Programa de controle do tabagismo em Mato Grosso do Sul: oferta, adesão e efetividade / Smoking control program in Mato Grosso do Sul: offer, adherence and effectiveness / Programa de control del tabaquismo en Mato Grosso do Sul: oferta, adherencia y efectividad

Objetivo: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo (PNCT) em Mato Grosso do Sul, taxas de cobertura, abandono, cessação, uso de medicamentos, rede de serviços de saúde e as razões pelas quais algumas Equipes de Saúde da Família de Campo Grande ainda não aderiram ao programa. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, baseada em dados primários e secundários sobre o PNCT em Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados primários foram obtidos por meio de questionário aplicado aos profissionais das Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF) de Campo Grande, sem oferta do programa e avaliados quanto à frequência e presença de correlação entre as variáveis analisadas utilizando V de Cramer e teste de χ2. Os dados secundários foram obtidos do consolidado do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva com os registros produzidos pelos serviços. Resultados: As taxas de adesão, efetividade e apoio farmacológico na capital e interior foram: 66,80 e 59,79%; 20,58 e 34,91%; 32,14 e 99,86%, respectivamente. A oferta do programa ocorreu em 49,37% municípios e 43,85% das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) estimadas. Houve correlações entre ser capacitado e implantar o programa; treinamento de ingresso e oferta na UBS. As dificuldades relatadas pelos profissionais foram a pandemia de COVID-19, a sobrecarga e/ou equipe pequena e/ou falta de tempo e a ausência de capacitação/treinamento. Conclusões: O PNCT em Mato Grosso do Sul apresenta baixa cobertura e oferta restrita na rede de saúde, além do desempenho mediano de assistência aos tabagistas. Evidencia-se a necessidade de investimento em capacitação/treinamento, prioritariamente para as ESF de Campo Grande, dando-lhes condições de responder às necessidades de promoção da saúde, reconhecendo o programa como de maior custo-efetividade.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the National Tobacco Control Program (PNCT) in Mato Grosso do Sul, coverage rates, dropout, cessation, use of medication, the health services network and the reasons why Family Health Teams in Campo Grande have not yet joined the program. Methods: This was a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on primary and secondary data on the PNCT in Mato Grosso do Sul. The primary data were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to Family Health Teams (ESF) in Campo Grande, which did not offer the program and evaluated the frequency and presence of correlation between the variables analyzed using Cramer's V test and the χ2 test. The secondary data were obtained from the consolidated records of the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute with the records produced by the services. Results: The rates of adherence, effectiveness and pharmacological support in the capital and interior were: 66.80 and 59.79%; 20.58 and 34.91%; and 32.14 and 99.86%, respectively. The program was offered in 49.37% of the municipalities and 43.85% of the Basic Health Units (UBS) estimated. There were correlations between being trained and implementing the program and entry training and provision in the UBS. The difficulties reported by professionals were the COVID-19 pandemic, overload and/or a small team and/or lack of time and the absence of training. Conclusions: The PNCT in Mato Grosso do Sul has low coverage and restricted supply in the health network, in addition to average performance in assisting smokers. There is a clear need to invest in capacitation/training, primarily for the ESF in Campo Grande, enabling them to respond to the needs of health promotion, recognizing the program as more cost-effective.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el Programa Nacional de Control del Tabaco (PNCT) en Mato Grosso do Sul, las tasas de cobertura, el abandono, la cesación, el uso de medicamentos, la red de servicios de salud y las razones por las que los Equipos de Salud de la Familia en Campo Grande aún no se han unido al programa. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo, basado en datos primarios y secundarios sobre el PNCT en Mato Grosso do Sul. Los datos primarios se obtuvieron por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a los Equipos de Salud de la Familia (ESF) de Campo Grande, que no ofrecían el programa y evaluaron la frecuencia y la presencia de correlación entre las variables analizadas utilizando la V de Cramer y la prueba de la χ2. Los datos secundarios se obtuvieron de los registros consolidados del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva con los registros producidos por los servicios. Resultados: Las tasas de adherencia, eficacia y apoyo farmacológico en la capital y en el interior fueron: 66,80 y 59,79%; 20,58 y 34,91%; 32,14 y 99,86%, respectivamente. El programa fue ofrecido en el 49,37% de los municipios y en el 43,85% de las Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) estimadas. Hubo correlación entre estar capacitado e implementar el programa; capacitación de entrada y oferta en las UBS. Las dificultades relatadas por los profesionales fueron la pandemia del COVID-19, la sobrecarga y/o un equipo pequeño y/o la falta de tiempo y la ausencia de capacitación. Conclusiones: El PNCT en Mato Grosso do Sul tiene baja cobertura y oferta restringida en la red de salud, además de un desempeño medio en la asistencia a los fumadores. Hay una clara necesidad de invertir en la creación de capacidad / formación, principalmente para la ESF en Campo Grande, lo que les permite responder a las necesidades de promoción de la salud, reconociendo el programa como más rentable.

