupos focales de 8 integrantes cada uno. El análisis siguió un esquema de reducción progresiva: disposición, transformación y obtención de conclusiones verificables, validándose por triangulación de investigadores. Para esos efectos se utilizó el programa ATLAS.ti. Resultados: Se encontraron 111 unidades de significado, originando tres categorías: "Propuestas para la integración", "Factores que dificultan la integración" y "Relación Ciencias Básicas con la profesión". Al final del proceso surge un dominio cualitativo "Consideraciones para favorecer la integración entre Bases Morfológicas I y II con la Línea Profesional en el desarrollo de competencias disciplinares para el futuro desempeño laboral". Conclusión: No se verificó la integración de Ciencias Básicas con la línea Profesional. Los informantes identifican sólo factores que dificultan la integración.

Objective: To know the opinion of teaching nurses regarding factors associated with integrating basic science to the discipline-ralated subjects present in the nursing major curriculum. Method: A qualitative study was conducted in 2011 through intrinsic case study. The key informants were 16 teachers of Nursing School who were involved in active clinical supervision, had at least three years of teaching practice and had signed an informed consent. Data collection was done through focus groups of 8 members each. The analysis followed a progressive reduction scheme: arrangement, processing and obtaining verifiable conclusions, validating triangulation of researchers. The ATLAS.ti program was used for this purpose. Results: 111 units of meaning were found, resulting in three categories: "Proposals for integration", "Factors that make integration difficult" and "Basic Sciences relationship with the nursing profession". At the end of the process a qualitative domain emerged: "Considerations to promote integration between Morphological Bases I and II with the professional line in the development of disciplinary competences for future work performance". Conclusion: The integration of Basic Science to the Professional line was not verfied. Informants identified factors that hinder integration only.

Perfeccionamiento del programa Filosofía y Sociedad en la carrera de Medicina. Dimensión contenidos / Improvement of the syllabus Philosophy and Society in the Medicine career. Content dimension

Fundamento: a partir de 2008 se iniciaron profundas transformaciones en la impartición de la enseñanza del marxismo en las universidades de ciencias médicas, que requieren ser estudiadas para el perfeccionamiento del programa Filosofía y Sociedad, y en las cuales la dimensión contenidos resulta definitoria. Objetivo: identificar los principales aciertos y deficiencias de su puesta en marcha, según el criterio de los estudiantes sobre la dimensión contenidos, a fin de determinar las principales modificaciones de interés como parte del perfeccionamiento constante de la disciplina. Método: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara entre febrero 2012 y julio 2013. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Medicina, a los que se les aplicó un grupo de instrumentos para conocer sus criterios sobre el contenido de la disciplina Filosofía y Sociedad. Resultados: los contenidos con mayores deficiencias según la valoración de estudiantes fueron: el II. El marxismo como ruptura y continuidad del pensamiento filosófico; III. Sistema teórico metodológico de la filosofía marxista; VIII. La producción espiritual y sus formas y IX. La gnoseología marxista leninista. Las variables que recibieron una evaluación más baja fueron la asequibilidad y el interés. Conclusiones: existe una aprobación general del programa Filosofía y Sociedad en la dimensión contenidos y sus variables por parte de los estudiantes, aunque hay también valoraciones negativas o cuestionamientos en esta dimensión, así como en algunas variables y/o indicadores sometidos a su consideración.

Background: from 2008 on deep transformations began in the teaching of Marxism in the universities of medical sciences that require to be studied for the improvement of the program Philosophy and Society, and in which the content dimension is essential. Objective: to identify the main successes and deficiencies in Marxism teaching, according to the student´s point of view on the content dimension, in order to determine the main modifications as a steady improvement of the discipline. Methods: it was carried out a development investigation in Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences from February 2012 to July 2013. The study universe comprised the students of first year of the Medicine career. Different methods were applied to know the students criteria on the contents of the Philosophy and Society discipline. Results: according to the students the contents with greater difficulties were: II. Marxism as rupture and continuity of the philosophical thought; III. Methodological theoretical system of the Marxist philosophy; VIII. The spiritual production and its forms and IX. The Marxist-Leninist gnoseology. The variables with a lower evaluation were the approachability and interest. Conclusions: it exists a general approval of the program Philosophy and Society in the content dimension and its variables on the part of the students, although there are also negative valuations or questions in this dimension, as well as in some variables and/or indicators which were subjected.

