See you later: roost fidelity of the "Boomerang Bats",Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera) / Até mais tarde: fidelidade de abrigo dos "Morcegos Boomerang", Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Animals exhibit sociability behaviors and spatial use patterns that are important for species survival. Bats are animals that exhibit complex patterns of aggregation of individuals, which can vary according to sex and age. Aggregation can be explained by active or passive mechanisms. In this behavioural note, we report a group of female Artibeus lituratus in the reproductive stage that exhibits aggregation behavior supporting the active mechanism hypothesis. The females returned to the same roost, for two reproductive season, maintaining the aggregation with the same individuals with which the social bonds were already established.

Os animais exibem comportamentos de sociabilidade e padrões de uso espacial que são importantes para a sobrevivência das espécies. Os morcegos são animais que apresentam padrões complexos de agregação de indivíduos, que podem variar de acordo com o sexo e a idade. A agregação pode ser explicada por mecanismos ativos ou passivos. Nesta nota comportamental, relatamos um grupo de fêmeas de Artibeus lituratus em fase reprodutiva que exibe comportamento de agregação apoiando a hipótese do mecanismo ativo. As fêmeas retornaram ao mesmo poleiro, por duas estações reprodutivas, mantendo a agregação com os mesmos indivíduos com os quais os laços sociais já foram estabelecidos.

Caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru: Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos atenta ao meio ambiente / Caso Habitantes de La Oroya contra Perú: Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos atenta al medio ambiente / Residents of La Oroya case against Peru: Inter-American Court of Human Rights attentive to the environment

Abordam-se aspectos da decisão da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, no caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru, publicada em março de 2024, afirmando a justiciabilidade do direito ao meio ambiente como um direito difuso e reconhecendo a responsabilidade internacional do Peru (Estado parte) pela omissão em relação às medidas de prevenção e na prestação de informações à população exposta. Trata-se de precedente de relevância emitido pela Corte Internacional para a defesa do meio ambiente e dos direitos humanos, abrindo alvissareiras possibilidades de um novo e efetivo espaço para a afirmação de princípios caros ao Direito Sanitário e a preservação da vida.

Aspects of the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are discussed, in the case of Residents of La Oroya against Peru, affirming the justiciability of the right to the environment as a diffuse right and recognizing the international responsibility of Peru (State party) for omission in relation to prevention measures and the provision of information to the exposed population.This is a highly relevant precedent for the defense of the environment and human rights, opening up promising possibilities for a new and effective space for the affirmation of principles dear to Health Law and the preservation of life.

Se discuten aspectos de la decisión de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en el caso de Residentes de La Oroya contra Perú, afirmando la justiciabilidad del derecho al medio ambiente como un derecho difuso y reconociendo la responsabilidad internacional del Perú (Estado parte) por omisión en relación con las medidas de prevención y suministro de información a la población expuesta. Se trata de un precedente de gran relevancia para la defensa del medio ambiente y de los derechos humanos, abriendo posibilidades prometedoras para un nuevo y eficaz espacio de afirmación de principios queridos por el Derecho de la Salud y la preservación de la vida.

Agregación masiva de la estrella de mar Luidia bellonae (Paxillosida: Luidiidae) en Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Pacífico Mexicano / Massive aggregation of sea star Luidia bellonae (Paxillosida: Luidiidae) in Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Mexican Pacific

Resumen Introducción: En el Pacífico central mexicano son escasos los trabajos sobre ecología de asteroideos. Estas especies generalmente se distribuyen de forma aleatoria, aunque en algunas ocasiones pueden encontrarse en grupos o agregaciones. En Los Arcos, al sur de Puerto Vallarta, en Bahía de Banderas, México, se observó Luidia bellonae por primera vez en una agregación masiva en 2021. Objetivo: Reportar por primera vez el registro de esta especie en esta región del Pacífico mexicano, así como el evento de agregación masiva. Métodos: Se realizaron transectos y recorridos para cuantificar la densidad y medir los ejemplares de la estrella en Los Arcos, Bahía de Banderas, durante 2021, 2022 y 2023. Resultados: Se encontraron densidades promedio de 2.65 ind/m2 y hasta 7 ind/m2. En total en el área aproximada de 900 m2 se registraron 630 individuos. Los ejemplares midieron (R) entre 2 y 12 cm, y en su mayoría midieron entre 4 y 8 cm. Conclusiones: L. bellonae estaba reportada en distintos sitios en algunos estados del Pacífico mexicano, sin embargo no estaba registrada para Bahía de Banderas ni Los Arcos, ni tampoco en la cantidad que se reporta aquí, por lo que este es el primer registro para la especie con una presencia masiva para el Pacífico mexicano. La aparición de la gran cantidad de ejemplares de L. bellonae en Los Arcos en 2021 pudo haber sido resultado de una combinación de factores, entre ellos la baja temperatura del agua, con valores hasta de 15 ºC y la alta cantidad de nutrientes. Este hallazgo demuestra la necesidad de más estudios sobre los equinodermos y especies marinas para entender la influencia que tienen las condiciones ambientales en su ciclo de vida.

