Bacterial coinfections in COVID-19-hospitalized patients

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the rate of bacterial infections in COVID-19-hospitalized patients and to analyze the most prevalent germs, sources, risk factors, and its impact on in-hospital mortality. METHODS: This observational retrospective study was conducted on 672 patients hospitalized between April and August 2020 in Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, a public hospital located in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The inclusion criterion was adult patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. Data were collected through chart review. Risk factors for bacterial infection and mortality were analyzed using both univariate and multivariate robust Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Bacterial coinfection was observed in 22.2% of patients. Risk factors for bacterial infections were dementia (RR=2.06 (1.18-3.60); p=0.011), cerebrovascular disease (RR=1.75 (1.15-2.67); p=0.009), active cancer (RR=1.52 (1.082-2.15); p=0.01), need for noninvasive ventilation (RR=2.320 (1.740-3.094); p<0.01), invasive mechanical ventilation (RR=4.63 (2.24-9.56); p<0.01), and renal replacement therapy (RR=1.68 (1.26-2.25); p<0.01). In the adjusted model, bacterial infections were not associated with mortality (0.96 (0.75-1.24); p=0.79). The most common source of infection was due to respiratory, blood, and central venous catheters, with 69 (29.36%), 61 (25.96%), and 59 (25.11%) positive cultures, respectively. CONCLUSION: We observed a high rate of bacterial infections in COVID-19-hospitalized patients, most commonly of respiratory source. Neurologic and oncologic morbidities and need for ventilation and renal replacement therapy was associated with risk factors for bacterial infections. Nevertheless, an association between bacterial infections and hospital mortality was not established.

Infecções urinárias e processo do cuidado: perfil etiológico e de sensibilidade no setor de clínica médica de um hospital público da Paraíba / Urinary infections and care process: etiological profile and sensitivity in the medical clinic sector of a public hospital in Paraiba / Infecciones urinarias y proceso asistencial: perfil etiológico y de sensibilidad en el sector clínico de un hospital público de Paraíba

Introdução: Há alguns fatores preditores para ocorrência de Infecção de Trato Urinário (ITU) no processo do cuidado na Clínica Médica (CM) de um Hospital Universitário (HU) como idade e tempo de internamento sendo o controle um desafio para a saúde pública. Objetivo: Descrever os principais agentes microbiológicos de ITU hospitalar na CM nos anos de 2015-16 e avaliar a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo seccional e de busca na base de dados da CCIH do HU. Resultados: Em 2015 obteve se uma prevalência de 6,5% de ITU hospitalar, o agente biológico mais comum foi Klebsiella pneumoniae. Já em 2016, a prevalência foi de 5,3%; os agentes microbiológicos foram Candida spp. e Escherichia coli. Conclusão: A ITU hospitalar demonstra ser uma condição ainda bastante prevalente no HU, tendo como principal agente em 2015 a Klebsiella pneumoniae e em 2016 a Escherichia coli, ambos com uma maior susceptibilidade aos carbapenêmicos.

Introduction: There are some predictive factors for the occurrence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in the care process at the Medical Clinic (CM) of a University Hospital (HU) such as age and length of stay, being control a challenge for public health. Objective: To describe the main microbiological agents of hospital UTI in CM in the years 2015-16 and to assess susceptibility to antimicrobials. Methodology: It is a descriptive and sectional study with research through the database of hospital infection control committee (HICC). Results: In 2015, there was a 6.5% prevalence of hospital UTI, the most common biological agent was Klebsiella pneumoniae. In 2016, the prevalence was 5.3%; the microbiological agents were Candida spp. and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Hospital UTI proves to be still a very prevalent condition in HU, having Klebsiella pneumoniae as its main agent in 2015 and Escherichia coli in 2016, both with greater susceptibility to carbapenems.

Introducción: Existen algunos factores predictores de aparición de Infección del Tracto Urinario (ITU) en el proceso asistencial en la Clínica Médica (CM) de un Hospital Universitario (HU), como la edad y el tiempo de estancia, y su control es un reto para la salud pública. Objetivo: Describir los principales agentes microbiológicos de ITU de adquisición hospitalaria en la CM en 2015-16 y evaluar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, basado en una búsqueda en la base de datos CCIH del HU. Resultados: En 2015, la prevalencia de ITU adquirida en el hospital fue del 6,5%, y el agente biológico más frecuente fue Klebsiella pneumoniae. En 2016, la prevalencia fue del 5,3%; los agentes microbiológicos fueron Candida spp. y Escherichia coli. Conclusión: La ITU hospitalaria sigue siendo una patología muy prevalente en la UH, siendo Klebsiella pneumoniae el principal agente en 2015 y Escherichia coli en 2016, ambos con mayor susceptibilidad a carbapenems.