Rendimiento académico de estudiantes en asignaturas del área básica en policlínicos universitarios / The academic efficiency of the University polyclinic students in the basic area subjects

Fundamento: las asignaturas del área básica sientan las bases cognoscitivas y educativas para la formación integral de los futuros profesionales de la Medicina. Objetivo: caracterizar el rendimiento académico de estudiantes en las asignaturas del área básica en dos policlínicos universitarios del municipio Santa Clara, en exámenes ordinarios. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cuanti-cualitativo en los policlínicos "XX Aniversario" y "Capitán Roberto Fleites" durante el curso 2013-2014. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción; empíricos: análisis documental y encuesta a estudiantes y profesores; y matemáticos para los valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: se constató en los estudiantes, que no existe una adecuada motivación para la carrera en algunos casos, no cuentan con la bibliografía necesaria, sobre todo de aquellas en formato digital, consideran la Medicina como una carrera muy difícil, que requiere mucho sacrificio y refieren dificultades en los métodos de estudio; los profesores, por su parte, no tienen preparación pedagógica elevada aunque dominan los contenidos que imparten, la categoría docente que predomina es la de instructor, y aunque orientan bien la bibliografía, no es accesible toda la necesaria; la mayoría imparte la docencia por más de seis años. Conclusiones: los aspectos fundamentales del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje que han influido en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes fueron la escasa motivación por la carrera, los inadecuados métodos de estudio y la insuficiente preparación pedagógica de sus docentes.

Background: the subjects of the basic area set the cognitive and educative bases for the full formation of the future Medicine professionals. Objective: to characterize the academic efficiency of the students in the subjects of the basic area in two university polyclinics in Santa Clara municipality, in ordinary exams. Methods: a descriptive research work was carried out within the scope of the quantitative and qualitative methodologies in "XX Aniversario" & "Capitán Roberto Fleites" polyclinics in the academic year 2013-2014. Different methods were used. Theoretical methods: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction. Empirical methods: review of documents and a survey was applied to the professors and the students. Mathematical methods: for the analysis of absolute and relative values. Results: it was determined that in some cases the students don´t have an adequate motivation for the Medicine career and they don´t have the necessary digital bibliography, besides, they consider the Medicine career as a difficult one, that much effort is needed and poor methods of study. On the other hand, the professors don´t have an adequate pedagogical preparation, even though, they master the contents they teach, the predominant teaching rank is instructor, they make a proper orientation of the bibliography they assign but it is not accessible in all the cases. Most of the teachers have more than six years of teaching experience. Conclusions: the fundamental aspects of the learning process that have influenced the academic efficiency of the students were: Lack of motivation for the Medicine career, incorrect study methods and the insufficient pedagogical preparation of the teachers.

El razonamiento clínico desde el ciclo básico, una opción de integración en las ciencias médicas / The clinical reasoning through the basic cycle, an option for the integration of the medical sciences

Fundamento: el razonamiento clínico propicia la integración de conocimientos en la formación del profesional de la salud para el desempeño adecuado de su futura labor. Objetivo: analizar la opinión general de los estudiantes acerca de la inserción de casos clínicos en la asignatura Fisiología, para propiciar el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico desde las ciencias básicas biomédicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. El universo estuvo constituido por los estudiantes del tercer semestre de la carrera durante el período de enero a mayo de 2013. Se seleccionó una muestra de 60 que cursaban la asignatura de Fisiología en ese período, mediante un muestro no probabilístico consecutivo. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo, y empírico: cuestionario a estudiantes. Resultados: se constató una opinión satisfactoria por parte de los estudiantes, sobre la discusión de casos clínicos en los contenidos del área básica de la carrera de Medicina. La mayoría de ellos determinó que la aplicación del razonamiento clínico en los conocimientos básicos de la carrera, beneficia el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Los estudiantes consideraron importante el papel del tutor en la metodología utilizada. Conclusiones: la inserción de casos clínicos en las asignaturas de las ciencias básicas para lograr la integración de sus contenidos con las ciencias clínicas, desde etapas tempranas de la carrera, ofrece ventajas para sentar las bases de una transferencia más efectiva y un mejor desarrollo del razonamiento clínico.

Background: the clinical reasoning facilitates the integration of knowledge in the formation of health professionals to have an adequate performance in the future profession. Objective: to analyze the general opinion of the students about the inclusion of clinical cases in the Physiology subject to propitiate a clinical reasoning through the biomedical basic sciences. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Tamaulipas Autonomous University. The universe comprised the students who were in the third semester of the career from January to May 2013. 60 students who were studying the Physiology subject in this period were included in a non-random consecutive sampling. Theoretical methods were used: Analysis-Synthesis, induction-deduction. Empirical methods: a questionnaire was applied to the students. Results: the students gave satisfactory opinions about the inclusion and discussion of clinical cases in the basic area of the Medicine career. Most of the students stated that the application of the clinical reasoning to the basic knowledge of the career benefits the teaching- learning process. The students regarded as very important the role of the tutors. Conclusions: the inclusion of clinical cases in the subjects of the basic sciences allows to achieve the integration of its contents with the clinical sciences, since early stages of the career, it provides advantages to set the bases for a more effective transference and a better development of the clinical reasoning.

