Estudo sobre o uso do Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) em um Hospital Universitário da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / A study on the use of the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) at the Hospital the Federal University of Belo Horizonte city of Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG)

Estudo sobre o uso do Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) em um Hospital Universitário da Cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais- Brasil. 2023. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Mestrado Profissional em Trabalho e Gestão Participativa na Saúde) ­ Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. No contexto hospitalar, os exames de imagem são fundamentais para subsidiar e qualificar a tomada de decisão clínica. A radiologia, enquanto especialidade da medicina, tem como objetivo auxiliar os profissionais solicitantes na tomada de decisão para o diagnóstico. A radiologia é essencial porque, em diversas situações, é dela que deriva o tratamento. No contexto do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG), utiliza-se o sistema de arquivamento, comunicação de imagens médicas conhecido como- Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Ele é usado no setor da radiologia, permitindo aos outros profissionais solicitantes o acesso e a análise das imagens médicas, de forma eficiente e segura. A pergunta que norteou este estudo foi: Quais as potencialidades e os desafios decorrentes do uso do PACS no setor de Radiologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG)? O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar como foi a implantação e a implementação do uso do PACS no setor de radiologia do HC-UFMG. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva. O cenário da pesquisa foi o setor de Radiologia do HC-UFMG. Os participantes foram nove médicos radiologistas do referido setor. Foi adotado como critério de inclusão: médicos radiologistas efetivos (médicos concursados e que não estavam em período de férias e ou afastados) que utilizavam o sistema PACS no setor da Radiologia do HC-UFMG. Como critérios de exclusão adotou-se: médicos que não compunham o quadro efetivo no setor, ou seja, que eram voluntários ou residentes; foram excluídos também dois médicos que estavam de férias e dois que estavam de licença formal durante o período da coleta de dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e levantamento documental. Realizou-se a análise dos dados das entrevistas pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo e, dos documentos, por análise documental. A pesquisa foi submetida ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (COEP/UFMG) e aprovada pelo CAAE 67471123.0.0000.5149, após aprovação pelo Departamento de Gestão em Saúde e anuência da Gerência de Ensino e Pesquisa (GEP) do HC/UFMG. Os principais resultados indicam que o PACS é considerado uma ferramenta central e eficiente pelos radiologistas entrevistados, por facilitar o acesso e a visualização dos exames de imagem, agilizar a tomada de decisão clínica e contribuir para uma assistência mais coordenada e eficaz. Conclui-se que a relevância deste estudo se reflete na contribuição para a compreensão das potencialidades e desafios relacionados ao uso do PACS em um hospital universitário, fornecendo subsídios para aprimorar a gestão em saúde e a assistência aos pacientes. O produto técnico deste estudo é um relatório técnico, a ser apresentado à direção do HC/UFMG. Palavras-chave: Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Tecnologia. Eficiência. Gestão em Saúde.

A study on the use of the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) at the Hospital the Federal University of Belo Horizonte city of Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG). 2023. Dissertation (Professional Master's in Work and Participatory Management in Health) - School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. In the hospital context, imaging tests are essential to support and qualify clinical decision- making. Radiology, as a specialty of medicine, aims to assist referring physicians in making diagnostic decisions. Radiology is essential because in several situations, treatment is derived from it. In the context of Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (HC- UFMG), we used the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) for archiving and communication medical images. Which is used in the radiology sector and allows other requesting professionals to access and analyze medical images efficiently and securely. A question that guided this study was: What are the potentialities and challenges resulting from the use of the future Archiving and Communication System (PACS) in the Radiology sector Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG)? The purpose of the research was to analyze the potentialities and challenges resulting from the use of PACS in the radiology at HC-UFMG. This is qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. The research scenario was the Radiology sector of HC-UFMG. The participants were nine radiologists from that sector. The following inclusion criteria were adopted: effective radiologists (doctors who were on public service and who were not on vacation and/or away) who used the PACS system in the Radiology sector of HC-UFMG. As exclusion criteria it was adopted: physicians who did not make up the effective physicians in the sector, that is, who were volunteers or residents; were excluded also two doctors who were on vacation and two who were on formal leave during the period of data collection. Data collection was carried out through interviews with a script semi-structured and documentary survey. Data analysis of the interviews was carried out by the Content Analysis technique and documents by document analysis. The research was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (COEP/UFMG) and approved by CAAE 67471123.0.0000.5149, after approval by Department of Health Management and approval of the Teaching and Research Management (GEP) of the HC-UFMG The main results indicate that the PACS is considered a tool central and efficient by the radiologist interviewed, as it facilitates access and visualization of imaging exams, streamline clinical decision-making and contribute to more coordinated and effective. It is concluded that the relevance of this study is reflected in the contribution to the understanding of the potentialities and challenges related to the use of PACS in a hospital university, providing subsidies to improve health management and assistance to patients. The technical product of this study is a technical report, to be presented to the management from HC-UFMG. Keywords: Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Technology. Efficiency. Health management.