Reliability across content areas in progress tests assessing medical knowledge: a Brazilian cross-sectional study with implications for medical education assessments

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Brazilian medical schools equitably divide their medical education assessments into five content areas: internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, and public health. However, this division does not follow international patterns and may threaten the examinations' reliability and validity. OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability indices of the content areas of serial, cross-institutional progress test examinations. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This was an analytical, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted at nine public medical schools (mainly from the state of São Paulo) with progress test examinations conducted between 2017 and 2023. METHODS: The examinations covered the areas of basic sciences, internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, and public health. We calculated reliability indices using Cronbach's α, which indicates the internal consistency of a test. We used simple linear regressions to analyze temporal trends. RESULTS: The results showed that the Cronbach's α for basic sciences and internal medicine presented lower values, whereas gynecology, obstetrics, and public health presented higher values. After changes in the number of items and the exclusion of basic sciences as a separate content area, internal medicine ranked highest in 2023. Individually, all content areas except pediatrics remained stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining an equitable division in assessment content may lead to suboptimal results in terms of assessment reliability, especially for internal medicine. Therefore, content sampling of medical knowledge for general assessments should be reappraised.

Estudio multicéntrico sobre multimorbilidad en internados en áreas clínicas / Multicenter Study on Multimorbidity in Patients in Clinical Areas

Introducción: El estudio de la comorbilidad requiere de un enfoque multilateral con vistas a mejorar la calidad de la atención de los enfermos por el sistema de atención. Objetivos: Explorar la magnitud de la comorbilidad de enfermedades crónicas en adultos internados en los hospitales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo-observacional-longitudinal-analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes internados en las Salas de Clínica Médica o pacientes clínicos en Salas de Internación Indiscriminada. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico en 42 centros en un período de 2 años, con un muestreo consecutivo. Para el estudio se tuvo en cuenta la estadística descriptiva, inferencial y de regresión. Resultados: El total de pacientes en el estudio fue de 5925, masculinos con el 50,3 por ciento de edad 60,66 ± 0,25 años. Principal procedencia desde la guardia el 73 por ciento. La estadía hospitalaria de 12,61 ± 0,24 días, mayormente en pacientes quirúrgicos (15,45 ± 0,67 vs 11,76 ± 0,23; p < 0,00001). El 23 por ciento recibió tratamiento quirúrgico. El principal nivel educativo: secundario completo 21,6 por ciento. Dificultades económicas: 20 por ciento, mortalidad 9,26 por ciento; prevalencia de dislipemia, diabetes e hipertensión: 22,53 por ciento; 28,82 por ciento y 51,86 por ciento con 473 nuevos diagnósticos, IMC: 27,88 ± 0,65, Charlson global 2,09 ± 0,02 y en óbitos 3,84 ± 0,11. La media de patologías por paciente fue de 2,14 ± 0,01 y aumentó con la edad (p valor regresión lineal < 0,00001). Conclusiones: La hipertensión, la diabetes y la dislipemia representaron las entidades más prevalentes en Salas de Internación Clínica, Las enfermedades cardiovasculares, respiratorias, infectológicas, oncológicas, neurológicas, metabólicas y nefrológicas fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: The study of comorbidity requires a multilateral approach with a view to improving the quality of care for these patients by the care system. Objectives: To explore the magnitude of the comorbidity of chronic diseases in adults admitted to hospitals. Methods: Prospective-observational-longitudinal-analytical study. Patients hospitalized in a medical clinic room or clinical patients in indiscriminate hospitalization rooms are included, Multicenter study in 42 centers, with 2 years of recruitment. Consecutive sampling. Descriptive, inferential and regression statistics. Results: 5925 recruited, male gender 50,3percent, age 60,66 ± 0,25 years, main origin from the guard 73percent, stay 12,61 ± 0,24 days, longer in surgical (15,45 ± 0,67 vs 11,76 ± 0,23, p < 0,00001), 23percent received surgical treatment. Main educational level: complete secondary school 21,6%. Economic difficulties: 20percent, mortality 9,26percent, prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension: 22,53percent, 28,82percent and 51,86percent with 473 new diagnoses in said pathologies, BMI: 27,88 ± 0,65, Global Charlson 2,09 ± 0,02 and in deaths 3,84 ± 0,11. The average number of pathologies per patient was 2,14 ± 0,01 and increased with age (p value for linear regression < 0,00001). Conclusions: Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia represented the most prevalent entities in the clinical hospitalization room, cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious, oncological, neurological, metabolic and nephrological diseases were independent predictors of mortality(AU)

Jean-Martin Charcot: the polymath / Jean-Martin Charcot: o polímata

Abstract Jean-Martin Charcot, widely regarded as a leading founder of modern neurology, made substantial contributions to the understanding and characterization of numerous medical conditions. His initial focus was on internal medicine, later expanding to include neuropathology, general neurology, and eventually emerging fields such as neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. Furthermore, Charcot's intellectual pursuits extended beyond medicine, encompassing research in art history, medical iconography, sociology, religious studies, and the arts, solidifying his status as a polymath.