Acciones para fortalecer el respaldo bibliográfico de los residentes de ciencias básicas biomédicas / Actions for further bibliographical support to residents in Biomedical Basic Sciences

Fundamento: la finalidad esencial de los servicios de referencia es dotar a los usuarios de la información de la localización y el acceso a todas las fuentes bibliográficas posibles de forma exhaustiva. Objetivo: elaborar un conjunto de acciones para fortalecer el respaldo bibliográfico que necesitan los residentes de las ciencias básicas biomédicas de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cualitativo, en el área de Consulta y Referencia del Centro Provincial de Información de Villa Clara, en el período julio 2009-diciembre 2013; se utilizaron métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico y analítico sintético, y empíricos: análisis documental de los programas de formación de residentes, recopilación de la información y los datos que ofrecen las boletas de préstamo; y encuesta a los residentes, directivos y especialistas de experiencia para indagar acerca de la pertinencia de los fondos documentales del Servicio de Consulta y Referencia. Resultados: es evidente el nivel de desactualización del fondo bibliográfico, carece de diversidad y pertinencia, por lo que se elaboraron acciones para lograr un mayor respaldo bibliográfico para las necesidades de los residentes, y para el funcionamiento en general, con la incorporación del servicio de búsquedas automatizadas personalizadas y la realización de búsquedas digitales por encargo. Conclusiones: las acciones fueron valoradas como pertinentes por criterios de especialistas, porque contribuyen a transformar progresivamente el respaldo bibliográfico en el proceso de formación de residentes de las ciencias básicas biomédicas.

Background: the main purpose of the reference services is to provide users with information about the location, information and access to all possible literature sources exhaustively. Objective: to prepare a whole series of actions to strengthen the bibliographic support that residents in Biomedical Basic Sciences need, at the Medical University of Villa Clara. Methods: in the Consultation and Reference area at the Information Provincial Center, in Villa Clara, a qualitative study was conducted from July 2009 to December 2013. Theoretical methods: historical-logical and analytic-synthetic and empirical ones: documentary analysis of resident's curriculums, information retrieval and the data obtained from report cards, were used; and residents, managers and skilled specialists were surveyed to inquire about the relevance of the document collections at the Consultation and Reference Service. Results: it is obvious that bibliographic collection is outdated, it lacks diversity and relevance, so actions were developed to achieve greater bibliographic support for the needs of residents, and in general, to make the entire service operational, by incorporating the personalized automated search service. Conclusions: according to expert group criteria, actions were assessed as relevant, because they contribute to the progressive transformation of the bibliographic support to the professional training process for basic biomedical sciences residents.

Advances in studies on testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Euglyphida): a scientometric approach - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i4.18184

Testate amoebae have a great potential for use in scientific researches due to their ecological characteristics such as abundance, wealth, and generation time. In this way, this study aimed to present a scientometric analysis to describe the evolution of the different advances in researches on testate amoebae and identify a temporal pattern in this evolution. The literature review was based on papers indexed by Thomson Reuters (www.isiwebofknowledge.com) and SciVerse Scopus (www.scopus.com). In total 562 papers were examined. Results showed a pattern of evolution in scientific studies, most with ecological approach with descriptive and predictive designs. At the global level, researches on testate amoebae progressed in both the number of articles published as well as in the areas studied, especially in Europe and North America. The low number of experimental studies and review articles can characterize the lack of more knowledge to be acquired, both from particular observations (descriptive studies) as well as the observations noted sufficiently predictive of work. In Brazil, studies with testate amoebae are still developing, concentrated in only some regions, but the increased number of studies in recent years allows the prediction of the same overall patterns of advance for Brazilian researches. Thus, we conclude that these organisms are being increasingly used as a tool resp

Physical and chemical water parameters and Streptococcus spp. occurrence in intensive tilapia farming in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i1.11797

This study evaluated the influence of intensive farming of tilapia on physical and chemical parameters and on the occurrence of Streptococcus spp. in the water of the lake and of cages. Throughout a year, monthly samplings were taken in the rainy and dry seasons for a year, at two sampling sites, lake and net cages. For the determination of water quality, physical and chemical water parameters were evaluated and compared to the standards established by Conama Resolution no. 357/2005. The presence of Streptococcus spp. in the water was determined by plating on blood Agar and biochemical screening. Mean values of water parameters were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test comparing sampling sites and seasons. Ammoniacal nitrogen (ammoniacal-N), total phosphorus (total-P) levels and occurrence of Streptococcus spp. have increased in the water of the net cages. The mean values of several parameters have decreased during the rainy period, except for pH, temperature and ammoniacal-N. Total-P and dissolved oxygen levels, during dry and rainy periods, respectively, exceeded the standard established for freshwater class 2, recommended for aquaculture, which can be harmful to the fish. Therefore, constant monitoring of the physical,chemical and microbiological water parameters is recommended since the Juara lake is also used for recreational purposes.