Lei, para que te quero? Dados comparativos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) sobre acesso a cigarros por adolescentes / Ley ¿para qué te necesito? Datos comparativos del Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE) sobre el acceso a cigarrillos por los adolescentes / Law compliance, why do we need it? Comparative data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) on adolescents' access to cigarettes

Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil obteve importantes avanços no combate à epidemia de tabaco. No entanto, dados recentes nacionais apontam para uma provável estagnação na queda da iniciação ao tabagismo entre jovens e adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução no tempo do cumprimento da lei que proíbe a venda de cigarros para menores de idade no Brasil. Para tal, utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar das edições de 2015 e 2019. Foram estimadas proporções para indicadores "sequenciais" criados da combinação das respostas às perguntas "alguém se recusou a lhe vender cigarros?" e "como conseguiu seus próprios cigarros?". Houve uma queda, entre 2015 e 2019, na proporção de fumantes entre 13 e 17 anos que tentaram comprar cigarros nos 30 dias anteriores à pesquisa (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Contudo, independentemente do ano da pesquisa, cerca de 9 em cada 10 adolescentes fumantes tiveram sucesso em alguma tentativa de compra de cigarros. Desses, aproximadamente 7 em cada 10 utilizaram a compra ativa como a principal modalidade de acesso ao cigarro, sendo que a respectiva compra em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados (vs. com ambulantes) aumentou entre 2015 e 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Em 2019, 70% dos adolescentes que compraram cigarros em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados realizaram a compra avulsa. O descumprimento de leis voltadas à prevenção da iniciação ao fumo é um enorme obstáculo para a redução da proporção de fumantes. O fortalecimento das ações legislativas e de fiscalização, aliado a ações educativas e de sensibilização junto aos varejistas, é fundamental para proteger as novas gerações quanto aos efeitos nocivos do uso do tabaco.

En las últimas décadas, Brasil ha logrado importantes avances en el combate a la epidemia del tabaquismo. Pero, recientes datos nacionales apuntan a un probable estancamiento en la recucción de la iniciación tabáquia entre jóvenes y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución en el tiempo de cumplimiento de la ley que prohíbe la venta de cigarrillos a menores en Brasil. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar de 2015 y 2019. Se estimaron proporciones para los indicadores "secuenciales" creados desde una combinación de las respuestas a las preguntas "alguien se negó a venderte cigarrillos" y "cómo conseguiste cigarrillos". Hubo una disminución entre 2015 y 2019 en la proporción de fumadores de entre 13 y 17 años que intentaron comprar cigarrillos en los treinta días antes de la encuesta (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Sin embargo, independientemente del año de la encuesta, alrededor de 9 de cada 10 adolescentes fumadores tuvieron éxito en algún intento de comprar cigarrillos. De estos, aproximadamente 7 de cada 10 utilizaron la compra activa como el principal método de acceso a cigarrillos, y la respectiva compra en establecimientos comerciales autorizados (vs. con vendedores ambulantes) aumentó entre 2015 y 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). En 2019, el 70% de los adolescentes que compraron cigarrillos en establecimientos comerciales autorizados los compraron sueltos. El incumplimiento de la ley destinada a prevenir la iniciación al tabaquismo es un gran obstáculo para reducir la proporción de fumadores. El fortalecimiento de las acciones legislativas y de fiscalización, sumado a acciones educativas y de sensibilización con los comerciantes, es fundamental para proteger a las nuevas generaciones de los efectos nocivos del consumo de tabaco.

