Mapping and projections of obesity in the Brazilian adult population assisted in Primary Health Care: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic / Mapeamento e projeções da obesidade na população adulta brasileira atendida na Atenção Primária à Saúde: impacto da pandemia de COVID-19

Objective: To map the temporal evolution of overweight and obesity in Brazilian adults and estimate the prevalence of obesity for 2025 and 2030, evaluating the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Data were collected on the nutritional status of adults from 2008 to 2021 from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), from which we calculated the prevalence and average annual rates of the variation of overweight and obesity. The projection of obesity, using linear regression, was analyzed in three scenarios: PP: with data from the pre-pandemic period (2008-2019); outlier: with adjustment of the data trend (2008-2021), including the pandemic period, considering a return of scenario PP for projections from 2022; P: adjustment of pandemic data (2019-2021) to estimate the projection. Result: In the period 2008­2021, we observed an average annual rate of overweight increase of 0.48 %/year. The prevalence of obesity more than doubled during this period, from 14.5% in 2008 to 32.9% in 2021 (i.e., an increase of 1.42). In the outlier scenario, the prevalence projections for obesity are 38.8% and 45.5% for 2015 and 2030, respectively. In the PP scenario (without the pandemic), the expected prevalence for the same period would be approximately 36.8% and 43.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Obesity and overweight follow an increasing trend. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazil and impacted its projections for the coming years

Objetivo: Mapear a evolução temporal de sobrepeso e obesidade de adultos brasileiros e estimar as prevalências de obesidade para 2025 e 2030, avaliando o potencial impacto da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Foram coletados dados do estado nutricional de adultos de 2008 a 2021 do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN), a partir dos quais foram calculadas as prevalências e taxas médias anuais da variação de sobrepeso e obesidade. A projeção da obesidade, utilizando regressão linear, foi analisada em três cenários: PP: com dados do período pré-pandemia (2008-2019); outlier: com ajuste da endência de dados (2008-2021), incluindo o período da pandemia, considerando um retorno do cenário PP para projeções a partir de 2022; P: ajuste dos dados da pandemia (2019-2021) para estimativa da projeção. Resultado: No período de 2008 e 2021, observamos uma taxa anual média de aumento de sobrepeso de 0,48 %/ano. A prevalência de obesidade mais que dobrou nesse período, passando de 14,5% em 2008 para 32,9% em 2021 (i.e., um aumento de 1,42). No cenário outlier, as projeções das prevalências de obesidade são de 38,8% e 45,5% para os anos de 2015 e 2030, respectivamente. No cenário PP (sem a pandemia), a prevalência esperada para o mesmo período estaria em torno de 36,8% e 43,4%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A obesidade e o sobrepeso seguem uma tendência de aumento crescente. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou o aumento da prevalência de obesidade no Brasil e impactou a sua projeção para os próximos anos.

A Novel Retrograde AAV Variant for Functional Manipulation of Cortical Projection Neurons in Mice and Monkeys / 神经科学通报·英文版

Retrograde adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks. However, few retrograde AAV capsids have been shown to offer access to cortical projection neurons across different species and enable the manipulation of neural function in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we report the development of a novel retrograde AAV capsid, AAV-DJ8R, which efficiently labeled cortical projection neurons after local administration into the striatum of mice and macaques. In addition, intrastriatally injected AAV-DJ8R mediated opsin expression in the mouse motor cortex and induced robust behavioral alterations. Moreover, AAV-DJ8R markedly increased motor cortical neuron firing upon optogenetic light stimulation after viral delivery into the macaque putamen. These data demonstrate the usefulness of AAV-DJ8R as an efficient retrograde tracer for cortical projection neurons in rodents and NHPs and indicate its suitability for use in conducting functional interrogations.

Rapid detection technology of chemical component content in Lycii Fructus based on hyperspectral technology / 中国中药杂志

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Research progress in nipple projection reconstruction based on tissue graft support / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the advances in methods for reconstructing nipple projection based on tissue graft support.@*METHODS@#The literature related to nipple projection reconstruction based on tissue graft support was reviewed and summarized in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of various tissue grafts and the improved nipple projection results.@*RESULTS@#Loss of nipple projection is a common cause of decreased patient's satisfaction. Reconstructing nipple projection based on tissue graft support is a more common clinical method and can be done with autologous and allogeneic tissues. Autologous tissue grafts include dermis, adipose tissue with dermis, adipose tissue, ear cartilage, rib cartilage, and contralateral nipple tissue. Autologous tissue grafts are easy to obtain and have no immune rejection, but may lead to donor area damage and prolong the surgical time for tissue collection. Allogeneic tissue grafts include acellular dermal matrix, lyophilized rib cartilage, and extracellular matrix collagen, and decellularized nipple tissue. Allogeneic tissue grafts do not cause additional donor area damage, are highly malleable, and can be designed to be utilized according to the recipient area, but the high cost often limits the development of this technique.@*CONCLUSION@#There is no gold standard regarding tissue graft-assisted nipple projection reconstruction techniques, and there are advantages and disadvantages to both autologous and allogeneic tissue grafts. Surgeons should choose the appropriate graft based on the actual condition of the patient.

