Factors affecting hospitalization costs among stroke patients in Nanshan District / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the influencing factors for hospitalization costs among stroke patients with different subtypes, so as to provide the reference for reducing the economic burden of patients.@*Methods@#Data of patients with hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke who were discharged from hospitals in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021 were collected through Hospital Information System. Hospitalization costs were analyzed between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke patients, and factors affecting hospitalization costs among stroke patients with different subtypes were identified using a structural equation model.@*Results@#A total of 10 298 patients with stroke were recruited, including 2 820 patients with hemorrhagic stroke (27.38%) and 7 478 patients with ischemic stroke (72.62%). The patients with hemorrhagic stroke had a median duration of hospital stay of 19.00 (interquartile range, 18.00) d, and a median hospitalization cost of 26 759.48 (interquartile range, 51 000.87) Yuan. The patients with ischemic stroke had a median duration of hospital stay of 12.00 (interquartile range, 10.00) d, and a median hospitalization cost of 12 199.87 (interquartile range, 13 290.20) Yuan. Structural equation model analysis showed that department of hospitalization, discharge status, ways of leaving hospital, surgery and hypertension had direct effects on hospitalization costs and indirect effects on hospitalization costs through duration of hospital stay among hemorrhagic stroke patients, and duration of hospital stay had the highest total effect (0.684), followed by surgery (0.632). Employment status, admission route, department of hospitalization, ways of leaving hospital, payment mode, surgery and dyslipidemia had direct effects on hospitalization costs and indirect effects on hospitalization costs through duration of hospital stay among ischemic stroke patients, and duration of hospital stay (0.746), surgery (0.424) and department of hospitalization (0.151) ranked the top three in total effects.@*Conclusion@#The hospitalization cost is relatively high among stroke patients in Nanshan District, and duration of hospital stay and surgery have great influence on hospitalization costs among stroke patients with different subtypes.

Complicaciones anestésicas en pacientes con preeclampsia con criterios de severidad / Anesthetic complications in patients with preeclampsia with severity criteria

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir las complicaciones anestésicas en pacientes con preeclampsia con criterios de severidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo llevado a cabo en un centro de atención terciaria de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, entre enero de 2016 y enero de 2021. La fuente de información fueron las historias clínicas. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes embarazadas, con preeclampsia con criterios de severidad que recibieron anestesia neuroaxial o general. Criterios de exclusión: pacientes con diagnóstico previo de coagulopatías y con otros trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo no relacionados con la preeclampsia con características graves. Se hizo un muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos y un análisis univariado. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 508 pacientes; el 69% finalizaron el embarazo mediante cesárea. El 89.4% recibió anestesia neuroaxial y el 10.6% anestesia general. El 29.9% ingresó a cuidados intensivos, 4.7% tuvo hipotensión, 3.9% requirió soporte vasopresor, 3.7% con vía aérea difícil, 0.98% requirió ventilación mecánica. Una paciente resultó con edema pulmonar y otra con accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico. El 1.5% de quienes recibieron anestesia espinal tuvo retención urinaria. La frecuencia de anestesia neuroaxial fallida fue del 1.4% para parto y 1.3% para cesárea. No se registraron casos de muerte, meningitis, aracnoiditis, paraplejia, punción de la duramadre accidental o reacción alérgica. CONCLUSIONES: La anestesia neuroaxial sigue siendo la técnica anestésica de elección en pacientes con preeclampsia con criterios de severidad. Las complicaciones anestésicas evidenciadas con más frecuencia fueron el ingreso a cuidados intensivos, hipotensión y requerimiento de soporte vasopresor.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe anesthetic complications in patients with pre-eclampsia with severity criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted in a tertiary care center in the city of Medellin, Colombia, between January 2016 and January 2021. The source of information was medical records. Inclusion criteria: pregnant patients, with pre-eclampsia with severity criteria, who received neuroaxial or general anesthesia. Exclusion criteria: patients with previous diagnosis of coagulopathies and with other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy unrelated to pre-eclampsia with severe characteristics. Non-probability sampling of consecutive cases and univariate analysis were performed. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included; 69% terminated the pregnancy by cesarean section. Eighty-nine.4% received neuroaxial anesthesia and 10.6% general anesthesia. 29.9% were admitted to intensive care, 4.7% had hypotension, 3.9% required vasopressor support, 3.7% had difficult airway, 0.98% required mechanical ventilation. One patient had pulmonary edema and one patient had hemorrhagic stroke. Urinary retention occurred in 1.5% of patients receiving spinal anesthesia. The incidence of failed neuroaxial anesthesia was 1.4% for labor and 1.3% for cesarean section. There were no cases of death, meningitis, arachnoiditis, paraplegia, accidental dura puncture, or allergic reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroaxial anesthesia remains the anesthetic technique of choice in patients with pre-eclampsia with severity criteria. The most common anesthetic complications were ICU admission, hypotension, and need for vasopressor support.