Resumo Jean-Martin Charcot, amplamente considerado como um proeminente fundador da neurologia moderna, fez contribuições substanciais para a compreensão e a caracterização de várias condições médicas. Seu foco inicial era a medicina interna, expandindo-se posteriormente para incluir a neuropatologia, a neurologia geral e, por fim, campos emergentes como a neuropsicologia e a neuropsiquiatria. Além disso, as buscas intelectuais de Charcot foram além da medicina, abrangendo pesquisas em história da arte, iconografia médica, sociologia, estudos religiosos e artes, solidificando seu status de polímata.

Adherence to evidence-based recommendations for chronic noncommunicable diseases: a multicenter cross-sectional study of Bogotá physicians / Adherencia a recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: estudio de corte transversal multicéntrico en médicos de Bogotá / Adesão às recomendações baseadas em evidências para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis: estudo transversal multicêntrico em médicos de Bogotá

Introduction. The management of patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases, when it follows evidence-based recommendations, improves clinical outcomes and health costs. Despite its importance, little is known about adherence to guidelines and the processes for its monitoring in our environment. The objective of this study was to report the applicability and adherence to a selection of recommendations from clinical practice guidelines for noncommunicable chronic diseases by doctors in Bogotá. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, the baseline of a cluster experiment that assessed the impact of disseminating recommendations on seven chronic diseases to patients, caregivers, and physicians. A total of 177 physicians from public and private health institutions were invited. Consecutive samples of their medical records were manually reviewed in predefined time ranges (up to 20 patients per physician, with up to two diseases of interest). The proportions of applicability and adherence were calculated according to 40 recommendations. Results. The 177 physicians who participated (out of 266 eligible) were from seven institutions, and 3,747 medical records (21,093 patients/recommendation) were analyzed. The general applicability was 31.9% (95% CI 31.3-32.6%), and it varied considerably by recommendation (range 0.3-100%) and disease (range 10.7-65%). Overall adherence was 42.0% (95% CI 40.8-43.2%), with higher adherence in acute coronary syndrome patients (58.4%) and lower adherence in diabetes mellitus patients (23.7%). Discussion. This is the most up-to-date, exhaustive, and representative measurement of adherence to guideline recommendations by doctors in Bogotá. Conclusions. Adherence to evidence-based recommendations for patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases in Bogotá is poor and highly variable. Keywords: Practice Guideline; Evidence-Based Medicine; Noncommunicable Diseases; Quality of Health Care; Implementation Science; Internal Medicine; Primary Health Care

Introducción. El manejo de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, cuando se realiza a partir de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, mejora los desenlaces clínicos y los costos en salud. Pese a su importancia, poco se conocen la adherencia a las recomendaciones de guías y los procesos para su monitoreo en nuestro medio. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar la aplicabilidad y la adherencia a una selección de recomendaciones de guías de práctica clínica, en enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, por médicos de Bogotá. Metodología. Estudio de corte MSc.Participaron 177 médicos de instituciones de salud públicas y privadas. Se revisaron manualmente muestras consecutivas de sus historias clínicas en rangos de tiempo predefinidos (meta hasta 20 pacientes por médico, en hasta dos enfermedades de interés). Se calcularon las proporciones de aplicabilidad y adherencia en 40 recomendaciones. Resultados. Participaron 177 médicos (de 266 elegibles), de 7 instituciones, con 3,747 historias clínicas (21,093 pacientes/recomendación) analizadas. La aplicabilidad general fue 31.9% (IC95% 31.3%-32.6%), y varió considerablemente por recomendación (rango 0.3%-100%) y enfermedad (rango 10.7%-65%). La adherencia general fue 42.0% (IC95% 40.8% -43.2%), siendo mayor en síndrome coronario agudo (58.4%) y menor en diabetes mellitus (23.7%). Discusión. Esta es la medición más actualizada, exhaustiva y representativa de la adherencia a las recomendaciones de guías por parte de médicos de Bogotá. Conclusiones. La adherencia a recomendaciones basadas en evidencia, para pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles de Bogotá, es deficiente y altamente variable. Palabras clave: Guía de Práctica Clínica; Medicina Basada en la Evidencia; Enfermedades no Transmisibles; Calidad de la Atención de Salud; Ciencia de la Implementación; Medicina Interna; Atención Primaria de Salud