The commercial fishing fleet using the middle stretch of the Madeira river, Brazil - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i3.8119

Fishery resources in the Amazon region are exploited by both industrial and artisanal fishing fleets, that differ in their use of fishing gear and fishing grounds. Data on the physical characteristics of the vessels belonging to the fishing fleets using the Solimões/Amazonas river and estuaries are limited. This article presents an analysis of some physical characteristics of the commercial fishery fleet using the middle stretch of the Madeira river. Data were quantitative collected using interviews of the owners and/or skippers of fishery vessels between January 2003 and May 2004. The boats used for fishing in the region varied in size from 8 to 14 meters and had an average storage capacity ranging from 4.5 to 6.1 tons. Canoes were also used for fishing and ranged in length from 5 to 9 meters, with an average storage capacity of 0.2 tons. The results of this study demonstrate that boats in the Madeira river fleet had similar characteristics to the fishery fleet of the Solimões/Amazonas river with respect to length, use of gear, and fish storage.

Normatividade vital e dualidade corpo-mente / Normativity of life and body-mind duality / Normatividad vital y dualidad cuerpo-mente

O objetivo do artigo é abordar o problema da dualidade entre corpo e mente mediante a discussão do conceito de normatividade vital, proposto por Canguilhem. Destaca a necessidade de superar o conflito histórico entre vitalismo e mecanicismo e de construir um conceito que incorpore a dimensão psíquica como prolongamento do orgânico no humano. Busca realizar articulação entre questões em aberto na biologia e na física e apresenta as idéias de Roger Penrose sobre a ligação entre física e mente. Inquire a possibilidade de a física do século XX inscrever-se na biologia do século XXI. Defende que, para dar conta desse desafio, é imperioso considerar o limite humano em conhecer o universo. Com base nessa discussão, reafirma que a dimensão psíquica no homem pode ter evolucionado de uma capacidade biológica anterior de realizar 'escolhas' para fazer a vida perseverar.

The objective of the article is to broach the problem of body mind duality through the discussion of the concept of normativity of life, proposed by Canguilhem. Highlights the necessity to overcome the historic controversy between mechanism and vitalism, and to construct a concept that incorporates the psychic dimension as an extension of organic in human. Seek to make a link between open questions in biology and in physics and presents Roger Penrose's ideas about connection between physics and mind. Questions the possibility of 20 TH century physics has to be inscribed in 21 TH century biology. To deal with this challenge it is necessary to consider human limits to know the universe. Based on this discussion, reaffirms that human psychic dimension could be evolved from an anterior biological capacity to perform "choices" to make life to persevere.

El objetivo de este artículo es abordar el problema de la dualidad cuerpo-mente mediante la discusión del concepto de normatividad vital, propuesto por Canguilhem. Destaca la necesidad de superar el conflicto histórico entre vitalismo y mecanicismo y de construir un concepto que incorpore la dimensión psíquica como prolongamiento de lo orgánico en lo humano. Busca realizar una articulación entre cuestiones abiertas en la biología y en la física y presenta las ideas de Roger Penrose sobre la relación entre física y mente. Indaga sobre la posibilidad de la física del siglo XX inscribirse en la biología del siglo XXI. Defiende que, para poder concretar este desafío, es imperioso considerar el límite humano para conocer al universo. En base a esta discusión, reafirma que la dimensión psíquica humana puede haber evolucionado a partir de una capacidad biológica anterior de realizar elecciones para preservar la vida.

Parasites of Auchenipterus osteomystax (Osteichthyes, Auchenipteridae) from two different environments, Rosanas reservoir and upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i1.833

Surumanha, Auchenipterus osteomystax Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918 is an insectivorous species that inhabits benthopelagic freshwater environments. In order to know the parasitic fauna and aspects of the host-parasite relationship in surumanhas from Rosanas hydroelectric reservoir and the upper Paraná river floodplain, 36 specimens from the reservoir and 41 specimens from the floodplain were collected, using gill nets. The parasitic fauna of the hosts from the different environments presented low similarity; among ten parasite species present in A. osteomystax, only two were observed in both environments. It was observed significant difference in the prevalence of the metacercariae of Strigeidae in relation to the sex of the hosts from the floodplain, indicating that males are more parasitized. Clinostomum complanatum was the only species that presented significant negative correlation with the relative condition factor (kn) of the host, indicating possible pathogenicity.