The Role of Sodium and Glucose in the Prognosis of Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Literature Review of New Evidence / O papel do sódio e da glicose no prognóstico de pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática: Uma revisão de literatura das novas evidências

The present study aims to review the influence of glycemia and natremia on the propensity to develop complications, worse prognosis, and mortality risk in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This is an integrative literature review guided by the guiding question: "Do changes in blood glucose levels or plasma sodium concentration influence in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?". The search for articles was performed on the PubMed platform, limiting the selection to works published in English in the period from 2017 to 2022. The results found demonstrate that the role of sodium ions in changes in the prognosis of patients is complex, with hypernatremia being the main factor described to worse outcomes. In contrast, the part of hyponatremia is controversial and may not have prognostic value, and serum sodium concentration is increasingly an important item to be evaluated in patients with aSAH. As for glucose, the variability of this substrate, both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, may be correlated with in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with aSAH. Thus, the present study concludes that changes in blood glucose values and plasma sodium concentration influence the in-hospital morbidity and mortality of patients with aSAH. However, it is emphasized that the analysis of the independent influence of each of the related predictors must be done with caution due to the heterogeneity of the results found.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo a revisão da influência da glicemia e da natremia na propensão ao desenvolvimento de complicações, no pior prognóstico e no risco de mortalidade em pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática (HSAa). Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura guiada pela questão norteadora: "Alterações nos valores da glicemia ou concentração de sódio plasmática influenciam na morbimortalidade intrahospitalar de pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática?". A busca de artigos foi realizada na plataforma PubMed, limitando a seleção para trabalhos publicados em língua inglesa no período de 2017 a 2022. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que o papel do íon sódio nas alterações no prognóstico dos pacientes é complexo, sendo a hipernatremia o principal fator descrito em relação a piores desfechos, enquanto o papel da hiponatremia é controverso e pode não ter valor prognóstico, e a concentração de sódio sérica apresenta-se cada vez mais como um item importante a ser avaliado no paciente com HSAa. Já quanto à glicose, a variabilidade desse substrato, tanto a hiperglicemia como também a hipoglicemia, pode estar correlacionada com a mortalidade hospitalar e a longo prazo em pacientes com HSAa. Assim, o presente estudo conclui que as alterações nos valores de glicemia e concentração de sódio plasmático têm influência na morbimortalidade intrahospitalar dos pacientes com HSAa. Entretanto, ressalta-se que a análise da influência independente de cada um dos preditores relacionados deve ser feita com cautela devido à heterogeneidade dos resultados encontrados.

A Brazilian series utilizing the SMASH-U system for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage / Classificação etiológica de pacientes admitidos com hemorragia intracerebral utilizando a escala SMASH-U: uma série brasileira

Abstract Background Understanding the causes of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is crucial for effective treatment and preventing recurrences. The SMASH-U scale is a suggested method for classifying and predicting the outcomes of ICH. Objective To describe the SMASH-U classification and outcomes by etiology in patients admitted to a comprehensive stroke center in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted to the hospital or outpatient clinic between April 2015 and January 2018. Two stroke neurologists evaluated the SMASH-U classification, and patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Results Out of the 2000 patients with a stroke diagnosis evaluated, 140 were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 57.9 (± 15.5) years, and 54.3% were male. Hypertension was the most frequent etiology, accounting for 41.4% of cases, followed by amyloid angiopathy (18.5%) and structural lesions (14.1%). Structural lesions were more common among women and patients under 45 years old. Favorable outcomes were observed in 61% of patients with structural lesions, compared to 10% of patients with medication-related etiologies. Conclusion This study provides important evidence regarding the etiological classification of Brazilian patients with ICH. Hypertension and amyloid angiopathy were the most frequent causes, while structural lesions and systemic diseases were more common in younger patients.

Resumo Antecedentes Compreender as causas da hemorragia intracerebral (HIC) é crucial para o tratamento eficaz e prevenção de recorrências. A escala SMASH-U é um método sugerido para classificar e prever os resultados da HIC. Objetivo Descrever a classificação SMASH-U e os resultados por etiologia em pacientes admitidos em um centro de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de pacientes admitidos no hospital ou ambulatório entre abril de 2015 e janeiro de 2018. Dois neurologistas especializados em doenças cerebrovasculares avaliaram a classificação SMASH-U e pacientes com prontuários incompletos foram excluídos. Resultados Dos 2000 pacientes com diagnóstico de AVC avaliados, 140 foram incluídos na análise final. A idade média foi de 57,9 (±15,5) anos e 54,3% eram do sexo masculino. A hipertensão foi a etiologia mais frequente, correspondendo a 41,4% dos casos, seguida pela angiopatia amiloide (18,5%) e lesões estruturais (14,1%). As lesões estruturais foram mais comuns em mulheres e pacientes com menos de 45 anos. Resultados favoráveis foram observados em 61% dos pacientes com lesões estruturais, em comparação com 10% dos pacientes com etiologias relacionadas a medicamentos. Conclusão Este estudo fornece evidências importantes sobre a classificação etiológica de pacientes brasileiros com HIC. A hipertensão e a angiopatia amiloide foram as causas mais frequentes, enquanto lesões estruturais e doenças sistêmicas foram mais comuns em pacientes mais jovens.