Introdução. O manejo de pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, quando realizado com base em recomendações baseadas em evidências, melhora os resultados clínicos e os custos de saúde. Apesar da sua importância, pouco se sabe sobre a adesão às recomendações das diretrizes e os processos para monitorá-la em nosso meio. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar a aplicabilidade e adesão a uma seleção de recomendações das diretrizes de prática clínica, em doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, por médicos em Bogotá. Metodologia. Estudo transversal (linha de base de um experimento cluster que avalia o impacto da divulgação de recomendações sobre sete doenças crônicas a pacientes, cuidadores e médicos). Participaram 177 médicos de instituições de saúde públicas e privadas. Foram revisadas manualmente amostras consecutivas de seus prontuários em intervalos de tempo pré-definidos (alvo de até 20 pacientes por médico, em até duas doenças de interesse). Foram calculadas proporções de aplicabilidade e adesão para 40 recomendações. Resultados. Participaram 177 médicos (de 266 elegíveis), de 7 instituições, com 3,747 prontuários (21,093 pacientes/recomendação) analisados. A aplicabilidade geral foi de 31.9% (IC 95% 31.3%-32.6%) e variou consideravelmente por recomendação (intervalo 0.3%-100%) e doença (intervalo 10.7%-65%). A adesão geral foi de 42.0% (IC 95% 40.8%-43.2%), sendo maior na síndrome coronariana aguda (58.4%) e menor na diabetes mellitus (23.7%). Discussão. Esta é a medição mais atualizada, exaustiva e representativa da adesão às recomendações das diretrizes por médicos em Bogotá. Conclusões. A adesão às recomendações baseadas em evidências para pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em Bogotá é fraca e altamente variável. Palavras-chave: Guia de Prática Clínica; Medicina Baseada em Evidências; Doenças não Transmissíveis; Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde; Ciência da Implementação; Medicina Interna; Atenção Primária à Saúde

Experiencia de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en un centro hospitalario de alta complejidad en Chile / Epidemiological profile of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary care public hospital

BACKGROUND The knowledge about the epidemiological profile of patients admitted to the hospital for severe COVID infection, allows an adequate health care planning and resource allocation. AIM: To describe the epidemiology of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a public hospital between March 2020 and July 2021. Material and Methods: Demographic variables, comorbidities, ventilatory support requirements, and hospital resources were recorded from clinical records and hospital databases of diagnosis related groups. The primary outcomes were overall mortality and need of ventilatory support. RESULTS: In the study period, 4,474 patients (56% males) were hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Overall mortality was 25.8% and in-hospital mortality was 18%. Invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support was required in 1349 (30.2%) and 2060 (46%) patients, respectively. The most common comorbidities in admitted patients were diabetes mellitus (29.2%), chronic kidney disease (11.1%), and chronic liver disease (10.4%). The readmission rate was 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality associated with COVID-19 in this hospital was similar to the rates reported abroad. Local risk predictors for this infection should be identified.

Historia de vida del Dr. C. Oscar B. Alonso Chil, ejemplo para la educación médica cubana / Life history of Ph.D. Oscar B. Alonso Chil, a role model for cuban medical education

Introducción: El Dr. C. Oscar B. Alonso Chil (1930-2021) formó parte de los médicos que permanecieron en Cuba después del triunfo de la Revolución. Fue fundador de servicios de asistencia en medicina interna y geriatría, y realizó importantes contribuciones a la docencia médica. Objetivo: Exponer la trayectoria de Oscar B. Alonso Chil como médico y docente de la medicina cubana revolucionaria, a través de su historia de vida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo y de corte cualitativo, donde se utilizó la técnica de la historia de vida, centrada en el aspecto profesional. Para ello se hizo una entrevista semiestructurada al testimoniante como fuente fundamental de información. Se validó el testimonio oral mediante la revisión de la documentación oficial en su expediente docente y la literatura científica existente relacionada con el tema, además de entrevistas a sus alumnos y compañeros de trabajo. Desarrollo: Se constató que fundó servicios; organizó la actividad docente; realizó tutorías, publicaciones y asesorías; y fue miembro de tribunales y consejos científicos. Cada una de sus actividades las desempeñó con gran compromiso e incondicionalidad a su profesión, lo cual le generó mucha satisfacción con la vida. Llegó a ostentar las más altas distinciones por su trabajo: Especialista de Segundo Grado en Medicina Interna, y Profesor Titular, Consultante y de Mérito de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Conclusiones: Oscar B. Alonso Chil contribuyó al desarrollo de la medina interna en Cuba en la etapa revolucionaria. Este profesor representa un modelo para los estudiantes de ciencias médicas por su prestigio profesional y científico(AU)