Abstract Introduction: In the central Mexican Pacific, there are few studies on asteroid ecology. These species are generally distributed randomly, although in some cases groups or aggregations can be found. In Los Arcos, south of Puerto Vallarta, in Bahía de Banderas, Mexico, Luidia bellonae was observed for the first time in a massive aggregation in 2021. Objective: To report the new record of this species in this region of the Mexican Pacific and its massive aggregation event. Methods: Transects and surveys were carried out to quantify the density and measure the sea star individuals in Los Arcos, Bahía de Banderas during 2021, 2022, and 2023. Results: Average densities of 2.65 ind/m2 and up to 7 ind/m2 were found. In total, in the approximate area of 900 m2, 630 individuals were registered. The specimens measured (R) between 2 and 12 cm, and most measured between 4 and 8 cm. Conclusions: L. bellonae has been reported in different places in some states of the Mexican Pacific; however, it was not registered for Bahía de Banderas nor Los Arcos, nor in the amount reported here, therefore this is the first record for the species with a massive presence for the Mexican Pacific. The appearance of the large number of L. bellonae specimens in Los Arcos in 2021 could have been the result of a combination of factors, including the low water temperature, with values up to 15 ºC, and the high amount of nutrients. This finding demonstrates the need for more studies on echinoderms and marine species to understand the influence of environmental conditions on their life cycle.

Riqueza y densidad de equinodermos en los arrecifes rocosos de Punta Amapala, El Salvador / Richness and density of echinoderms in the rocky reefs of Punta Amapala, El Salvador

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos son animales estrictamente acuáticos y de los grupos de invertebrados marinos cuya importancia ecológica es crucial para los ambientes en donde habitan. La característica más destacada es su simetría pentarradial. Estos organismos pueden distribuirse en una amplia variedad de ambientes oceánicos, y no ser exclusivamente habitantes de las formaciones arrecifales. Se han registrado el total de 1 539 especies, de las cuales 717 pertenecen a Pacífico y 60 de ellas se han registrado en El Salvador. Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo fue registrar la riqueza y densidad de especies de equinodermos en arrecifes rocosos de Punta Amapala (La Unión). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en cinco sitios, dos a 3 m de profundidad y tres a 6 m. Para esto, se utilizó snorkeling y buceo autónomo, recorriendo dos transectos de banda de 30 x 1 m. Dentro de los transectos, se realizó la identificación (riqueza) y contabilización (abundancia) de los organismos. Resultados: La especie que presentó mayor densidad en los arrecifes de 3 m fue Echinometra vanbrunti (0.83 indv/m2), seguido por el ofiuroideo Ophiocomella alexandri (0.16 indv/m2) y Ophiocoma aethiops (0.16 indv/m2). Y en los arrecifes a 6 m fueron Ophiothela mirabilis (0.83 indv/m2), Ophionereis annulata (0.21 indv/m2), Ophiothrix rudis (0.08 indv/m2) y Ophiocomella alexandri (0.01 indv/m2). Conclusiones: Estos organismos, cumplen con diversos roles ecológicos, como ser bioindicadores de calidad de agua al tolerar ciertos cambios en las condiciones físico-químicas, así como cumplir el papel de hospederos de macrofauna por las cavidades que forman algunos erizos. Es por ello que los esfuerzos de muestreo deben incrementarse en estas zonas para monitorear la calidad y salud de los arrecifes rocosos, cuyo papel es clave, por ser junto con Los Cóbanos, los de mayor extensión en el país.

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms are strictly aquatic animals and one of the groups of marine invertebrates whose ecological importance is crucial for the environments where they inhabit. The most outstanding characteristic is their pentaradial symmetry. These organisms can be distributed in a wide variety of oceanic environments, and are not exclusive inhabitants of reef formations. A total of 1 539 species have been registered, of which 717 belong to the Pacific and 60 of them have been registered for El Salvador. Objective: The objective of the work was to record the richness and density of echinoderm species in rocky reefs of Punta Amapala (La Unión). Methods: The sampling was conducted in five sites, two of them at 3 m of depth and three at 6 m. For this, snorkeling and autonomous diving were used, covering two band transects of 30 x 1 m. Within the transects, the identification (richness) and counting (abundance) of the organisms was carried out. Results: The species that presented the highest density at 3 m reefs was Echinometra vanbrunti (0.83 indv/m2), followed by the ophiuroid Ophiocomella alexandri (0.16 indv/m2) and Ophiocoma aethiops (0.16 indv/m2). And at the 6 m reefs were Ophiothela mirabilis (0.83 indv/m2), Ophionereis annulata (0.21 indv/m2), Ophiothrix rudis (0.08 indv/m2) and Ophiocomella alexandri (0.01 indv/m2). Conclusions: These organisms fulfill various ecological roles, such as being bioindicators of water quality by tolerating certain changes in physicochemical conditions and fulfilling the role of macrofauna hosts due to the cavities formed by some sea urchins. That is why sampling efforts must increase in these areas to monitor the quality and health of the rocky reefs, whose role is key, as they are, together with Los Cóbanos, the largest in the country.