Functional Autapses Form in Striatal Parvalbumin Interneurons but not Medium Spiny Projection Neurons / 神经科学通报·英文版

Autapses selectively form in specific cell types in many brain regions. Previous studies have also found putative autapses in principal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in the striatum. However, it remains unclear whether these neurons indeed form physiologically functional autapses. We applied whole-cell recording in striatal slices and identified autaptic cells by the occurrence of prolonged asynchronous release (AR) of neurotransmitters after bursts of high-frequency action potentials (APs). Surprisingly, we found no autaptic AR in SPNs, even in the presence of Sr2+. However, robust autaptic AR was recorded in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons. The autaptic responses were mediated by GABAA receptors and their strength was dependent on AP frequency and number. Further computer simulations suggest that autapses regulate spiking activity in PV cells by providing self-inhibition and thus shape network oscillations. Together, our results indicate that PV neurons, but not SPNs, form functional autapses, which may play important roles in striatal functions.

Corticostriatal Neurons in the Anterior Auditory Field Regulate Frequency Discrimination Behavior / 神经科学通报·英文版

The anterior auditory field (AAF) is a core region of the auditory cortex and plays a vital role in discrimination tasks. However, the role of the AAF corticostriatal neurons in frequency discrimination remains unclear. Here, we used c-Fos staining, fiber photometry recording, and pharmacogenetic manipulation to investigate the function of the AAF corticostriatal neurons in a frequency discrimination task. c-Fos staining and fiber photometry recording revealed that the activity of AAF pyramidal neurons was significantly elevated during the frequency discrimination task. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of AAF pyramidal neurons significantly impaired frequency discrimination. In addition, histological results revealed that AAF pyramidal neurons send strong projections to the striatum. Moreover, pharmacogenetic suppression of the striatal projections from pyramidal neurons in the AAF significantly disrupted the frequency discrimination. Collectively, our findings show that AAF pyramidal neurons, particularly the AAF-striatum projections, play a crucial role in frequency discrimination behavior.

Cancer incidence estimates for 2022 & projection for 2025: Result from National Cancer Registry Programme, India

Background & objectives: Information on recent cancer statistics is important for planning, monitoring and evaluating cancer control activities. This article aims to provide an update on the cancer incidence estimates in India by sex, age groups and anatomical sites for the year 2022. Methods: The National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020, reported the cancer incidence from 28 Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) for the years 2012-2016. This was used as the basis to calculate cancer estimates in India. Information pertaining to the population at risk was extracted from the Census of India (2001 and 2011) for the estimation of age–sex stratified population. PBCRs were categorised into the respective State and regions of the country to understand the epidemiology of cancer. The age-specific incidence rate for each specific anatomical site of cancer was applied to the estimated population to derive the number of cancer cases in India for 2022. Results: The estimated number of incident cases of cancer in India for the year 2022 was found to be 14,61,427 (crude rate:100.4 per 100,000). In India, one in nine people are likely to develop cancer in his/her lifetime. Lung and breast cancers were the leading sites of cancer in males and females, respectively. Among the childhood (0-14 yr) cancers, lymphoid leukaemia (boys: 29.2% and girls: 24.2%) was the leading site. The incidence of cancer cases is estimated to increase by 12.8 per cent in 2025 as compared to 2020. Interpretation & conclusions: The cancer incidence is continuing to increase in India. The new estimates will be helpful in planning cancer prevention and control activities through the intervention of early detection, risk reduction and management.