Introduction: Ph.D. Oscar B. Alonso Chil (b. 1930-d. 2021) was one of the physicians who stayed in Cuba after the triumph of the Revolution. He was a founder of the healthcare services for internal medicine and geriatrics, and made important contributions to medical teaching. Objective: To present the professional career of Oscar B. Alonso Chil as a physician and teacher of revolutionary Cuban medicine, through his life history. Methods: A descriptive and qualitative study was carried out, using the life history technique, focused on the professional aspect. For this purpose, a semistructured interview was conducted with the testimony witness as a fundamental source of information. The oral testimony was validated by reviewing the official documentation in his teaching file and the existing scientific literature related to the subject; in addition to interviews with his students and coworkers. Development: It was observed that he founded services, organized the teaching activity, supervised research, made publications and consultancies, and was a member of scientific boards and councils. He performed each of these activities with great commitment and unconditionality to his profession, which gave him great satisfaction with life. He achieved holding the highest distinctions for his work: second-degree specialist in Internal Medicine, as well as Full Professor, Faculty Consultant and Emeritus Professor of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana. Conclusions: Oscar B. Alonso Chil contributed to the development of internal medicine in Cuba during the revolutionary period. This professor represents a role model for students of medical sciences due to his professional and scientific prestige(AU)

The script clinical reasoning test An internal medicine educational practice perspective

One of the main skills in internal medicine is clinical decision making. To make clinical decisions, physicians in training reorganize their knowledge in order to optimally perform their clinical functions (diagnosis, research methods and treatment), which are organized according to disease scripts. This ability develops with experience and is acquired during their academic training. The script concordance test has been described as an innovative evaluation tool, designed to evaluate clinical decision making (clinical reasoning) in addition to the degree of knowledge. The script theory, understood as the organization of knowledge, is the basis for decision making. Disease scripts play a key role in supporting and developing clinical reasoning skills, which should be acquired in order to produce differential diagnoses and interpret clinical data. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2569).

Factors related to Japanese internal medicine doctors' retention or migration to rural areas: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND@#Internal medicine (IM) doctors in Japan play the role of primary care physicians; however, the shortage of rural physicians continues. This study aims to elucidate the association of age, sex, board certification, type of work, and main clinical work with the retention or migration of IM doctors to rural areas.@*METHODS@#This retrospective cohort study included 82,363 IM doctors in 2010, extracted from the national census data of medical doctors. The explanatory variables were age, sex, type of work, primary clinical work, and changes in board certification status. The outcome was retention or migration to rural areas. The first tertile of population density (PD) of municipalities defined as rural area. After stratifying the baseline ruralities as rural or non-rural areas, the odds ratios (ORs) of the explanatory variables were calculated using generalized estimation equations. The analyses were also performed after age stratification (<39, 40-59, ≥60 years old).@*RESULTS@#Among the rural areas, women had a significantly higher OR for retention, but obtaining board certification of IM subspecialties had a significantly lower OR. Among the non-rural areas, physicians who answered that their main work was IM without specific subspecialty and general had a significantly higher OR, but obtaining and maintaining board certification for IM subspecialties had a significantly lower OR for migration to rural areas. After age stratification, the higher OR of women for rural retention was significant only among those aged 40-59 years. Those aged under 40 and 40-59 years in the non-rural areas, who answered that their main work was IM without specific subspecialty had a significantly higher OR for migration to rural areas, and those aged 40-59 years in the rural areas who answered the same had a higher OR for rural retention.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Obtaining and maintaining board certification of IM subspecialties are possible inhibiting factors for rural work, and IM doctors whose main work involves subspecialties tend to work in non-rural areas. Once rural work begins, more middle-aged female IM doctors continued rural work compared to male doctors.

Alfredo Darío Espinosa Brito: insigne de las ciencias médicas / Alfredo Darío Espinosa Brito: a distinguished figure in medical sciences

Introducción: Cuando se habla del símbolo de las generaciones de especialistas que se dedican a la Medicina Interna es necesario referirse al Doctor Alfredo Darío Espinosa Brito, destacado internista cienfueguero que cuenta con una fecunda trayectoria merecedora del reconocimiento de la comunidad médica. Objetivo: Describir los acontecimientos significativos de su vida y obra. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, que utiliza la historia de vida para lograr su propósito. Fue empleado el método teórico histórico-lógico; para la recolección de datos, se realizó una revisión documental y el testimonio directo de la voz del profesor como fuente primaria de obtención de la información. Desarrollo: los progenitores le inculcaron nobles principios de honradez que definieron su personalidad. Tuvo una trayectoria estudiantil sobresaliente marcada por ideas progresistas. Cuenta con una brillante carrera profesional merecedora de múltiples condecoraciones, pues su influencia ha sido esencial en la enseñanza del método clínico. Conclusiones: El doctor Espinosa ha contribuido sobremanera al desarrollo de la Medicina Interna, la Terapia Intensiva y la Geriatría en el territorio, además de realizar importantes aportes docentes, investigativos, teóricos y prácticos al avance de la enseñanza y de la Salud Pública en Cuba(AU)