Recent molecular techniques to strengthen ecological studies in echinoderms / Técnicas moleculares recientes que fortalecen los estudios ecológicos de equinodermos

Abstract Introduction: Echinoderms, an integral component of marine ecosystems worldwide, have captivated scientific interest for centuries. Despite this longstanding attention, comprehending key facets such as trophic relationships, diet composition, and host-microbiota relationships still represents a challenge using traditional techniques. Recent years, however, have witnessed a transformative shift, thanks to the emergence of advanced molecular techniques, offering new approaches to strengthen ecological studies in echinoderms. Objective: Explore how recent advancements in molecular tools have impacted ecological research on echinoderms. Specifically, we aim to investigate the potential of these tools to shed light on trophic interactions, diet composition, and the characterization of gut microbial communities in these organisms. Methods: Available literature was used to clarify how novel molecular techniques can improve ecological studies. The focus is diet, trophic relationships, and gut microbiota. Results: Traditionally, studies of stomach contents using compound microscopy have provided an idea of ingested material; nevertheless, sometimes a simple magnified visualization of dietary content does not allow exhaustive identification of the entire food spectrum, as it is limited due to the rapid digestion and maceration of food items within the echinoderm's digestive tract. The use of DNA-metabarcoding, targeting specific DNA regions, such as the mitochondrial COI gene, has allowed us to enhance the accuracy and precision of diet characterization by enabling the identification of prey items down to the species or even genetic variant level, providing valuable insights into specific dietary preferences. Another approach is the use of stable isotopes, particularly carbon and nitrogen, which provide a powerful tool to trace the origin and flow of nutrients through food webs. By analyzing the isotopic signatures in muscular tissues and food items, we can discern the sources of their primary food items and gain insights into their trophic position within the ecosystem. Lastly, a third new technique used to elucidate the characterization of the prokaryotic community is 16S rRNA sequencing. This method allows us to explore the composition and dynamics of the digestive tract microbial communities. Conclusions: This is a promising era for ecological research on echinoderms, where advances of molecular tools have enabled an unprecedented level of detail, resolving longstanding challenges in comprehending their trophic interactions, diet composition, and host-microbiota relationships, and opening new avenues of investigation in ecological studies.

Resumen Introducción: Los equinodermos, un componente integral de los ecosistemas marinos en todo el mundo, han captado el interés científico durante siglos. A pesar de esta prolongada atención, el comprender facetas clave como las relaciones tróficas, la composición de la dieta y las relaciones huésped-microbiota todavía representa un desafío utilizando técnicas tradicionales. Sin embargo, los últimos años han sido testigos de un cambio transformador, gracias a la aparición de técnicas moleculares avanzadas, que ofrecen nuevos enfoques para fortalecer los estudios ecológicos en equinodermos. Objetivo: Explorar cómo los avances recientes en herramientas moleculares han impactado la investigación ecológica sobre equinodermos. Específicamente, nuestro objetivo es investigar el potencial de estas herramientas para arrojar luz sobre las interacciones tróficas, la composición de la dieta y la caracterización de las comunidades microbianas intestinales en estos organismos. Métodos: Se utilizó la literatura disponible para aclarar cómo las nuevas técnicas moleculares pueden mejorar los estudios ecológicos. La atención se centra en la dieta, las relaciones tróficas y la microbiota intestinal. Resultados: Tradicionalmente, los estudios del contenido estomacal mediante microscopía compuesta han proporcionado una idea del material ingerido; Sin embargo, a veces una simple visualización ampliada del contenido dietético no permite una identificación exhaustiva de todo el espectro alimentario, ya que está limitado debido a la rápida digestión y maceración de los alimentos dentro del tracto digestivo del equinodermo. El uso de metabarcoding de ADN, dirigidos a regiones específicas del ADN, como el gen COI mitocondrial, nos ha permitido mejorar la exactitud y precisión de la caracterización de la dieta al permitir la identificación de presas hasta el nivel de especie o incluso de variante genética, lo que proporciona valiosos resultados sobre preferencias dietéticas específicas. Otro enfoque es el uso de isótopos estables, en particular carbono y nitrógeno, que proporcionan una poderosa herramienta para rastrear el origen y el flujo de nutrientes a través de las redes alimentarias. Al analizar las firmas isotópicas en los tejidos musculares y los alimentos, podemos discernir las fuentes de sus alimentos primarios y obtener información sobre su posición trófica dentro del ecosistema. Por último, una tercera técnica nueva utilizada para dilucidar la caracterización de la comunidad procariótica es la secuenciación del ARNr 16S. Este método nos permite explorar la composición y dinámica de las comunidades microbianas del tracto digestivo. Conclusiones: Esta es una era prometedora para la investigación ecológica sobre equinodermos, donde los avances de las herramientas moleculares han permitido un nivel de detalle sin precedentes, resolviendo desafíos de larga data en la comprensión de sus interacciones tróficas, composición de la dieta y relaciones huésped-microbiota, y abriendo nuevas vías de investigación. en estudios ecológicos.

Nicho trófico y bioclimático de dos especies andinas cercanamente emparentadas de Liolaemus (Squamata, Liolaemidae) en el sur del Perú / Trophic and bioclimatic niche of two closely related Andean species of Liolaemus (Squamata, Liolaemidae) in southern Peru

Resumen En el presente estudio, los nichos trófico y bioclimático de Liolaemus annectens y L. etheridgei son evaluados. Ambas especies se distribuyen en la región andina del sur del Perú. La comparación interespecífica del nicho trófico reveló a Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) como presa fundamental de L. etheridgei, mientras que las presas fundamentales en la dieta de L. annectens fueron larvas de Lepidoptera, Araneae, Curculionidae (Coleoptera) y Lygaeidae. Asimismo, se observó un importante consumo de material vegetal en ambas especies, por lo que pueden considerarse omnívoras. Ambas especies presentaron una baja amplitud de nicho trófico, con una tendencia especialista de consumo de presas, y un bajo solapamiento de nicho trófico. En cuanto al nicho Grinnelliano, la evaluación y comparación de modelos de nichos ecológicos, permitieron identificar las áreas de mayor idoneidad para la sobrevivencia de estas especies. Estas se encuentran en áreas de Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna para L. etheridgei y en Arequipa, Puno, y Cusco para L. annectens. Ambas especies mostraron una baja superposición de nicho ecológico, rechazando la hipótesis de que ocupan nichos idénticos.