In recent decades, Brazil has made significant progress in fighting the tobacco epidemic. However, recent national data suggest a probable stagnation in the reduction of smoking initiation among youth and adolescents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution over time of compliance with the law that prohibits the sale of cigarettes to minors in Brazil. To this end, data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health conducted in 2015 and 2019 were used. Percentages were estimated for "sequential" indicators created by combining answers to the questions "Did anyone refuse to sell you cigarettes?" and "How did you obtain your cigarettes?" There was a decrease between 2015 and 2019 in the percentage of smokers aged 13 to 17 who tried to buy cigarettes in the 30 days prior to the survey (72.3% vs. 66.4%; p-value ≤ 0.05). However, regardless of the survey year, approximately 9 out of 10 adolescent smokers were successful in an attempt to buy cigarettes. Of those, approximately 7 out of 10 used direct purchase as the main method of obtaining cigarettes, with purchases at licensed commercial establishments (vs. street vendors) increasing between 2015 and 2019 (81.1% vs. 89.6%; p-value ≤ 0.05). In 2019, 70% of teenagers who bought cigarettes at licensed commercial establishments purchased single cigarettes. Non-compliance with laws aimed at preventing smoking initiation is a huge obstacle to reducing the proportion of smokers. Increased implementation of legislative measures and oversight of cigarettes sales, combined with educational and awareness actions with retailers, is key to protecting new generations from the harmful effects of tobacco use.

Cessação do tabagismo: uma análise retrospectiva em um município da região metropolitana do Rio Grande do Sul / Tobacco use cessation: a retrospective analysis in a municipality in the metropolitan region of Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: o uso de produtos fumígenos derivados do tabaco é uma doença crônica não transmissível e uma das maiores mazelas mundiais em saúde pública. A atuação da Atenção Primária à Saúde na longitudinalidade do cuidado favorece o acolhimento dos tabagistas, sensibilização e aconselhamento para abandono deste hábito. Objetivos: analisar as taxas de abandono do hábito de fumar dentre os participantes do programa de combate ao tabagismo em um município da região metropolitana do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: trata-se de um corte transversal, retrospectivo, com análise dos registros de prontuários dos grupos no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: no total foram realizados 17 grupos de tratamento ao tabagismo no período, atendendo a 119 fumantes, em sua maioria mulheres e com média de 52,5±9,8 anos. Encontrou-se que 66,9% dos participantes deixaram de fumar até o quarto encontro. O uso de farmacoterapia (RC = 15,81; IC95%: 4,73 - 52,89), homens (RC = 1,62; IC95%: 0,68 - 3,90), estar presente em mais de quatro sessões (RC = 44,50; IC95%: 13,35 - 148,27) indivíduos com comorbidades do grupo cardiopatias (RC = 1,54; IC95%: 0,67 - 3,75) apresentaram maiores chances de abandono do tabagismo. Conclusões: A taxa de abandono do hábito de fumar foi superior nos participantes que comparecem a mais de quatro encontros, aqueles que tiveram moderado grau de dependência à nicotina, fumavam menos de um maço por dia, iniciaram a fumar jovens e apresentavam mais de 60 anos

Introduction: tobacco use is a major risk for noncommunicable diseases and one of the biggest illnesses in public health worldwide. The performance of Primary Health Care in the longitudinality of care favors the reception of smokers, awareness, and counseling for quitting this habit. Objectives: to analyze data about smoking cessation among integrants of the tobacco use cessation groups in Campo Bom/Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: it's a crossectional observational study with a quantitative approach where we analyze secondary data from medical records of the group's cessation in the period from, January 2018 to December 2021. The present project was approved by the ethics research committee under the number: 5.583.858. Results: in total, 17 groups for tobacco use cessation were included during the period, serving 119 smokers, mostly women, and an average age of 52.5±9.8 years. It was found that 66.9% of the participants quit smoking until the fourth meeting. The pharmacotherapy use (OR = 15.81; IC95%: 4.73 ­ 52.89), male sex (OR = 1.62; IC95%: 0.68 ­ 3.90), being present on more than four sessions (OR = 44.50; IC95%: 13,35 - 148,27) and individuals of the cardiopathy group comorbidity (OR = 1.54; IC95%: 0.67 ­ 3.75) had higher chances on tobacco use cessation. Conclusions: The rate of tobacco use cessation was higher in those persons who participated in more than four meetings, had a moderate degree of nicotine dependence, smoked less than a pack by day, started smoking at a younger age, and were over 60 years old