Introduction: When talking about the symbol of the generations of specialists dedicated to Internal Medicine, it is necessary to refer to Dr. Alfredo Darío Espinosa Brito, an outstanding internist from Cienfuegos who has a fruitful career deserving the recognition of the medical community. Objective: To describe the significant events of his life and work. Methods: A descriptive research was carried out, using life history to achieve its purpose. The historical-logical theoretical method was used; for data collection, a document review and the direct testimony of the professor's voice were used as the primary source of information. Development: His parents instilled in him noble principles of honesty that defined his personality. He had an outstanding student career marked by progressive ideas. He has a brilliant professional career deserving of multiple decorations, as his influence has been essential in the teaching of the clinical method. Conclusions: Dr. Espinosa has contributed greatly to the development of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care and Geriatrics in the territory, in addition to making important teaching, research, theoretical and practical contributions to the advancement of teaching and Public Health in Cuba(AU)

Utilidad atribuida por los estudiantes a los recursos para el aprendizaje de la Medicina Interna / Usefulness of learning resources for internal medicine recognized by students

Introducción: En la educación médica superior, las opiniones de los estudiantes constituyen valiosas herramientas para justipreciar la calidad del proceso docente educativo. En la asignatura Medicina Interna es importante determinar los recursos de aprendizaje más provechosos y atractivos para los estudiantes, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad del proceso docente educativo. Objetivos: Identificar la utilidad que los estudiantes le atribuyen a los recursos didácticos para el aprendizaje de los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura Medicina Interna. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez. La muestra incluyó 483 estudiantes de la asignatura Medicina Interna de los cursos 2016-2017 y 2017-2018, a los que se les aplicó una encuesta para identificar sus opiniones sobre la utilidad que le atribuyen a los recursos para el aprendizaje de los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura Medicina Interna. Resultados: El 67,5 por ciento de los estudiantes prefiere disponer de materiales digitales confeccionados por los profesores con preguntas para su autoevaluación, el 67,3 por ciento considera que puede aprender los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura solo mediante el estudio independiente, el 32,1 por ciento encuentra útil asistir a las conferencias y el 84,1 por ciento prefiere consultar al profesor para aclarar sus dudas. Conclusiones: Para alcanzar mayor eficiencia en el aprendizaje de los contenidos teóricos de la asignatura Medicina Interna, debe potenciarse el desarrollo de modalidades de clases taller que tengan en cuenta las expectativas de los estudiantes y promuevan el empleo de recursos didácticos para el aprendizaje activo(AU)

Introduction: In higher medical education, students´ s opinions are valuable tools to assess the quality of the educational teaching process. In the Internal Medicine subject, it is important to determine the most profitable and attractive learning resources for students, with the purpose of improving the quality of the educational teaching process. Objectives: To identify the usefulness that students attribute to the didactic resources for learning the theoretical contents of Internal Medicine. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional observational study was carried out at Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital. The sample included 483 students of the Internal Medicine of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 school years, to whom a survey was applied to identify their opinions on the usefulness they attribute to the resources for learning theoretical contents of Internal Medicine. Results: 67.5 percent of students prefer to have digital materials made by teachers with questions for self-assessment, 67.3 percent consider that they can learn theoretical content of the subject only through independent study, 32.1 percent find it useful to attend the lectures and 84.1 percent prefer to consult the professor to clarify their questions. Conclusions: In order to achieve better efficiency in learning theoretical contents of Internal Medicine, workshop- class modalities should be promoted to take into account the expectations of the students and promote the use of didactic resources for active learning(AU)

Características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes con infecciones intrahospitalarias en un servicio de medicina interna de Santiago de Cuba / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with hospital acquired infections in a service of internal medicine from Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La infección nosocomial o intrahospitalaria constituye un importante problema de salud en todos los hospitales del orbe. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con infecciones intrahospitalarias. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 57 pacientes con infecciones intrahospitalarias, ingresados en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico-Quirúrgico Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, de octubre a diciembre de 2019, para lo cual se analizaron las variables edad, enfermedades asociadas, factores predisponentes, tipo de infección y gérmenes aislados. Resultados: En la serie sobresalieron el grupo etario de 60-69 años y la hipertensión arterial como enfermedad crónica concomitante (26,0 %). Entre los factores predisponentes resultó más frecuente el tabaquismo (32,8 %) y el tipo de infección preponderante fue la bronconeumonía bacteriana (47,0 %), cuyo germen causal en la mayoría de los casos (35,1 %) fue la Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusiones: Las infecciones intrahospitalarias aquejaron principalmente a pacientes de edad avanzada con enfermedades crónicas asociadas, como la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial. Cabe destacar la importancia de conocer la flora microbiana existente en el servicio donde se adquiere la infección, a fin de lograr tanto la prevención como el diagnóstico oportuno y el tratamiento adecuado.