Abstract In the present study, the trophic and bioclimatic niches of Liolaemus annectens and L. etheridgei are evaluated. Both species are distributed in the Andean region of southern Peru. Interspecific comparison of the trophic niche revealed Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) as a fundamental prey for L. etheridgei, while the fundamental preys in the diet of L. annectens were Lepidoptera larvae, Araneae, Curculionidae (Coleoptera), and Lygaeidae. Additionally, a significant consumption of plant material was observed in both species, indicating an omnivorous diet. Both species exhibited a narrow trophic niche breadth, with a specialist tendency in prey consumption and low trophic niche overlap. Regarding the Grinnellian niche, evaluation and comparison of ecological niche models allowed the identification of areas of highest suitability for the survival of these species. These include some areas in Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna for L. etheridgei, and some areas in Arequipa, Puno and Cusco for L. annectens. Both species showed low ecological niche overlap, rejecting the hypothesis of identical niches.

Quality Improvement Pathway of Cultivated Chinese Medicinal Materials Based on Physiological Ecology of Plants Under Adversity / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The quality of Chinese medicinal materials is related to the environment， with an optimal quality under adversity. The origin of Chinese medicinal materials has converted from wild collection to cultivation， and a better cultivation environment leads to a decline in their quality. At present， there are few effective methods to improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. Plants are bound to produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species （ROS） under adversity， and the quality improvement of Chinese medicinal materials under adversity may be achieved through ROS. This paper described the relationship between plant adversity-ROS-secondary metabolism： ROS can alter the structure of proteins （including enzymes） and regulate enzyme activities， thus affecting secondary metabolism to improve the adaptive capacity of plants. Therefore， ROS is the essential cause of adversity changing secondary metabolism. The cells of plants are omnipotent， and the medicinal parts of plants can independently complete the whole process of secondary metabolism， so regulation of secondary metabolism during the processing of fresh Chinese medicinal materials can significantly improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. Exogenous ROS can be used as inducible factors to stimulate medicinal parts， inducing a physiological state of fresh medicinal parts similar to that under adversity， thus enhancing secondary metabolism， and improving the contents of active ingredients in Chinese medicinal materials. In addition， the content and ratio of each ingredient in Chinese medicinal materials are closer to those of wild Chinese medicinal materials. The mechanism of plant adaptation to adversity is the mechanism of the quality formation of Chinese medicinal materials， and the application of ROS as inducible factors can provide a new pathway for the production of high-quality Chinese medicinal materials.

Cultivation of intelligent medical talents based on educational ecology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This article elaborates on the ecological mechanism of intelligent medical talent training, compares the training models of intelligent medical talents in China and globally, and combines the theory of educational ecology and the experience of intelligent medical talent training in College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, to construct an ecological system for intelligent medical talent training from the three aspects of ecological subject, ecological object, and ecological environment, so as to realize the construction of intelligent medical discipline with the core of talent training, the focus on data construction, the support of platform service, and the purpose of medical application, thereby providing a reference for the training of comprehensive intelligent medical professionals in universities.

The Experience of Strengthening the Professional Motivation of Pediatricians Abroad and Its Enlightenment to China / 中国医学伦理学

At present, the contradiction between the lack of pediatricians and the increasing demand for pediatric medical services has become more and more prominent. Taking pediatricians as the research object, this paper explored the needs and motivation of professional development of pediatricians in China by referring to a series of excellent foreign research results, so as to improve the professional development of pediatricians, reconstruct the ecology of pediatricians and patients, then improve medical experience, and alleviate the "shortage of pediatricians" and "difficulty in seeing a doctor" in pediatrics. Enhancing the work enthusiasm and professional motivation of pediatricians can not only improve the satisfaction of patients, but also enhance the quality of medical services, so as to promote the growth of the hospital’s own economic and social benefits.

Corpos-territórios e interseccionalidades: contribuições para uma vigilância popular em saúde / Bodies-territories and intersectionalities: contributions to public health surveillance

Resumo Corpos e territórios múltiplos vivenciam de diferentes formas impactos, conflitos e injustiças socioambientais. As consequências do padrão de acumulação neoextrativista recai de modo diferenciado sobre as mulheres, em especial não brancas. Esse texto traz narrativas de mulheres plurais, que vivem em diferentes territórios e que experienciam distintos impactos de grandes empreendimentos. Por meio de suas narrativas, buscamos compreender como constituem seus corpos-territórios, como são impactados e como resistem a dominação colonialista, defendem a vida e restituem a saúde. Os impactos analisados atingem os meios e modos de vida das mulheres, cerceiam suas formas de ser, poder e saber nesses territórios, tornam-nas vulnerabilizadas, sujeitas à precarização dos meios e modos de vida, imersas em intoxicações sistêmicas, chegando a situações classificadas como genocídios. Frente a tais ameaças, elas agenciam a resistência coletiva, acionam o que lhes torna subjetividade ativa, descolonizam-se como ser, saber e poder. Assim defendem a vida e restituem a saúde de si mesmas e de seus ambientes. Essas experiências apontam caminhos para o fortalecimento de perspectivas e redes de vigilância popular em saúde.