Prevenção do tabagismo nas escolas: Uma revisão integrativa / Prevención del tabaquismo en las escuelas: Una revisión integradora / Prevention of smoking in schools: An integrative review

Objetivo: Identificar como a prevenção do tabagismo tem sido conduzida em crianças e adolescentes em fase escolar. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Scielo, Pubmed, BVS, Web of Science, CINAHL e SCOPUS. A busca dos estudos foi realizada entre junho e outubro de 2020, considerando estudos de 01/01/2008 até o ano de 2019. Resultado: Foram selecionados 20 artigos para a análise, dos quais emergiram duas categorias: Eficácia das intervenções de prevenção ao tabagismo nas escolas do Brasil e Eficácia das intervenções de prevenção ao tabagismo nas escolas internacionais. Conclusão: Os programas de educação em saúde no combate ao tabagismo desenvolvidos nas escolas obtiveram impacto positivo, ressaltando a importância da temática, a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais que investiguem e trabalhem a prevenção da iniciação tabágica em escolares, além de reforçar a relevância do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas direcionadas a esse público.(AU)

Objective: To identify how smoking prevention has been conducted in school-aged children and adolescents. Method: This is an integrative literature review, carried out in Lilacs, Scielo, Pubmed, BVS, Web of Science, CINAHL and SCOPUS databases. The search for studies was carried out between June and October 2020, considering studies from 01/01/2008 to the year 2019. Result: 20 articles were selected for analysis, from which two categories emerged: Effectiveness of smoking prevention interventions in Brazilian schools and Effectiveness of tobacco prevention interventions in international schools. Conclusion: The health education programs to combat smoking developed in schools had a positive impact, highlighting the importance of the theme, the need for additional research to investigate and work on the prevention of smoking initiation in schoolchildren, in addition to reinforcing the relevance of the development of public policies aimed at this audience.(AU)

Objetivo: Identificar cómo se ha realizado la prevención del tabaquismo en niños y adolescentes en edad escolar. Método: Se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada en las bases de datos Lilacs, Scielo, Pubmed, BVS, Web of Science, CINAHL y SCOPUS. La búsqueda de estudios se realizó entre junio y octubre de 2020, considerando estudios del 01/01/2008 al año 2019. Resultado: 20 artículos fueron seleccionados para análisis, de los cuales surgieron dos categorías: Eficacia de las intervenciones de prevención del tabaquismo en escuelas brasileñas y Eficacia de las intervenciones de prevención del tabaquismo en escuelas internacionales. Conclusión: Los programas de educación en salud para combatir el tabaquismo desarrollados en las escuelas tuvieron un impacto positivo, destacando la importancia del tema, la necesidad de investigaciones adicionales para investigar y trabajar en la prevención de la iniciación al tabaquismo en escolares, además de reforzar la pertinencia de la desarrollo de políticas públicas dirigidas a este público.(AU)

Prevalencia y tendencias de tabaquismo activo y pasivo en adolescentes peruanos / Prevalence and trends of active and passive smoking among Peruvian adolescents