Improvement in radiographic quality workflow due to use of digital imaging and picture archiving and communication system

Background: PACS (Picture archiving and communication systems) and digital imaging (DI) has revolutionized radiology bringing about a paradigm shift in the way radiodiagnosis is perceived and practiced with a slew of benefits like elimination of the need for manual handling of films, helping in long term storage of digital images, easy transfer and retrieval of radiographic images. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of PACS and digital imaging on the workflow in the radiology, performance of the radiographer and image storage and retrieval capabilities.Methods: It was a questionnaire-based study in which questions were asked to the radiographers working in our hospital at five different working sites. Each questionnaire was aimed to evaluate the effect of digital imaging on radiology workflow, improvement in the performance of radiographers, reduction in the work-related frustration levels due to use of digital imaging and finally the utility of digital imaging in image storage, query and retrieval.Results: Among the 50 questionnaires 41 were completed and retrieved. Among the respondents, 90.24% indicated that digital imaging has obviated the need for repeat examinations, 95.12% agreed with the fact that it resulted in the reduction of the number of reject images, 95.1% said it helped them in improving their performances, 92.6% of the respondents said they did not face any issue with its use and 95.1% of the participants agreed that the image query and retrieval could be accomplished in a hassle-free manner.Conclusions: The digital imaging technique not only improves the performance of the radiographers but also increases the workflow of the health care hospitals or clinics. The digital imaging reduces the number of rejected images thus reducing radiation exposure to the patients. Further, it is highly cost-effective and time-saving.

Early diagnosis of jaw osteomyelitis by easy digitalized panoramic analysis / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Osteomyelitis is an intraosseous inflammatory disease characterized by progressive inflammatory osteoclasia and ossification. The use of quantitative analysis to assist interpretation of osteomyelitis is increasingly being considered. The objective of this study was to perform early diagnosis of osteomyelitis on digital panoramic radiographs using basic functions provided by picture archiving and communication system (PACS), a program used to show radiographic images. METHODS: This study targeted a total of 95 patients whose symptoms were confirmed as osteomyelitis under clinical, radiologic, pathological diagnosis over 11 years from 2008 to 2017. Five categorized patients were osteoradionecrosis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of jaw (BRONJ, suppurative and sclerosing type), and bacterial osteomyelitis (suppurative and sclerosing type), and the control group was 117 randomly sampled. The photographic density in a certain area of the digital panoramic radiograph was determined and compared using the “measure area rectangle,” one of the basic PACS functions in INFINITT PACS® (INFINITT Healthcare, Seoul, South Korea). A conditional inference tree, one type of decision making tree, was generated with the program R for statistical analysis with SPSS®. RESULTS: In the conditional inference tree generated from the obtained data, cases where the difference in average value exceeded 54.49 and the difference in minimum value was less than 54.49 and greater than 12.81 and the difference in minimum value exceeded 39 were considered suspicious of osteomyelitis. From these results, the disease could be correctly classified with a probability of 88.1%. There was no difference in photographic density value of BRONJ and bacterial osteomyelitis; therefore, it was not possible to classify BRONJ and bacterial osteomyelitis by quantitative analysis of panoramic radiographs based on existing research. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that it is feasible to measure photographic density using a basic function in PACS and apply the data to assist in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s40902-019-0188-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Application of flipped classroom and PACS system in radiology education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Main problems for radiology teaching have always been less lectures and weaker imaging knowledge and lower interest of students in traditional Chinese medicine universities.Though "flipped classroom" has become the focus of education reform,and PACS system has become a platform in imaging diagnosis,it is rare to combine the two methods in radiology teaching.This paper mainly introduces features of flipped classroom and PACS system,analyzes the feasibility of combing the two teaching methods,and puts forward the teaching conception.Procedures are as follows.Before class,teachers design teaching objective,prepare teaching material and make the list;students study before class in different groups.During class,students exchange their ideas,start inter-group discussion and use the PACS system for case studies;teachers instruct the key and difficult point.After class,the comprehensive evaluation is conducted.The combining teaching hopes to promote students' learning interest,improve their learning effectiveness,cultivate their self-study ability and broaden their clinical minds.At the same time,this method also can provide experience for radiological teaching reform.