Abstract Multiple bodies and territories experience impacts, conflicts, and socioenvironmental injustices in different ways. The consequences of the neoextractivist accumulation patterns weigh differently on women, especially non-white women. This text brings narratives of a wide range of women who live in different territories and experience different impacts from major undertakings. Through their narratives, we seek to understand how they constitute their territorial bodies; how they are impacted; and how they resist colonialist domination, defend life, and restore health. These impacts affect women's means and ways of life, and restrict their ways of being, power, and knowledge in these territories, rendering them vulnerable, subject to the precariousness of life, immersed in systemic intoxication, reaching situations classified as genocide. Faced with such threats, they manage collective resistance; trigger what makes them active subjectivity; and decolonize themselves as beings, knowledge, and power. In this way they defend life and restore their health and that of their environments. These experiences indicate ways to strengthen public health surveillance perspectives and networks.

Nursing and waste management in health services: unveiling meanings in the hospital context / Gestión de residuos en enfermería y servicios de salud: develando significados en el contexto hospitalario / Enfermagem e o gerenciamento de resíduos nos serviços de saúde: desvelando significados no contexto hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: To unveil the meanings that nursing professionals attribute to practices related to waste management in health services, within the hospital context. Method: Qualitative research, whose theoretical and methodological references were, respectively, Complexity Theory and Grounded Theory. A total of 30 nursing professionals from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro participated in the study, between January and August 2022. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. Results: The professionals indicate the need for better knowledge about waste management in healthcare services, while revealing their understanding on the importance of this process and of themselves as important elements in impacting the environment and health. Conclusion: The complexity of the meanings attributed to healthcare waste management practices indicates the dialogue between the fragility of nursing professionals' knowledge and their expanded perceptions about the impacts they can have on this reality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Revelar los significados que los profesionales de enfermería atribuyen a las prácticas relacionadas con la gestión de los residuos de los servicios de salud, en el hospital. Método: Investigación cualitativa, cuyos referentes teóricos y metodológicos fueron, respectivamente, la Teoría de la Complejidad y la Teoría Fundamentada. Participaron en el estudio 30 profesionales de enfermería en un hospital en Rio de Janeiro, entre enero y agosto de 2022. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Los profesionales señalan la necesidad de un mejor conocimiento sobre la gestión de residuos en los servicios de salud, al tiempo que revelan que comprenden la importancia de este proceso y de ellos mismos como elementos importantes para impactar el medio ambiente y la salud. Conclusión: La complejidad de los significados atribuidos a las prácticas de gestión de residuos de salud señala el diálogo entre la fragilidad del conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería y sus percepciones ampliadas sobre los impactos que pueden tener en esa realidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desvelar os significados que profissionais de enfermagem atribuem às práticas relacionadas ao gerenciamento de resíduos nos serviços de saúde, no contexto hospitalar. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, cujos referenciais teórico e metodológico foram, respectivamente, a Teoria da Complexidade e Grounded Theory. Participaram do estudo 30 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro e agosto de 2022. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada para a coleta de dados. Resultados: Os profissionais sinalizam a necessidade de melhores conhecimentos sobre gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde, ao tempo que revelam compreender a importância desse processo e de si mesmos como elementos importantes para impactarem o meio ambiente e a saúde. Conclusão: A complexidade dos significados atribuídos às práticas de gerenciamento de resíduos de saúde sinaliza a dialógica entre a fragilidade de conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem e suas percepções ampliadas sobre os impactos que podem exercer nessa realidade.

From visit to emergence: Interactions between mycophagous Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) and macroscopic fungi (Basidiomycota) and their patterns in ecological networks

ABSTRACT Ecological interactions are diverse, variable across space and time and not always well understood. The use of interaction network analysis has become a tool that promotes a deeper understanding on ecological and evolutionary processes. The interaction between insects and fungi is an interesting research model, helping to understand colonization dynamics and species specialization in spatially aggregated and ephemeral resources. Here, we describe the interactions between Drosophilidae species and the fungal basidiocarps in a subtropical forest in Brazil. Flies were collected when were visiting basidiocarps and then the basidiocarps themselves were also collected to obtain the emerging flies whose larvae fed on the fungi. We observed 31 species of drosophilids interacting with basidiocarps of 23 fungi species. An ecological network analysis was performed for the drosophilids breeding on basidiocarps and for those visiting them as adults. We found a specialized breeding network, with stronger interactions involving Hirtodrosophila and Auricularia and Zygothrica bilineata and a Marasmius species. Our results indicate the generalist habit of most Zygothrica species. The visitation network was highly specialized. Despite being well represented in the sampling, most Zygothrica species did not emerge from any fungal species. This study advances the knowledge on patterns of Drosophilid-fungi interactions and provides insights into their drivers.