Intracranial hemorrhages in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review of the literature, regarding six cases in an Amazonian population / Hemorragias intracranianas em pacientes com COVID-19: uma revisão sistemática da literatura, a propósito de seis casos na população amazônica

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a public health emergency worldwide, predominantly affecting the respiratory tract. However, evidence supports the involvement of extrapulmonary sites, including reports of intracranial hemorrhages. Objective To describe six original cases and review the literature on intracranial hemorrhages in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by molecular methods. Methods A systematic literature review was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, and NCBI electronic databases to identify eligible studies. Of the total 1,624 articles retrieved, only 53 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results The overall incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 0.26%. In this patient group, the mean age was 60 years, and the majority were male (68%) with initial respiratory symptoms (73%) and some comorbidity. Before the diagnosis of hemorrhage, 43% of patients were using anticoagulants, 47.3% at therapeutic doses. The intraparenchymal (50%) was the most affected compartment, followed by the subarachnoid (34%), intraventricular (11%), and subdural (7%). There was a predominance of lobar over non-lobar topographies. Multifocal or multicompartmental hemorrhages were described in 25% of cases. Overall mortality in the cohort studies was 44%, while around 55% of patients were discharged from hospital. Conclusion Despite the unusual association, the combination of these two diseases is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, as well as more severe clinicoradiological presentations. Further studies are needed to provide robust evidence on the exact pathophysiology behind the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhages after COVID-19 infection.

Resumo Antecedentes A COVID-19 emergiu como uma emergência de saúde pública em todo o mundo, proporcionando lesão principalmente do trato respiratório. No entanto, várias evidências apontam para acometimento de sítios extrapulmonares, incluindo relatos de hemorragias intracranianas. Objetivo Descrever seis casos originais e revisar a literatura sobre hemorragias intracranianas em pacientes com diagnostico de COVID-19 por métodos moleculares. Métodos A revisão sistemática da literatura foi feita nas bases de dados eletrônicas da MEDLINE, PubMed e NCBI para identificar os estudos elegíveis. Do total de 1.624 artigos recuperados, apenas 53 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Resultados A incidência geral de hemorragia intracraniana nos pacientes internados por COVID-19 foi de 0,26%. A média de idade foi de 60 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (68%) com sintomas respiratórios iniciais (73%) e alguma comorbidade. Antes do diagnóstico de hemorragia, 43% estavam em uso de anticoagulantes, 47,3% destes em doses terapêuticas. O compartimento mais acometido foi o intraparenquimatoso (50%), seguido do subaracnoideo (34%), intraventricular (11%) e subdural (7%). Houve predomínio de topografias lobares sobre as não-lobares. Hemorragias multifocais ou multicompartimentais foram descritas em 25% dos casos. A mortalidade geral nos estudos de coorte foi de 44%, enquanto houve alta hospitalar em cerca de 55% dos pacientes. Conclusão Apesar da associação incomum, a combinação dessas doenças está relacionada com altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade, bem como apresentações clínico-radiológicas mais graves. Mais estudos são necessários para oferecer evidências robustas sobre a fisiopatologia exata por trás da ocorrência de hemorragias intracranianas após infecção por COVID-19.

Ruptura de malformación arteriovenosa en intoxicación por monóxido de carbono / Arteriovenous malformation rupture in carbon monoxide poisoning

Resumen Las malformaciones arteriovenosas son conexiones aberrantes entre los sistemas arterial y venoso que con frecuencia se manifiestan a través de sangrados, los cuales pueden ser espontáneos o tener un factor detonante. Por su parte, el monóxido de carbono es un gas sin olor ni color que debe sus efectos a su afinidad por proteínas indispensables para el metabolismo humano (hemoglobina, mioglobina, citocromos), así como a la formación de óxido nítrico, de especies reactivas de oxígeno, inducción de apop-tosis, peroxidación lipídica, por mecanismos proinflamatorios y al actuar como molécula de señalización, además de otros posibles mecanismos que aun se desconocen. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con una malformación arteriovenosa quien sufrió un infarto cerebral hemorrágico luego de intoxicarse con monóxido de carbono y posteriormente exponemos los posibles mecanismos por los cuales el monóxido de carbono pudo participar como un factor detonante.

Abstract Arteriovenous malformations are aberrant connections between the arterial and venous systems that often manifest them-selves through bleeding, which can be spontaneous or have a trigger. On the other hand, carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless gas that owes its effects to its affinity for proteins essential for human metabolism (hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes), as well as the formation of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, induction of apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory mechanisms and by acting as a signaling molecule, in addition to other possible mechanisms that are still unknown. We present the case of a patient with an arteriovenous malformation who suffered a hemorrhagic cerebral infarction after being intoxicated with carbon monoxide and later we expose the possible mechanisms by which carbon monoxide could trigger the hemorrhage.