Design of modified isosceles triangle osteotomy for cubitus varus assisted by Picture Archiving and Communication System / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate application of modified isosceles triangle osteotomy which is designed with the assistance of Picture Archiving and Communication System ( PACS ) in supracondylar surgery for cubitus varus. Methods We reviewed the 31 patients who had been treated for cubitus varus from January 2012 to July 2017. They were 12 males and 19 females, aged from 17 to 24 years ( average, 20. 6 years) . Their elbow varus angles ranged from 14° to 35° (average, 22. 4°) . Preoperatively, the modified isosceles triangle osteotomy was designed using the PACS. The angle of osteotomy = carrying angle of the normal arm + the angle of cubitus varus. The lateral length of the isosceles triangle osteotomy was calculated according to the osteotomy angle. All the cases were fixated with a locking plate. Results The follow-ups lasted from 12 to 40 months ( average, 16 months ) . Bony union was achieved in the osteotomy site by all cases after 7 to 12 weeks ( average, 9 weeks ) . The carrying angles ranged from 8° to 15° ( average, 11°) at final follow-ups. The affected elbow obtained a range of flexion and extension from 126° to 150° ( average, 139°) and a range of rotation from 134° to 160° ( 144°) . According to the Mayo elbow performance score ( MEPS ) one year after operation, 23 cases were rated as excellent, 7 as good and one as fair, yielding an excellent to good rate of 96. 8％. No loss of carrying angle, neural deficit, malunion, delayed union, or myositis ossifi-cans of the elbow was observed during the follow-ups. Conclusion The PACS can be used in preoperative design of the modified isosceles triangle osteotomy for cubitus varus, leading to accuracy in the angle and length of the osteotomy to guarantee fine clinical results.

Application of Internet Cloud Platform Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) in Regional Medical Treatment / 医学信息学杂志

Taking Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University as an example,the paper puts forward to construct Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) based on Internet cloud platform on the basis of introducing the development process and the existing problems of PACS,states the architecture and specific realization mode of the system and gives the application efficiency.

Diez años desde la implementación del RIS PACS de la Clínica Alemana de Santiago: impacto de la tomografía computarizada en el uso y disponibilidad de archivo / Ten years since the implementation of Clínica Alemana of Santiago's RIS PACS: the impact of computed tomography in the use and availability of storage

Abstract. RIS PACS systems have become indispensable for managing, distributing and archiving digital images. This study evaluated the impact of Computed Tomography in the Clínica Alemana of Santiago's PACS image service. The PACS database was reviewed using IMPAX BI software, and 2,267,683 studies between 2005 and 2014 were examined. Computed Tomography examinations made up 10.67% of the studies archived in PACS, but its weight in TB is 50.10% of the total. The impact of the studies of Computed Tomography were not properly dimensioned or anticipated, which has impacted on the expected availability for one year online studies. This study has adequately assessed the impact of Computed Tomography in PACS’ storage availability, and how it should be considered when planning the implementation of a PACS.