Density and diversity of Culicidae (Diptera), with analysis of viral circulation, in urban public establishments in Northern Paraná, Brazil

ABSTRACT Brazil has been suffering a dengue (DENV) epidemic in 2019 and 2022 and records cases of Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). Londrina city, Paraná, stands out for the number of cases and deaths from dengue. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the density and diversity of mosquitoes present in urban public establishments of Londrina, to analyze their ecological relationships, and to investigate the presence of the DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Ovitraps were installed in outdoor sites in two public establishments in each region of Londrina, while adult culicids were caught indoors with a Nasci aspirator. A total of 5077 eggs were obtained in 77 ovitraps. The South region had the highest infestation while the East had the lowest (Ovitrap Positivity Index: 38% and 25%; Egg Density Index: 67.83 and 19.03, respectively). From eggs, 704 Aedes aegypti females and 71 Aedes albopictus females were obtained, while in the aspiration of adults, 99 A. aegypti and 11 Culex quinquefasciatus were captured, the highest number in the West and the lowest in the North. The DENV-II virus was detected in a pool of 17 A. aegypti females in the West region. The results demonstrate high density of pathogen vector species, mainly A. aegypti, in and around establishments, alerting to the need for constant local entomological surveillance to prevent viral circulation, mainly in crowded places. The presence of A. albopictus around the establishments also alerts to the urbanization of the species and potential participation in the viral circulation, demonstrating the need for constant monitoring.

A importância do dissenso interno às ciências: o caso do rastreamento mamográfico do câncer de mama / The importance of internal dissent in the sciences: the case of mammography screening for breast cancer

Resumo O dissenso interno às ciências é importante para mudanças e correções de rumo no desenvolvimento sociotécnico do cuidado à saúde-doença. Este trabalho discute a recomendação do rastreamento do câncer de mama como um caso de dissenso interno à biomedicina e à saúde pública, o qual merece aplicação de prevenção quaternária (P4), ou seja, a ação de proteger pessoas de danos iatrogênicos e da medicalização desnecessária. A partir de uma revisão crítica-narrativa dos principais aspectos envolvidos na polêmica científica sobre esse rastreamento, argumentamos que há evidências crescentes tornando no mínimo duvidoso - senão negativo - o seu balanço benefícios-danos, devido à dimensão dos maiores danos (sobrediagnósticos e sobretratamentos) e à redução dos benefícios estimados até sua nulidade. Tal dissenso tem sido ofuscado por recomendações oficiais, informes tendenciosos, interesses econômicos e corporativos, crenças ilusórias, expectativas fictícias e pelo paradoxo da popularidade. Argumentamos que a P4 nesse caso significa suspender ou inverter a recomendação positiva da mamografia periódica. Isso constitui um grande desafio institucional, social e político no contexto atual de preventivismo e de apelos morais/emocionais associados. Este tema é um exemplo da necessidade de exploração do dissenso interno às ciências, como via de melhoria crítica de práticas biomédicas preventivas disseminadas e redução de iniquidades em saúde.

Abstract Internal dissent within the sciences is important for changes and course corrections in the sociotechnical development of health-disease care. This work discusses the recommendation of breast cancer screening as a case of internal dissent in biomedicine, which deserves the application of quaternary prevention (P4): action to protect people from iatrogenic damage and overmedicalization. Based on a critical narrative review of the main aspects involved in the scientific controversy over this screening, we argue that there is growing evidence making its benefit-harm balance at least doubtful, if not negative, due to the dimension of the greatest damage (overdiagnosis and overtreatment) and the reduction of the estimated benefits, until its nullity. Such dissent has been clouded by official recommendations, biased reports, economic and corporate interests, illusory beliefs, fictitious expectations, and the popularity paradox. We argue that P4 in this case means suspending or reversing the positive recommendation for periodic mammography. This means a great institutional, social and political challenge, in the current context of preventivism and moral/emotional appeal associated. This theme is an example of the need to explore the internal dissent in the sciences as a means of critically improving disseminated preventive biomedical practices and reducing inequalities in health.

Inventory of birds in two urban wetlands in Temuco (Chile): a basis for monitoring species / Inventario de aves en dos humedales urbanos de Temuco (Chile): una base para el monitoreo de especies

Abstract: In the city of Temuco, Chile, the importance of urban wetlands has been recognized with the legal declaration of two key ecosystems: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán and Humedales de Antumalén. This paper presents an inventory of birds in these wetlands, following the Darwin Core standard, and compares the results with other selected inventories in Chile. Observations were made using point counts and 21-hour transects. A total of 50 species from 26 families and 15 orders were identified, with a predominance of native species. Fourteen species were found in both wetlands, 20 exclusively in Chivilcán and 15 in Antumalén. Comparison with other studies revealed significant differences in bird composition between urban and peri-urban habitats, illustrating that urban habitats maintain a unique diversity distinct from that of peri-urban areas. The diversity of habitats and the 'least concern' status of most species highlight the importance of these wetlands as refuges for avian biodiversity. The structure of the Darwin Core database facilitates their integration with other biodiversity systems, highlighting the need for continued conservation and study of these urban ecosystems.

Resumen: En la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, se ha reconocido la importancia de los humedales urbanos con la declaración de dos ecosistemas clave: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán y Humedales de Antumalén. Este trabajo presenta un inventario de aves en estos humedales, siguiendo la norma Darwin Core, y compara los hallazgos con otros inventarios seleccionados en Chile. Las observaciones se realizaron mediante conteos puntuales y transectos durante 21 horas. Se identificaron un total de 50 especies de 26 familias y 15 órdenes, predominando las especies nativas. Catorce especies se encontraron en ambos humedales, 20 eran exclusivas de Chivilcán y 15 de Antumalén. La comparación con otros estudios reveló diferencias significativas en la composición de aves entre hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, mostrando que los hábitats asociados a ciudades mantienen una diversidad singular que difiere de los hábitats periurbanos. La diversidad de hábitats y el estatus de "preocupación menor" de la mayoría de las especies resaltan la importancia de estos humedales como refugios para la biodiversidad aviar. La estructura de la base de datos Darwin Core facilita su integración con otros sistemas de biodiversidad, subrayando la necesidad de continuar con la conservación y el estudio de estos ecosistemas urbanos.