Introduction: The cross or hospital infections constitute an important health problem in all the hospitals of the world. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with hospital infections. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 57 patients with hospital acquired infections was carried out. They were admitted to the Internal Medicine Service of Saturnino Lora Clinical-surgical Teaching Provincial Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from October to December, 2019, for which the variables age, associated diseases, predisposing factors, type of infection and isolated germs were analyzed. Results: In the series the 60-69 years age group and hypertension as concomitant chronic disease (26.0 %) were notable. Among the predisposing factors nicotine addiction (32.8 %) was more frequent and the preponderant type of infection was the bacterial bronchopneumonia (47.0 %) whose causal germ in most of the cases (35.1 %) was the Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions: The hospital acquired infections mainly afflicted patients of advanced age with associated chronic diseases, as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. It is necessary to highlight the importance of knowing the existent microbial flora in the service where the infection is acquired, in order to achieve boththe prevention, the opportune diagnosis and the appropriate treatment.

Aproximación a la formación por competencias profesionales desde las asignaturas Propedéutica Clínica y Medicina Interna / An approach to professional competence-based formation from the subjects of Clinical Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine

Introducción: La formación del capital humano en salud y, por tanto, la del médico no están estructuradas sobre la base de competencias profesionales, a pesar de su importancia en la educación del hombre y estar contempladas en el propósito básico de la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: Exponer mediante análisis crítico las potencialidades del diseño curricular basado en competencias profesionales desde las asignaturas de Propedéutica Clínica y Medicina Interna en la carrera de Medicina. Desarrollo: Se aborda cómo el proceso de formación del pregrado requiere redimensionamiento y perfeccionamiento curricular, con mayor aproximación al objeto de la profesión, a través de la formación por competencias. Además, cómo aprovechar la educación en el trabajo en Propedéutica Clínica y Medicina Interna, esenciales y rectoras, mediante el pase de visita y la discusión diagnóstica, que constituyen ambientes inapreciables para desarrollar la formación por competencias, donde el método clínico tiene su cimiento más sólido. De manera que la formación por competencias se convierta en instrumento esencial para el perfeccionamiento en el campo educacional y represente una propuesta útil avalada por prestigiosos organismos internacionales, que urge generalizar en pos del mejoramiento continuo de la educación. Conclusiones: La estructuración de un plan de estudio basado en competencias profesionales puede respaldar resultados formativos superiores, para lograr un egresado universitario más preparado, trascendente y comprometido con la sociedad, que sea capaz de cumplir mejor el encargo social del sistema de salud cubano(AU)

Introduction: The formation of human resources in health and, subsequently, that of the physician are not structured on the basis of professional competences, despite their importance in the education of human beings and the fact that they are included in the basic purpose of the medical major. Objective: To expose, through critical analysis, the potentialities of the curricular design based on professional competences with respect to the subjects of Clinical Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine in the medical major. Development: This work addresses how the undergraduate training process requires redimensioning and improvement of its curricular design, with greater approximation to the object of the profession, through competence-based training. In addition, it addresses how to take advantage of education at work in the subjects of Clinical Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, as far as they are both essential and guiding, by means of patients' visits and diagnostic discussions as invaluable settings for developing competence-based training, where the clinical method has its most solid foundation. Thus, competence-based training becomes an essential instrument for improvement in the educational field and represents a useful proposal endorsed by prestigious international organizations, which urgently needs to be generalized for the continuous improvement of education. Conclusions: The structuring of a study plan based on professional competences can support superior training outcomes, in view of achieving a more prepared university graduate, with a transcendent performance and committed to society, who is able to fulfill better the social task of the Cuban health system(AU)

Management of Twak vikruti: a case report

In today抯 era skin disease is very commonly found. As there is no specific and permanent treatment available in modern science therefore people are attracting towards Ayurvedic treatments for skin related issues and diseases. Twak(skin) is the largest organ of human body which protects and covers whole body. It is one of five gyanendriya that is Sparsh gyanendriya(sense organ). Nowadays people use so many chemical products internally as well as externally for looking good which causes the imbalance of dosh, dhatuand mala (fecal product). These are the fundaments of human body and skin is the outer most protective organ. So, whenever anything uncommon happened with body, skin start showing some symptoms like redness, swelling, due to dushti of doshas (imbalance/toxicity of dosha).A male patient of 36years old came in our hospital with the complains of Twak kandu(skin itching), Krushna varnata (hyper pigmentation), Krushna varni pitikotpatti (rashes), Vali(wrinkles) and Rukshta(dryness) which was diagnosed as Twak vikruti(skin disease) and treated with complete ayurvedic treatment Shaman chikitsa(internal medicine) along with Shodhan chikitsa(body purification treatment).