Effects of heat waves and cold spells on the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke / 预防医学

Objective@#To examine the impact of heat waves and cold spells on the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke, so as to provide insights into prevention of hemorrhagic stroke.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in Zibo City from 2015 to 2019 were collected from Shandong Provincial Management Information System for Chronic Diseases and Cause of Death Surveillance, and the meteorological data during the period from 2015 to 2019 were captured from National Meteorological Information Center of China. The air quality index (AQI) was collected from the National Daily Report of Urban Air Quality in China. Heat wave was defined as the highest daily temperature that was no less than the 90th percentile (P90), P92.5, P95 and P97.5 of the highest daily temperature in the warm season for at least 2, 3 or 4 days, and cold spell was defined as the lowest daily temperature that was no more than the P10, P7.5, P5 and P2.5 of the lowest daily temperature in the cold season for at least 2, 3 or 4 days. The effect of heat waves and cold spells on the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was evaluated using a generalized additive model and described with relative risk (RR) and its 95%CI.@*Results@#A total of 8 844 case with first-onset hemorrhagic stroke were recorded in Zibo City from 2015 to 2019. The lowest daily temperature that was no more than P10, P7.5 or P5 of the lowest daily temperature in the cold season for at least two days, or that was no more than P10 or P7.5 of the lowest daily temperature for at least 3 days resulted a remarkably increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (lowest RR=1.187, 95%CI: 1.031-1.366; highest RR=1.242, 95%CI: 1.042-1.480), and after adjusting the effect of daily mean temperature, the lowest daily temperature that was no more than P10 or P7.5 of the lowest daily temperature in the cold season for at least two days, or that was no more than P10 of the lowest daily temperature for at least 3 days resulted a remarkably increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (lowest RR=1.236, 95%CI: 1.009-1.513; highest RR=1.274, 95%CI: 1.023-1.585). However, there was no significant association between heat waves and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.@*Conclusion@#Cold spells may increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, while no significant association is examined between heat waves and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

Mechanism of Hirudo in Treatment of Stroke： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Stroke is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases， including hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke. From a modern medical perspective， stroke is caused by cerebrovascular damage or embolism leading to impaired blood circulation. From the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） perspective， the pathogenesis of this disease is mainly due to the disorder of Qi and blood， which ascend to the brain， causing either blood extravasation or blockage of brain collaterals. Stasis is a pathological factor that runs throughout the entire course of stroke， and the method of promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis has been a core treatment for stroke for a long time. Hirudo， as a traditional insect drug， has shown good effects in promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis. Modern pharmacological research has confirmed that Hirudo contains anticoagulant components， which provide significant advantages in dissolving thrombi in ischemic stroke and facilitating hematoma absorption in hemorrhagic stroke. Hirudo and its related preparations have been proven to exert an anti-stroke effect through anticoagulation， anti-thrombosis， and protection of vascular endothelium. As a result， they have been widely used in the treatment of stroke. This article explored the theoretical basis and research status of using Hirudo for treating stroke based on its main active components and hemostatic properties and summarized the current research status of commonly used Hirudo-based formulations and preparations， aiming to provide references for the involvement of Hirudo in stroke treatment.

Progress on diagnosis and treatment of acute hemorrhagic stroke in children / 中国小儿急救医学

Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for half of childhood stroke, and its etiology is complex, including anatomical abnormalities, infections, hematological diseases, genetic factors, etc.The etiology and risk factors are significantly different from those of adults.Due to the particularity of child population, once a hemorrhagic stroke occurs, the remaining neurological deficits will bring a great burden to children themselves, families, and society.The age of children with hemorrhagic stroke is young, and the incidence rate is lower than that of common respiratory and digestive diseases.It is necessary to improve the cognition and education of clinicians and children′s families on hemorrhagic stroke.Therefore, comprehensive understanding, early identification, and precise treatment of pediatric hemorrhagic stroke are of great significance for early prevention, treatment, and reduction of disability rates.

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of Coronavirus disease 2019-associated stroke / 医学前沿

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has triggered a huge impact on healthcare, socioeconomics, and other aspects of the world over the past three years. An increasing number of studies have identified a complex relationship between COVID-19 and stroke, although active measures are being implemented to prevent disease transmission. Severe COVID-19 may be associated with an increased risk of stroke and increase the rates of disability and mortality, posing a serious challenge to acute stroke diagnosis, treatment, and care. This review aims to provide an update on the influence of COVID-19 itself or vaccines on stroke, including arterial stroke (ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke) and venous stroke (cerebral venous thrombosis). Additionally, the neurovascular mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical characteristics of stroke in the COVID-19 setting are presented. Evidence on vaccinations, potential therapeutic approaches, and effective strategies for stroke management has been highlighted.

Best evidence summary of intracranial pressure management in patients with hemorrhagic stroke / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To search, select and integrate the available evidence for the intracranial pressure management in patients with hemorrhagic stroke, to provide evidence-based references for clinical practice.Methods:According to the "6S" pyramid model, all literature on the management of intracranial pressure in patients with hemorrhagic stroke was retrieved from the websites and database including UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, relevant guideline net works and association websites as well as National stroke database,Yimaitong, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP and other databases, including Clinical decision-making, guidelines, evidence collection, systematic evaluation, expert consensus and evidence-related original research. The search time limit was from the establishment of the database to June 10, 2022. Two researchers independently evaluated the literature quality. The qualified literature was extracted.Results:A total of 19 pieces of literature were included, including 3 clinical decision-making, 5 guidelines, 3 systematic reviews, 4 expert consensuses, 3 randomized controlled studies and 1 case series study. Finally, 23 pieces of best evidence were summarized, involving 5 aspects such as assessment and monitoring, management goals, management scheme, treatment selection and methods, risk management.Conclusions:Active intracranial pressure management can improve the prognosis of patients with hemorrhagic stroke. It is recommended that health care professionals should select evidence in combination with specific clinical situations and formulate individualized intracranial pressure management programs.