Entomological indicators and food sources of triatomines in the Brazilian semi-arid region

ABSTRACT Background: Triatomines are biological vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease (CD) and have various mammalian hosts. This study evaluated the entomological indicators and food sources of triatomines in Petrolina in the semi-arid region of Brazil, where CD is endemic. Methods: Triatomines were captured indoors and outdoors through an active search and entomological indices (household and natural infections) were calculated. Parasitological analyses were performed through microscopic visualization using Giemsa-stained insect feces, and DNA sequencing was employed to identify food sources from the gut contents of 82 insects (9.05%) that were better preserved. Results: We captured triatomines (906) in peridomicile (807) and intradomicile (99): Triatoma brasiliensis (84.7%, 767 specimens), Triatoma spp. (8.2%, 74 specimens), T. pseudomaculata (6.5%, 59 specimens), Rhodnius spp. (0.4%, four specimens), R. nasutus (0.1%, one specimen), and T. sordida (0.1%, one specimen). The household infestation index is 11.8%. Thirty-five triatomines were infected (33 T. brasiliensis and two T. pseudomaculata), corresponding to a natural infection index of 3.8%. The identified food sources were human T. pseudomaculata and T. brasiliensis, dogs for T. brasiliensis and rodents (Mus musculus) for T. brasiliensis. Conclusions: The results reinforce the need to intensify CD diagnosis, surveillance, and control actions, as an increase in entomological indices was recorded. Blood from humans and domestic and synanthropic animals was detected in the infected triatomines, suggesting a risk of CD vector transmission in Petrolina. As CD is a zoonosis, multidisciplinary and intersectoral CD surveillance must be conducted in the context of the One Health.

Microplásticos, una amenaza invisible para la salud humana y ambiente / Micro Plastics, An Invisible Threat to Human Health and the Environment

Introducción: Los microplásticos son pequeñas partículas de plástico, de menos de 5 milímetros de tamaño, que están presentes en nuestro entorno, incluyendo el agua, los alimentos y el aire que respiramos. Aunque su presencia es preocupante desde una perspectiva ambiental, también plantea riesgos para la salud humana, dado que la exposición a estos puede ocurrir a través de múltiples vías, por ejemplo, la ingestión de alimentos y agua contaminados, así como la inhalación de partículas presentes en el aire. Objetivo: Describir los riesgos y daños asociados con el microplástico a nivel de la salud de las personas y del medio ambiente desde una perspectiva de metabolismo, sociedad y naturaleza. Posición: Se evidencian múltiples actores y diversos factores que favorecen a la problemática, pero desde el metabolismo social naturaleza, se puede identificar que el consumidor juega un papel fundamental. No obstante, se requiere de la participación de múltiples actores para lograr frenar o reducir las consecuencias propias de esta situación. Conclusiones: Se logra entender que es una problemática, que se fortalece con el paso del tiempo y aún permanece invisible en algunos campos, pero que requiere una intervención inmediata y profunda, se destaca que abordar este problema requiere un enfoque integral y colaborativo que involucre a diversos actores, incluyendo a los gobiernos, la industria, la sociedad civil y los consumidores(AU)

Introduction: Micro plastics are small plastic particles, smaller than 5 millimeters, that are present in our environment, including water, food and the air we breathe. Although their presence is concerning from an environmental perspective, it also poses risks to human health, given that exposure to them can occur through multiple pathways; for example, ingestion of contaminated food and water, as well as inhalation of airborne particles. Objective: To describe the risks and damages associated with microplastic at the level of people's health and the environment from a metabolism, society and nature perspective. Position: Multiple actors and various factors are evident favoring this issue, but from the nature social metabolism the consumer is identified to play a fundamental role. However, the participation of multiple actors is required to stop or reduce the consequences of this situation. Conclusions: It is possible to understand that it is a problem that strengthens with time and still remains invisible in some fields, but requires immediate and profound intervention. It is highlighted that addressing this problem requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving diverse actors, including governments, industry, civil society, and consumers(AU)

Diversity patterns of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes along tropical dry forest / Patrones de diversidad de epífitas vasculares y no vasculares a lo largo del bosque seco tropical

Abstract Introduction: Epiphytes (vascular and non-vascular) are one of the most diverse groups in the Neotropics, but despite their importance in the functioning of many ecosystems, much of their taxonomy and ecology is still unknown in the dry forest of Colombia. Objective: To compare the diversity patterns and species composition of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes along tropical dry forest remnants of Cauca Valley, Colombia. Methods: Ten permanent plots (50 x 20 m2) were established in tropical dry forest remnants. The epiphytes were sampled in 40-50 trees per plot. Alpha and gamma diversity were calculated using the richness (q0) and Shannon index (q1) (alpha was estimated as the average for phorophytes). Beta diversity was measured using the Whitaker index. To evaluate the relationship between diversities and environmental variables, GLM analysis was used. Results: We found 50 morphospecies of vascular epiphytes, 77 of bryophytes and 290 of lichens. The 𝛼 and 𝛾 diversity of bryophytes from each remnant was significantly explained by temperature. The abundance of lichens per tree was significantly related with the DBH and tree height of each remnant. The 𝛼 diversity of vascular epiphytes shown can be explained by temperature and precipitation. The 𝛾 diversity was strongly influenced by the beta diversity in bryophytes and lichens. This pattern is because the sites with high disturbance present a lower diversity, as a consequence of a homogenizing effect, that is, a low turnover of species between sampling units. Conclusions: Precipitation and temperature affected the diversity of bryophytes and vascular epiphytes, while it did not show a relationship with the lichen's diversity, for which there is not a high congruence between the diversity and composition of these epiphytes.