Resumen. Los sistemas RIS PACS se han vuelto indispensables para el manejo de las imágenes digitales, su distribución y archivo. Esta investigación evaluó el impacto de la tomografía computarizada en el PACS del servicio de imágenes de la Clínica Alemana de Santiago. Se revisó la base de datos del PACS a través de la herramienta de software IMPAX BI, de los 2.267.683 estudios del período 2005-2014. Los exámenes de tomografía computarizada representan el 10,67% de los estudios archivados en el PACS, pero su peso en TB es el 50,10% del total. El impacto de los estudios de tomografía computarizada no se ha dimensionado ni previsto adecuadamente, lo que ha impactado en la disponibilidad esperada para los estudios de un año on line. Este estudio ha permitido valorar adecuadamente el impacto de la tomografía computarizada en la disponibilidad del PACS, y cómo debe ser considerado al planificar la implementación de un PACS.

The radiology information system and picture archiving and communication system integration method based on HL7 standard / 中国医学装备

Objective:To analyse the dataflow and clinical flow in Suzhou municipal hospital radiology information system and picture archiving system, presents a set of system integration messages, and describes the effect of each message for the communication. Methods: Follow the framework of IHE and HL7 protocol, the paper uses standard messages to integrate two different systems for patient and study status communication. The integration can meet clinical users’ requirements.Results: Based on many years practice, the integration reached designed target.Conclusion: With further research on standard, the seamless system integration between different systems can help customer to make full use of each system and save more cost in system purchase.

Changes in Tip-Apex Distance by Position and Film Distance Measured by Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: The tip-apex distance (TAD) is used to predict the clinical outcome of intertrochanteric fracture fixation. We aimed to measure the changes in TAD by position and film distance using Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a femur replica with a 10degrees femoral neck anteversion and a 130degrees neck shaft angle. Proximal femoral nail antirotation nail and a helical blade were inserted into the replica. Radiographs were taken at the neutral position and after applying 10degrees, 20degrees, 30degrees, 40degrees internal/external rotation, 10degrees abduction, and 10degrees and 40degrees adduction to the mechanical axis. Radiographs were taken at the replica-film distance of 10 cm and 20 cm under the same conditions, mimicking the differences in Focus-film distance (FFD), which reflect the patient's contour in clinical settings. A radiologist and an orthopedic surgeon measured the TAD twice using PACS. The average error was 2 mm (4.5%) and the standard error was +/-3.04. TADs in the neutral position constituted the standard values to measure the relative errors. RESULTS: TADs increased with an increase in the external rotation and abduction of the replica. TADs decreased with an increase in the internal rotation and adduction of the replica. For comparable measurements, relative errors were higher at FFDs of 20 cm compared to FFDs of 10 cm. CONCLUSION: Since the femur is internally rotated and adducted for reduction, orthopedic surgeons would assess the lag screw to be closer to the apex of femur on intraoperative radiographs. To have a correct measurement of the TAD after fixation of intertrochanteric fractures, radiographs should be taken in neutral position and measurement errors should be considered based on the patient's size.

Analysis on the structure of wireless transmission of medical image archiving and communication system / 中国医学装备

Objective:To image workstations in the necessity of desktop computer and data lines are connected and fixed in the desktop computer of defects, design a set of wireless transmission of picture archiving and communication system.Methods: Notebook computer with a wireless network using a wireless router, switch and set up a set of wireless image text transmission equipment.Results:The wireless transmission of honeycomb like structure covered with 802.11n standard data rates up to 600Mbps, frequency of 5Hz, multiple security protection by the hospital image filing requirements, which makes medical information resources to achieve full sharing. Conclusion: In 802.11n Wireless LAN PACS system architecture, the basic realization of the wireless transmission and real-time image display, image data for clinicians can within the hospital patients with real time view and its important role in the future development of hospital.

Planning & design of teaching case database in T-PACS construction / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The application of PACS in the teaching is an hot focus in current medical imaging teaching reformation , and the establishing of independent medical imaging teaching case database based on PACS-HIS is the first and key of construction of teaching PACS(T-PACS). Several key steps of designing and constructing database will be discussed in this paper. ①To customize case classifi-cation and code according to the medical imageology textbook. ②To construct the independent case database meeting the teaching needs. ③To establish a set of mechanism of collection teaching cases based on real time in clinical PACS environment. ④development of experiment teaching application etc.