Recomendaciones en el abordaje del hematoma intracerebral espontáneo durante la internación / Recommendations for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neuro- lógico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualiza- das del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracere- bral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

Assessment of Dyslipidemia in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Western Uttar Pradesh

Background: Stroke is one of the major global health problems and the leading cause of adult disability. This study was carried out to compare serum lipid profiles in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke.Material & Methods:We conducted this study on 130 patients of 18-70-year age group with clinically and radiologically (CT Scan ) proven cerebrovascular accident. Detailed clinical evaluation was combined with biochemical and radiological evaluation.Results:76 patients were diagnosed to have ischaemic stroke while 54 had haemorrhagic stroke, showing that ischaemic stroke is more common, being 58.46% when compared to haemorrhagic stroke, which was 41.54%.The mean age for ischaemic stroke was 63.32 years while for haemorrhagic stroke was 58.87 years. Patients were evaluated according to gender and it was found that both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke is more common among males. It was found that 30.3% of patients with ischaemic stroke were diabetic while 18.5% of haemorrhagic stroke patients had diabetes. 48.7% of ischaemic stroke patients and 81.5% of haemorrhagic stroke patients had hypertension. It was found that smoking was associated with 51.3% in patients with ischaemic stroke and 40.7% in haemorrhagic stroke. Serum total cholesterol was significantly higher in ischaemic stroke than haemorrhagic stroke group. Mean value of s. HDL cholesterol was 40.24 mg/dl in ischaemic stroke group, 44.98 mg/dl in haemorrhagic stroke group showing s. HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in ischaemic stroke group. Thus, hypercholesterolemia is significantly more associated with ischaemic strokes. Our study showed that s. triglyceride was significantly higher in ischaemic stroke than haemorrhagic stroke group. Our study also shows that s. LDL cholesterol was significantly higher in ischaemic stroke group.Conclusions:Ischaemic stroke patients had higher serum total cholesterol, higher S. LDL cholesterol and lower HDL-cholesterol levels in comparison to haemorrhagic stroke. High risk patients of stroke may be screened using serum lipid profile and further studies are suggested to evaluate the effect of lipid lowering therapy in terms of morbidity and mortality in ischaemic stroke patients.

Prognostic study and influencing factors analysis for the dynamic changes of serum FT3, FT4 and TSH levels in patients with hemorrhagic stroke under 45 years of age / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To discuss the epidemiological characteristics of the dynamic changes of serum FT3, FT4, and TSH levels in patients with hemorrhagic stroke under the age of 45, and to discuss the prognostic evaluation effects and influencing factors of these indicators. Methods From January 2017 to January 2020, 227 patients with multicenter hemorrhagic stroke in our hospital were selected for analysis. Collect and analyze prognosis (death, rebleeding, no adverse prognosis) at baseline and 12 months of follow-up; monitor serum FT3, FT4, and TSH levels during treatment at the same time during follow-up, 7 days after treatment, and 14 days after treatment. Observe the trend characteristics of dynamic changes. The assay method is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the end of the follow-up, the subjects were divided into three groups: death, rebleeding, and no adverse prognosis according to the prognostic outcome of the 12-month short-term follow-up. The epidemiological characteristics of patients with different prognosis and the dynamic change trend of FT3, FT4 and TSH in the same serum were compared. The interconnectedness. Results There were no statistically significant differences in gender and age between the three groups (P>0.05), but the differences in hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia were statistically significant (P0.05). The FT4 level of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group at all times (P0.05). The TSH level of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group at all times (P0.05). With the decrease of the patient's age, the serum FT3 level has a gradually increasing trend, and the serum FT4, TSH level, mortality and rebleeding rate have a gradually decreasing trend (P<0.05). Conclusion The continuous decrease of FT3 level and the continuous increase of FT4 and TSH levels are potentially associated with the poor prognosis of patients with hemorrhagic stroke, which is worthy of clinical attention.

Clinical analysis of 49 cases of stroke in children / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical charecteristics, imaging features, therapy and prognosis of stroke in children, and provide help for clinical treatment.Methods:The clinical data of 49 children with stroke were collectedand retrospectively analyzed in the Children′s Hospital of Soochow University from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.Results:A mong the 49 children with stroke, 35 were male and 14 were female, aged 1-178 (65.69 ± 55.22) months; the specific etiologies were cerebrovascular malformation, craniocerebral trauma, tumor, vitamin K deficiencies, infectious diseases, rheumatic immune diseases, hemophilia and congenital heart disease. The first symptoms of stroke were disturbance of consciousness, hemiplegia, convulsions, vomiting and headache. The arterial ischemic stroke (18 cases) were mainly caused by craniocerebral trauma and cerebrovascular malformation. The hemorrhagic stroke (31 cases) were mainly caused by arteriovenous malformation, vitamin K deficiency and tumor. The surgical rate in the arterial stroke group was significantly lower than that in the hemorrhagic stroke group.Conclusions:Traumatic cerebral infarction and intracranial arteriovenous malformation are the main causes of arterial ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in children. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve prognosis.