Resumen Introducción: Los epífitos (vasculares y no vasculares) son uno de los más diversos grupos de plantas en el Neotrópico, pero a pesar de su importancia para el funcionamiento de varios ecosistemas, existen grandes vacíos en su conocimiento taxonómico y ecológico en el bosque seco de Colombia. Objetivo: Comparar los patrones de diversidad y composición de especies de epífitas vasculares y no vasculares a lo largo de remanentes de bosque seco tropical del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: Se establecieron diez parcelas permanentes (50 x 20 m2) en remanentes de bosque seco tropical. Las epífitas se muestrearon en 40-50 árboles por parcela. La diversidad alfa y gamma se calculó utilizando la riqueza (q0) y el índice de Shannon (q1) (alfa se estimó como el promedio para los forófitos). La diversidad beta se midió utilizando el índice de Whitaker. Para evaluar la relación entre diversidades y variables ambientales se utilizó el análisis GLM. Resultados: Se encontraron 50 morfoespecies de epífitas vasculares, 77 de briófitas y 290 de líquenes. La diversidad de 𝛼 y 𝛾 de briófitas de cada remanente fue explicada significativamente por la temperatura. La abundancia de líquenes por árbol se relacionó significativamente con el DAP y la altura del árbol de cada remanente. La diversidad 𝛼 de epífitas vasculares que se muestra puede explicarse por la temperatura y la precipitación. La diversidad 𝛾 estuvo fuertemente influenciada por la diversidad beta en briófitas y líquenes. Este patrón se debe a que los sitios con alta perturbación presentan una menor diversidad, como consecuencia de un efecto homogeneizador, es decir, un bajo recambio de especies entre unidades de muestreo. Conclusiones: La precipitación y la temperatura afectaron la diversidad de briófitas y epífitas vasculares, mientras que no mostró relación con la diversidad de líquenes, por lo que no existe una alta congruencia entre la diversidad y composición de estas epífitas.

Grupos Funcionales Alimentarios de Macroinvertebrados Acuáticos de Caño Baranda en la Reserva Natural El Diamante de las Aguas (Guaviare, Colombia) / Functional Feeding Groups of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of Caño Baranda in the Diamante de las Aguas Natural Reserve (Guaviare, Colombia)

Introducción: Los macroinvertebrados son un componente biológico importante de los ecosistemas acuáticos al estar vinculados de forma activa en el flujo de materia y energía. Objetivo: Identificar los Grupos Funcionales Alimentarios (GFA) de macroinvertebrados bentónicos presentes en Caño Baranda. Materiales y métodos: Se midieron características físicas y químicas en 5 estaciones a lo largo de Caño Baranda en temporada de lluvia, así mismo se recolectaron macroinvertebrados acuáticos utilizando red Surber, red Tienneman, red de Patada y recolecta manual. Se obtuvieron muestras en cada estación para estimar la densidad de macroinvertebrados y se asignaron GFA por taxón. Resultados: Se recolectaron 251 organismos pertenecientes a 32 familias, distribuídas en 9 órdenes. Las familias más abundantes fueron Leptophlebiidae con 35% y Glossosomatidae con 12%. Se recolectaron organismos de cinco GFA donde los grupos dominantes fueron recolectores (45%) seguido por los depredadores (23%) presentando correlaciones positivas con el pH. Por su parte el grupo menos colectado fueron los trituradores (1%) donde su presencia se relacionó con el aumento de oxígeno disuelto. Conclusiones: La presencia de colectores y depredadores se relacionó con pH y temperaturas bajas; para los fragmentadores se relacionó con menores porcentajes de oxígeno disuelto; para los raspadores se relacionó con pH bajos y mayores caudales y para los trituradores se relacionó con una elevada concentración de oxígeno en el agua.

Introduction: Macroinvertebrates are an important biological component of aquatic ecosystems as they are actively linked in the flow of matter and energy. Objective: To identify the Functional Feeding Groups (FFG) of benthic macroinvertebrates present in Caño Baranda. Materials and method: Physical and chemical characteristics were measured in 5 sampling points along Caño Baranda during the rainy season, likewise aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected using Surber net, Tienneman net, Kick net and hand collection. Samples were obtained at each sampling point to estimate the density of macroinvertebrates and FFG per taxa. Results: 251 organisms belonging to 32 families were collected, sorted into 9 orders. The most abundant families were Leptophlebiidae (35%) and Glossosomatidae (12%). Collected organisms were associated to five FFG, the dominant being collectors (45%) followed by predators (23%) which presented positive correlations with pH. On the other hand, the least collected group was shredders (1%) whose presence was related to the increase in dissolved oxygen.