Application of teaching-picture archiving and communication system to improve the medical image reading ability of eight-year-program medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To evaluate the application effect of teaching-picture archiving and communication system (T-PACS) in training image reading ability of eight-year-program students. Methods Sixty students were divided into two groups: control group (applying traditional teaching method) and experimental group (applying traditional teaching method and T-PACS) when doing clinical medical image reading ability training. Making multimedia teaching movie, clinical image reading teaching and establishing image database by T-PACS were used in experiment group. Mean-while, reading room was set up and classroom teaching and problem-oriented assignments were in-creased. Finally objective evaluation of image recognition ability and questionnaire were used to compare the teaching effect. Measurement data were expressed as x±s. Total scores of image reading were am-alyzed by t test. Full score rates were analyzed by X2 test. Results The results showed that the score of medical image reading ability was higher in experimental group (90.08±4.52) than in control group (86.92±4.68) (P=0.010). There were differences in respiratory and orthopedic full score rate (P=0.006;P=0.035). Most students thought that application of T-PACS could effectively improve the teaching and learning quality. Conclusions Application of T-PACS can improve the medical image reading ability of eight-year-program medical students and is worth further promoting.

Research on medical equipment reservation system based on hospital information platform / 中国医学装备

Objective: To further optimize the hospital inspection process, shorten the patient waiting time of examination and improve the overall utilization of medical equipment. Methods:HIS and PACS to realize the information system integration by using hospital information platform, and then develop a set of medical equipment reservation system. The doctor workstation through the system could real-time help patient appoint check items, and eliminate patients to check the front desk or reservation center reservation registration steps. Results:The successful application of medical equipment reservation system not only optimize hospital inspection process, shorten the patient waiting in line inspection time, but also increase the utilization rate of MR equipment by 35%. Conclusion: The use of medical equipment reservation system saves the patient queuing registration, waiting for the examination of the time, and improve the utilization rate of hospital medical equipment, create economic benefits for the hospital and brought widespread popularity and reputation for the hospital.

Optimization in the construction of the hospital PACS / 中国医学装备

Objective:To Integrated PACS and hospital information systems (HIS), and improve the efficiency of PACS, and improve the user experience. Methods:Base on deeply analysis of existing problems in system application, using process optimization, software optimization, and hardware upgrades manner optimize PACS. Results: PACS and HIS realized Integrated, improving the overall performance of the PACS. Enhance the user experience and expand the application scope of PACS. Conclusion: Deeply analysis of existing problems should be done before optimizing the system. Process optimization, software environment optimization should be considered as the most important and upgrading and replacement of the hardware as the secondary.

Magnification Error in Digital Radiographs of the Cervical Spine Against Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to clarify the range of magnification errors on digital plain radiographs and to determine if there is a correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of a patient and the magnification error. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Most clinicians currently use digital plain radiography. This new method allows one to access images and measure lengths and angles more easily than with the past technologies. In addition, conventional plain radiography has magnification errors. Although few articles mention magnification errors in regards to digital radiographs, they are known to have the same errors. METHODS: We used plain digital radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire images of the cervical spine with the goal of evaluating magnification errors by measuring the anteroposterior vertebral body lengths of C2 and C5. The magnification error (ME) was then calculated: ME=(length on radiograph-length on MRI)/length on MRI x100 (%). The correlation coefficient between the magnification error and BMI was obtained using Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: Average magnification errors in C2 and C5 were approximately 18.5%+/-5.4% (range, 0%-30%) and 20.7%+/-6.3% (range, 1%-32%). There was no positive correlation between BMI and the magnification error. CONCLUSIONS: There were magnification errors on the digital plain radiographs, and they were different in each case. Maximum magnification error differences were 30% (C2) and 31% (C5). Based on these finding, clinicians must pay attention to magnification errors when measuring lengths using digital plain radiography.