LinkAcidente vascular cerebral em serviço de emergência antes e durante a pandemia (covid-19): estudo de coorte retrospectiva / Stroke in an emergency service before and during the pandemic (covid-19): a retrospective cohort study

Introdução: No início dos sinais e sintomas do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC), o serviço de saúde deve ser procurado com urgência. O tempo entre início de sinais e sintomas e a chegada ao hospital inferior a 4,5 horas permite ministrar terapêuticas de fase aguda, como a trombólise e, assim, melhorar o prognóstico clínico. A superlotação das emergências é um fenômeno global, dificultando o acesso rápido ao serviço de saúde e, consequentemente, impactando desfavoravelmente a evolução clínica dos pacientes. A pandemia mundial pelo SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) agravou esse cenário, aumentando a demanda a serviços anteriormente já sobrecarregados. Há uma crescente busca em identificar a qualidade dos atendimentos, principalmente em tempo hábil, no período de pandemia; adicionalmente, investiga-se as possíveis relações entre COVID-19 e AVC. Objetivo: Comparar o processo de atendimento e a evolução clínica de pacientes com AVC atendidos em um Serviço de Emergência antes e durante a pandemia de COVID- 19. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, o qual seguiu as recomendações Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), aninhado a um projeto matriz intitulado "Desfechos clínicos e gestão da assistência de enfermagem do paciente adulto crítico: Estudo Multicêntrico" (CAAE: 30797320.8.0000.5327). O estudo foi desenvolvido no Serviço de Emergência de um Hospital universitário de grande porte do sul do Brasil e a coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de uma query e revisão dos registros em prontuário. As variáveis quantitativas relacionadas aos tempos durante o atendimento no serviço de emergência (tempo para a triagem, tempo para consulta médica, tempo para exame de imagem e tempo até intervenção médica) constituíram-se no desfecho principal. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, versão 20.0, e iniciou testando a distribuição (teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk). A descrição das variáveis numéricas foi feita por meio de mediana e intervalo interquartil. As variáveis categóricas foram representadas por frequência absoluta e relativa. Para a comparação entre os grupos (pré pandemia e durante pandemia) foram adotados teste de Mann- Whitney e de qui-quadrado, respeitando-se os pressupostos necessários para aplicação de cada um deles. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Dentre os resultados apresentados, o tempo da entrada do paciente até o acolhimento e o tempo da entrada do paciente até a consulta médica foram maiores antes da pandemia. Por outro lado, o tempo do acolhimento até a consulta, o tempo porta-exame de imagem foram maiores durante a pandemia. Já os tempos entre a realização do exame de imagem até o laudo (p=0,156), da porta até a intervenção (p=0,882) e da porta até agulha (p=0,124) assemelharam-se entre os grupos. Conclusão: Há pequenas diferenças em alguns dos tempos intermediários que compõem o tempo total entre a chegada do paciente à emergência e a intervenção terapêutica específica para o AVC. Houve redução no tempo decorrido entre a chegada do paciente à emergência e o acolhimento, mas aumentou o tempo no qual o paciente ficou aguardando para a consulta com o médico, durante a pandemia.

Introduction: At the beginning of the signs and symptoms of stroke, the health service should be sought urgently. The time between the onset of signs and symptoms and arrival at the hospital of less than 4.5 hours allows the administration of acute-phase therapies, such as thrombolysis, and thus improves the clinical prognosis. Overcrowding in emergencies is a global phenomenon and is not new, making quick access to the health service difficult and, consequently, having an unfavorable impact on the clinical evolution of patients. The global pandemic by SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) has worsened the scenario, increasing demand for previously overloaded services. There is a growing quest to identify the quality of care, especially in a timely manner, during the pandemic period; additionally, the possible relationship between COVID-19 and stroke is investigated. Objective: Compare aspects related to care and the in-hospital evolution of stroke patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in an Emergency Service. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study, which followed the recommendations of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), nested within a matrix project entitled "Clinical outcomes and management of nursing care for critically ill adults: Multicenter Study" (CAAE: 30797320.8.0000.5327). The study was developed at the Emergency Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) and data collection took place through a query and review of medical records. Quantitative variables related to time during emergency service (time for triage, time for medical consultation, time for imaging and time until medical intervention) constituted the main outcome. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, version 20.0, and the distribution was tested (Shapiro-Wilk normality test). Numerical variables were described using the median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were represented by absolute and relative frequency. For the comparison between the groups (pre-pandemic and during pandemic), the Mann-Whitney and chi- square tests were adopted, respecting the necessary assumptions for the application of each one. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: Among the results presented, the time from the patient's entry to the reception and the time from the patient's entry to the medical appointment were longer before the pandemic. On the other hand, the time from reception to consultation, the time for the imaging exam were longer during the pandemic. The times between the imaging exam and the report (p=0.156), from the door to the intervention (p=0.882) and from the door to the needle (p=0.124) were similar between the groups. Conclusion: That there are small differences in some of the intermediate times that make up the total time between the patient's arrival at the emergency and the specific therapeutic intervention for stroke. There was a reduction in the time elapsed between the patient's arrival at the emergency and reception, but the time in which the patient was waiting for the first appointment with the doctor during the pandemic increased.