Proyección de brecha de especialistas en nefrología en Uruguay 2020-2050: aplicación de un modelo de dinámica de sistemas

Objetivo Estimar el equilibrio/desequilibrio entre la oferta y la necesidad de nefrólogos en Uruguay para el año 2020 así como la tendencia hacia el 2050. Métodos Se desarrolló un modelo de simulación, aplicando la metodología de dinámica de sistemas con dos componentes: el de oferta y el de necesidad. Se definió 2020 como el año base y un horizonte de proyección hasta 2050. Se comparó la oferta y la necesidad en el periodo de proyección para establecer la brecha tanto en términos absolutos como relativos. Resultados La proyección de brecha para todos los escenarios considerados es de superávit en la mayor parte del periodo analizado. Conclusiones El trabajo aporta insumos respecto de aquellos parámetros sobre los que se puede incidir y que afectan a la oferta de especialistas. El valor de las proyecciones radica en su utilidad para identificar la situación actual y las tendencias futuras a las que deben responder los responsables de la formulación de políticas.

Objective To estimate the balance/imbalance between supply and demand of nefrologists in Uruguay for the year 2020, adding its tendency towards 2050. Methods A simulation model was developed, applying a two dynamic systems methodology with two components: that of supply and that of need. The base year was defined as 2020 with a projection horizon up to 2050. Supply and need were compared for the projection period to establish the gap, both in relative and absolute terms. Results The projection gap for all considered scenarios is that of surplus for most of the analyzed period. Conclusions This work offers input with respect of impactful parameters that affect healthcare specialists supply. The key value of the projections lies in its utility to identify the current situation and its future tendencies, to which those responsible for policy making have to respond.

The origin and classification of cortical projection neuron / 国际儿科学杂志

As the main cell type in mammalian cortex, cortical projection neurons play an important role in brain functions, including motor control, sensation and cognition.Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex include excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory projection neurons, of which excitatory projection neurons are the main type.Cortical excitatory projection neurons have various subtypes, and most of them have their own unique developmental rules and molecular markers.Studying the origin and classification of projection neurons in the cerebral cortex is helpful to understand the mechanisms of diseases related to abnormal projection neurons.This paper reviews the origin, classification and function of cortical projection neurons.

Value of dual energy CT parameters combined with serum procollagen Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide and beta C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen in differential diagnosis of spinal bone metastasis from lung cancer and myeloma / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze the value of dual energy CT parameters combined with serum procollagen Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide (PⅠNP) and beta C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen (β-CTX) in differential diagnosis of spinal bone metastasis from lung cancer and myeloma.Methods:The clinical data of 54 patients with spinal bone metastasis from lung cancer and 50 patients with myeloma in Jincheng People′s Hospital from October 2019 to March 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were examined by dual energy CT on the day of admission, and the CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV (energy interval of 10 keV) were recorded. The serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels were detected by chemiluminescent assay before treatment. The pathological examination results were taken as gold standard, and the CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV by dual energy CT and serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels were compared between 2 groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the differential diagnosis value of the CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV, serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels alone and combination.Results:The CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV by dual energy CT and serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels in patients with spinal bone metastasis from lung cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with myeloma: 79.86 (61.20, 116.32) HU vs. 58.29 (46.92, 64.03) HU, 64.48 (50.27, 90.08) HU vs. 45.78 (38.59, 56.75) HU, 57.35 (43.31, 78.04) HU vs. 43.62 (36.91, 54.06) HU, 52.05 (42.98, 75.79) HU vs. 41.26 (32.84, 51.76) HU, 45.52 (38.55, 63.59) HU vs. 36.68 (28.72, 49.83) HU, 66.35 (31.15, 81.97) μg/L vs. 31.38 (27.76, 34.50) μg/L and 0.61 (0.48, 0.67) μg/L vs. 0.49 (0.47, 0.52) μg/L, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05 or <0.01). ROC curve analysis result showed that the sensitivity of the combination of the CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV by dual energy CT was higher than those alone (83.33% vs. 59.26%, 61.11%, 62.96%, 64.81% and 66.67), the area under the curve (AUC) was also higher than those alone (0.882 vs. 0.798, 0.811, 0.817, 0.801 and 0.773), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01 or <0.05); the sensitivity of the combination of serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels was higher than those alone (81.48% vs. 57.41% and 62.96%), the AUC was higher than those alone (0.829 vs. 0.753 and 0.729), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01 or <0.05); the sensitivity of all indexes combined in the differential diagnosis of spinal bone metastasis from lung cancer and myeloma was higher than those of the combination of the CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV by dual energy CT, the combination of serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels (98.15% vs. 83.33% and 81.48%), the same as AUC (0.976 vs. 0.882 and 0.829), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01); there were no significant differences in the specificity of each index alone and combination ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with myeloma, the CT values at the energy levels of 40 to 80 keV by dual energy CT, serum PⅠNP and β-CTX levels in patients with spinal bone metastasis from lung cancer are increased, and the combination of the above indexes has ideal value in differential diagnosis of the two diseases.