XDS-I Gateway Development for HIE Connectivity with Legacy PACS at Gil Hospital / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: The ability to support healthcare document sharing is imperative in a health information exchange (HIE). Sharing imaging documents or images, however, can be challenging, especially when they are stored in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) archive that does not support document sharing via standard HIE protocols. This research proposes a standard-compliant imaging gateway that enables connectivity between a legacy PACS and the entire HIE. METHODS: Investigation of the PACS solutions used at Gil Hospital was conducted. An imaging gateway application was then developed using a Java technology stack. Imaging document sharing capability enabled by the gateway was tested by integrating it into Gil Hospital's order communication system and its HIE infrastructure. RESULTS: The gateway can acquire radiology images from a PACS storage system, provide and register the images to Gil Hospital's HIE for document sharing purposes, and make the images retrievable by a cross-enterprise document sharing document viewer. CONCLUSIONS: Development of an imaging gateway that mediates communication between a PACS and an HIE can be considered a viable option when the PACS does not support the standard protocol for cross-enterprise document sharing for imaging. Furthermore, the availability of common HIE standards expedites the development and integration of the imaging gateway with an HIE.

Application of case introduced method based on PACS system in medical imaging course / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To evaluate the teaching effects of case introduced method based on picture archiving and communication system (PACS) system in medical imaging course.Methods Totally 148 students (2009 grade) majored in five-year clinical medicine from Xiangya Medical College were divided into 10 groups; the 10 groups were taken randomly as control group (n=75) and experimental group (n=73).Control group used traditional teaching methods (film teaching) while experimental group used case introduced method based on PACS system.Effects of teaching between were evaluated by questionnaire and test.x2 test was used to compare students' theoretical test scores,with α level =0.05.Results Based on results of questionnaires,more students in experimental group than in control group hold that case introduced method based on PACS system can achieve the purpose of teaching,improve interests in learning,and strengthen the mastery of knowledge.Test scores showed that the percentage of students scored 90-100 and 80-89 (respectively 14％,75％) in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (respectively 5％,66％) (x2 =17.932,P=0.000).Conclusions Application of case introduced method based on PACS system in medical imaging course not only improve students' motivation to learn and their clinical ability,but also allow teachers to find and correct shortcomings of students timely,therefore,it is worth promoting.

Application of medical imaging resource center software in imaging teaching practice / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Base on the development of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) of teaching hospital and imaging database,medical imaging resource center (MIRC) software of Siemens was used in medical imaging teaching.It is beneficial to increasing the effectiveness of teaching system,stimulating enthusiasm of students,reforming the traditional exam model and improving the standard of teaching.

Application of picture archiving and communication system based case-based learning mode in orthopedic clinical teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

With the rapid development of China's higher education and the intensified reforms in medical and health services,the problems and contradictions are increasingly prominent in ortho-pedic clinical teaching,especially how to improve medical interns' ability to read images. Picture archiving and communication system (PACS)plays an important role in academic education of medi-cal imaging. Case-based learning (CBL)is a team seminar teaching mode that is guided by cases, based on problems,targeted at students,and dominated by teachers. PACS and CBL were perfectly combined in orthopedic clinical teaching to improve teaching efficiency and the outcome was evaluat-ed through a questionnaire. Results showed that this teaching method inspired students' interests in learning,cultivated the orthopedic clinical way of thinking thus achieved better teaching effects.

An Engineering View on Megatrends in Radiology: Digitization to Quantitative Tools of Medicine

Within six months of the discovery of X-ray in 1895, the technology was used to scan the interior of the human body, paving the way for many innovations in the field of medicine, including an ultrasound device in 1950, a CT scanner in 1972, and MRI in 1980. More recent decades have witnessed developments such as digital imaging using a picture archiving and communication system, computer-aided detection/diagnosis, organ-specific workstations, and molecular, functional, and quantitative imaging. One of the latest technical breakthrough in the field of radiology has been imaging genomics and robotic interventions for biopsy and theragnosis. This review provides an engineering perspective on these developments and several other megatrends in radiology.