Introducción: Ante el inicio de los signos y síntomas de Accidente Vascular Cerebral (ACV), se debe buscar con urgencia el servicio de salud. El tiempo entre el inicio de los signos y síntomas y la llegada al hospital de menos de 4,5 horas permite administrar terapias de fase aguda, como la trombólisis, y así mejorar el pronóstico clínico. El hacinamiento en las emergencias es un fenómeno global y no es nuevo, dificultando el rápido acceso al servicio de salud y, en consecuencia, repercutiendo desfavorablemente en la evolución clínica de los pacientes. La pandemia mundial por SARS-CoV2 (COVID- 19) ha empeorado el escenario, aumentando la demanda de servicios antes sobrecargados. Existe una búsqueda creciente por identificar la calidad de la atención, especialmente de manera oportuna, durante el período de pandemia; además, se investiga la posible relación ntre el COVID-19 y el ictus. Objetivo: Comparar aspectos relacionados con la atención y la evolución intrahospitalaria de pacientes con ictus antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en un Servicio de Urgencias. Método: Se trata de un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, que siguió las recomendaciones de Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), anidado dentro de un proyecto matriz titulado "Resultados clínicos y gestión de cuidados de enfermería para adultos en estado crítico: Estudio multicéntrico" (CAAE: 30797320.8 .0000.5327). El estudio se desarrolló en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) y la recolección de datos se realizó a través de consulta y revisión de prontuarios. Las variables cuantitativas relacionadas con el tiempo durante el servicio de emergência (tiempo de triaje, tiempo de consulta médica, tiempo de imaginología y tiempo hasta la intervención médica) constituyeron el desenlace principal. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales®, versión 20.0, y la distribución fue probada (prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk). Las variables numéricas se describieron mediante la mediana y el rango intercuartílico. Las variables categóricas se representaron por frecuencia absoluta y relativa. Para la comparación entre los grupos (prepandemia y durante la pandemia) se adoptaron las pruebas de Mann- Whitney y chi-cuadrado, respetando los supuestos necesarios para la aplicación de cada una. El nivel de significación adoptado fue del 5%. Resultados: El tiempo desde el ingreso del paciente a la recepción y el tiempo desde el ingreso del paciente a la cita médica eran mayores antes de la pandemia. Por otro lado, el tiempo desde la recepción hasta la consulta, el tiempo para el examen de imagen fue mayor durante la pandemia. Los tiempos entre el examen de imagen y el informe (p=0,156), desde la puerta hasta la intervención (p=0,882) y desde la puerta hasta la aguja (p=0,124) fueron similares entre los grupos. Conclusión: Existen pequeñas diferencias en algunos de los tempos intermedios que componen el tiempo total entre la llegada del paciente a urgencias y la intervención terapéutica específica del ictus. Se redujo el tiempo transcurrido entre la llegada del paciente a urgencias y la recepción, pero aumentó el tiempo en que el paciente esperaba la primera cita con el médico durante la pandemia.

Vertebrobasilar circulation hemorrhages in childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system

ABSTRACT Childhood primary angiitis of the CNS (cPACNS) is a poorly understood, rare, and diagnostically challenging neurologic disease. We describe an unusual and autopsy-confirmed case of cPACNS presenting as vertebrobasilar circulation hemorrhagic strokes in a 4-year-old girl. The presentation and clinical features were inconsistent with primary CNS vasculitis and skewed the diagnosis. Autopsy and histopathological analyses revealed a progressive lymphocytic vasculitis affecting the medium to large vessels of vertebrobasilar circulation and sparing the anterior circulation. It is imperative to raise the index of suspicion for cPACNS in any case of unusual or unexplained neurological presentation, especially in the absence of cerebrovascular risk factors and/or coagulation disorders.

Efectividad de ejercicios para rehabilitar la disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un accidente cerebrovascular: una revisión integradora / Effectiveness of exercises to rehabilitate oropharyngeal dysphagia after stroke: an integrative review

Introducción. La selección del tratamiento para pacientes con disfagia debe ba-sarse en evidencia con la mejor calidad posible. Este tratamiento puede involucrar ejercicios de rehabilitación con el objetivo de modificar la fisiología de la deglución y promover cambios a largo plazo.Objetivo. Explorar los efectos de ejercicios y maniobras destinadas a la reactivación de la función de deglución en personas con disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un acci-dente cerebrovascular, a través de publicaciones científicas existentes en los últimos diez años.Metodología. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed con los términos MeSH "Deglutition Disorders" y "Exercise Therapy", y con los términos libres "Dysphagia" y "Swallowing Therapy", combinados con el booleano de intersección "AND".Resultados. Los ejercicios con entrenamiento de resistencia de lengua al paladar, entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular espiratoria (EMST), chin tuck contra resisten-cia (CTAR), Shaker y apertura mandibular fueron los que mostraron, con mayor respaldo bibliográfico, efectos positivos en el tratamiento de la disfagia. Conclusiones. La información recopilada podría ser de utilidad clínica para guiar la selección de uno u otro procedimiento terapéutico. Se debe continuar generando evidencia relacionada con la efectividad de los ejercicios deglutorios en la disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un ACV