Thinking on strengthening the communication ability between doctors and patients in the practice teaching of cardiovascular internal medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Strengthening the training of communication ability between doctors and patients of clinical interns in the department of cardiovascular internal medicine, improving the communication ability between doctors and patients of interns, and reducing the occurrence of medical disputes are the key links in training qualified professionals of cardiovascular medicine. Strengthening the pre-job training of interns can stimulate the enthusiasm of interns to improve the communication ability between doctors and patients. Improving the teaching mode of internship will cultivate the communication ability of students and the application ability of professional knowledge in practice. Guiding students to strengthen the training of communication skills will constantly accumulate the experience and lessons of communication between doctors and patients in clinical practice. Enhancing the management supervision will attach importance to the operation test of communication skills between doctors and patients. Using new media technology will establish a platform for communication and information sharing between doctors and patients. Through the above measures, better clinical teaching effect can be achieved in the process of strengthening the communication ability between doctors and patients.

Application of micro class combined with modular teaching in experimental teaching of internal medicine and basic nursing / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of micro class combined with modular teaching on experimental teaching of internal medicine and basic nursing.Methods:Four classes of nursing students of Batch 2016 were selected as the research objects by drawing lots, and 148 nursing undergraduates were randomly divided into two groups. The combined teaching group adopted micro class combined with modular teaching, and the modular teaching group adopted modular teaching method. The examination scores, SDLRS (self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education) scores, medical education environment and teaching satisfaction of the two groups were compared. SPSS 22.0 was conducted for chi-square test and t test. Results:The scores of internal medicine nursing, basic nursing and operation skills in the combined teaching group were significantly higher than those in the traditional teaching group ( P<0.05); at the end of the semester, the scores of self-management, love of learning, self-control and SDLRS total score of the combined teaching group were higher than those of the modular teaching group ( P<0.05); the scores of learning perception, teacher perception, environment perception and total score of the combined teaching group were higher than those of the modular teaching group ( P<0.05); the teaching satisfactions with improving learning interest, learning efficiency, learning initiative and mastering key contents better in the combined teaching group were higher than those in the modular teaching group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The combination of micro class and modular teaching can improve the examination results and self-directed learning readiness of nursing students, improve the internal environment of medical education, and students' teaching satisfaction is high.

Practice of online clinical clerkship teaching mode based on "3P" model / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In order to construct the online teaching mode of clinical clerkship course and improve the online clerkship teaching system of clinical medicine in China, based on the "3P" model, a complete set of online clinical clerkship mode has been constructed from three links of teaching, pre-class preparation, classroom teaching and after-class evaluation, and applied to clinical teaching practice of Internal Medicine. The practice suggests that students are highly satisfied and the teaching effect is good, which provides a new idea for the reform of online clerkship teaching of clinical medicine.

Countermeasures for standardized residency training of physicians in post-epidemic era / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the methods of standardized residency training for internal medicine residents in the post-epidemic era, and to provide theoretical basis for improving and optimizing the standardized residency training.Methods:A total of 228 resident physicians from Batch 2017 to Batch 2019 were recruited, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate their basic information, their attitudes and actions in facing the epidemic and the epidemic impact on the occupational planning and rotation plan. Original data of this study were exported through the questionnaire platform "Questionnaire Network", sorted out by Microsoft Excel, and plotted and analyzed by Origin software.Results:Residents of our hospital, socialized medical residents, other unit sponsor residents and combined professional masters willing to go to Hubei for medical support accounted for 100% (30 people), 86% (6 people), 84% (80 people) and 77% (72 people) respectively. Almost all of the residents were willing to learn the knowledge of COVID-19 and to educate the public (99%-100%). Eighty percent (24 people) of the residents of our hospital participated in anti-epidemic, while the proportion of other unit sponsor residents, socialized medical residents and combined professional masters were 46% (44 people), 14% (1 people) and 12% (11 people), respectively. Additionally, 97% (29 people) of our hospital residents, 89% (85 people) of other unit sponsor residents, 86% (6 people) of the socialized medical residents, and 82% (76 people) of the combined professional masters would still like to engage in the clinical work in the future. What's more, the resident physicians who thought that phylaxiology, epidemiology, general practice medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and critical care medicine should be strengthened to train accounted for 98% (221 people), 98% (221 people), 90% (203 people), 70% (158 people) and 60% (135 people) respectively.Conclusion:Most resident physicians have strong awareness and active actions in fighting against the epidemic. In the future, the standardized residency training of physicians should further strengthen the training of phylaxiology, epidemiology, general practice medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and critical care medicine.