Introduction. The treatment selection for patients with dysphagia should be based on the best possible quality evidence. This treatment may involve rehabili-tative exercises with the aim of modifying swallowing physiology and promoting long-term changes.Objective. To explore the effects of exercises and maneuvers aimed at reactivating swallowing function in people with oropharyngeal dysphagia after a stroke, through existing scientific publications from the last ten years.Methodology. A literature review was carried out in the PubMed databases with the MeSH terms "Deglutition Disorders" and "Exercise Therapy", and with the free terms "Dysphagia" and "Swallowing Therapy", combined with the Boolean inter-section "AND".Results. The tongue-to-palate resistance training exercises, expiratory muscle strength training (EMST), chin tuck against resistance (CTAR), Shaker, and jaw opening were those that showed, with greater bibliographic support, positive effects in the treatment of dysphagia.Conclusions. The information collected could be of clinical utility to guide the selection of one or another therapeutic procedure. Evidence should continue to be generated regarding the effectiveness of swallowing exercises in oropharyngeal dys-phagia after stroke

Tasa de incidencia del accidente cerebrovascular en el Perú / Incidence rate of stroke in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la tasa de incidencia del accidente cerebro vascular (ACV) total y por subtipos en el Perú entre 2017 y 2018. Materiales y métodos: Análisis de datos de morbilidad hospitalaria obtenidos de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (datos abiertos). A partir de los códigos CIE-10 se estudiaron la hemorragia subaracnoidea (I60), la hemorragia intracerebral atraumática (I61), el infarto cerebral (I63) y el ACV no especificado (I64). Se estimó la tasa de incidencia cruda y estandarizada por edad (comparando contra la población de la Organización Mundial de la Salud) y se usó como denominador el número de personas según año, edad y sexo de acuerdo con proyecciones nacionales. Resultados: En 2017, se registró un total de 10 570 casos de ACV, mientras que en 2018 hubo 12 835. Los eventos isquémicos fueron más frecuentes en ambos años. Independientemente del subtipo de ACV y del año, los varones fueron más afectados que las mujeres. En la población de 35 años a más, se evidenció un aumento en la incidencia cruda de ACV total entre 2017 y 2018, de 80,9 a 96,7 por 100 000 personas-año. La incidencia estandarizada mostró la misma tendencia, pero en mayor magnitud: de 93,9 a 109,8 por 100 000 personas-año. El ACV isquémico fue el que más aumentó, con una tasa estandarizada en mayores de 35 años de 35,2 en 2017 y de 46,3 en 2018 por 100 000 personas-año. Conclusiones: La incidencia de ACV es elevada en el Perú, con predominio de casos isquémicos y afectando desproporcionalmente a los varones. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de tener un sistema de vigilancia para cuantificar la incidencia de estos casos y entender sus determinantes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of stroke, overall and by sub-types, in Peru between 2017 and 2018. Materials and Methods: Analysis of hospital morbidity data obtained from SUSALUD (open data). Using the ICD-10 codes, the following were studied: subarachnoid hemorrhage (I60), atraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (I61), cerebral infarction (I63), and unspecified stroke (I64). The crude and age-standardized incidence was calculated according to the population of the World Health Organization and using the national projected population number of people according to year, age and sex as the denominator. Results: In 2017, a total of 10,570 stroke cases were recorded, whereas, in 2018, there were 12,835 cases. Ischemic events were more frequent in both years. Regardless of stroke subtype and year, men were more affected than women. In the 35+ year-old population, an increase in the crude incidence of total stroke was observed between 2017 and 2018, from 80.9 to 96.7 per 100,000 person-years. The age-standardized incidence showed the same trend, but in a greater magnitude: from 93.9 to 109.8 per 100,000 person-years. Ischemic stroke was the one that increased the most, with an age-standardized rate in people aged 35+ years of 35.2 in 2017 and 46.3 per 100,000 person-years in 2018. Conclusions: The incidence of stroke is high in Peru. Ischemic cases are the most frequent and they disproportionately affect men. Our results suggest the need for a surveillance system to robustly quantify the incidence of these cases and understand their determinants.

Analysis of epidemiological characteristic of incidence and mortality of stroke in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristic of stroke incidence and mortality in Chongqing, and to provide suggestions for targeted prevention and control of stroke. Methods Data of reported cases of ischemic stroke (I63), hemorrhagic stroke (I61-I62), subarachnoid hemorrhage (I60), and unclassified stroke (I64) in Chongqing in 2018 was collected. SPSS 25.0 was used to calculate the incidence, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and proportion of stroke. The incidence and mortality of stroke were compared by Chi-square test between males and females, and between central urban areas and suburban counties. Results In 2018, the incidence and ASIR of stroke were 294.61/105 and 222.43/105 in Chongqing, respectively. The mortality and ASMR of stroke were 116.34/105 and 85.81/105. The incidence, ASIR and proportion of ischemic stroke were 186.63/105, 139.17/105 and 63.35%, respectively. The incidence of ischemic stroke in male was higher than that in female (χ2=18.52, P2=29.50, P2=6.67, P=0.010). The mortality of ischemic stroke in suburban counties was higher than that in central urban areas (χ2=17.55, P2=27.64, P2=18.60, P2=23.46, P2= 43.57, P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence and mortality of stroke in Chongqing were lower than the national average levels. The incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than that of hemorrhage stroke. The mortality of hemorrhage stroke was higher than that of ischemic stroke. Men and suburban counties were the focus of stroke prevention and control in Chongqing.