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las tendencias ocurridas en diferentes indicadores de tabaquismo en adolescentes peruanos. Asimismo, se evaluó las tendencias en dichos indicadores de acuerdo a sexo y en aquellos sin antecedente de tabaquismo previo. Materiales y métodos. El presente estudio usa la Encuesta Mundial sobre Tabaquismo en Jóvenes (Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2007, 2014, 2019). Tabaquismo activo se definió según el consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días. Tabaquismo pasivo se definió en función a exposición a tabaco dentro y fuera del hogar, tanto global como en forma diaria. Los análisis consideraron el diseño muestral. Resultados. Un total de 17 047 registros (9869 en el 2007, 3424 en el 2014, y 3754 en el 2019) fueron analizados; edad media 14 años y 49,9% mujeres. El 26,6% reportó antecedente de tabaquismo previo; dicha prevalencia cayó de 45,2% (2007), a 25,3% (2014), y a 19,4% (2019, p de tendencias < 0,001), mientras que el tabaquismo activo cayó de 17,1% (2007) a 8,7% (2014) y a 5,7% (2019). La prevalencia global de tabaquismo pasivo en el hogar cayó de 24,7%, a 12,9% y a 10,4% (p de tendencias <0,001), mientras que la prevalencia global de tabaquismo pasivo fuera del hogar se redujo de 46,3%, a 39,4%, y a 36,3% (p < 0,001) en ese lapso. La caída en los indicadores de tabaquismo se vio principalmente en mujeres que en varones. Conclusión. Se evidencia una reducción sostenida en los indicadores de tabaquismo en adolescentes peruanos. El tabaquismo pasivo fuera del hogar continúa siendo frecuente requiriendo el fortalecimiento de las actuales políticas de control de tabaco.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to assess the trends of different smoking indicators among Peruvian adolescents. Additionally, we evaluated whether such trends were different by sex or among those without previous smoking history. Materials and methods. We analyzed the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2007, 2014, 2019). Active smoking was defined according to smoking in the last 30 days. Passive smoking was assessed based on exposure to tobacco inside and outside the household, both overall and daily. Analyses considered the sample design. Results. A total of 17,047 records (9,869 in 2007, 3,424 in 2014, and 3,754 in 2019) were analyzed; the mean age was 14 years, and 49.9% were women. Previous smoking history was reported in 26.6% of the records; such prevalence fell from 45.2% (2007), to 25.3% (2014), and to 19.4% (2019, p-value for trend < 0.001), whereas active smoking fell from 17.1% (2007) to 8.7% (2014) and to 5.7% (2019). The overall prevalence of passive smoking inside the household fell from 24.7% to 12.9% and 10.4% (p-value <0.001), whereas the overall prevalence of passive smoking outside the household dropped from 46.3% to 39.4% and 36.3% (p-value <0.001) during the same period. The reduction of the smoking indicators was observed mainly among women than in men. Conclusion. There is evidence of a sustained reduction in smoking indicators in Peruvian adolescents. Passive smoking outside the household continues to be common, calling for strengthening current tobacco control policies.

Survey on Heated Tobacco Products in Smoking Prevention Education by School Pharmacists / 社会薬学

The number of heated tobacco product users is increasing rapidly in Japan; thus, smoking prevention education that includes heated tobacco products is necessary. To clarify the current status and issues related to smoking prevention education programs for school pharmacists, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 300 school pharmacists. The response rate was 45.3% (136/300). Smoking prevention education was provided by 42.6% (58/136) of school pharmacists. Among them, 56.9% (33/58) included heated tobacco products in their education programs. Moreover, 75.9% (44/58) of pharmacists also provided support for smoking cessation at pharmacies, and 93.1% (54/58) of pharmacists felt the necessity of providing support for smoking cessation for heated tobacco product users at pharmacies. On the other hand, 21.8% (17/78) of school pharmacists who did not provide smoking prevention education responded that they did not have sufficient information and knowledge about heated tobacco products. In addition, among these pharmacists, 53.8% (42/78) did not provide support for smoking cessation at pharmacies. Although both groups felt the need for the smoking prevention education provided by school pharmacists, the school pharmacists who provided such education felt the need more strongly. Regarding the necessity of including the taking up of heated tobacco products in smoking prevention education, it was found that pharmacists who provided such programs felt the necessity more strongly. It is important to obtain accurate information about heated tobacco products and change the content to unified educational in cooperation with schoolteachers to enhance smoking prevention education by school pharmacists.

Caracterización del tabaquismo en estudiantes de las ciencias médicas de Cuba / Characterization of smoking among Cuban students of Medical Sciences

RESUMEN Introducción: el consumo de tabaco es considerado un problema de salud pública, por su magnitud, por las consecuencias sanitarias que conlleva y por los elevados costos económicos y sociales que genera. A nivel mundial muchos jóvenes consumen tabaco diariamente, y la prevalencia se incrementa en estudiantes universitarios, lo que se explica por factores como el estrés académico y la influencia del grupo. Objetivo: caracterizar el tabaquismo en estudiantes universitarios cubanos de las ciencias médicas durante el periodo de enero a febrero de 2021. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en estudiantes de ciencias médicas cubanos. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los estudiantes de ciencias médicas del país del curso académico 2020-2021 y la muestra estuvo constituida por 419 estudiantes. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: la mayor parte de los estudiantes refirió no fumar ni haberlo hecho nunca. De los estudiantes fumadores pasivos encuestados, muchos confirmaron que durante los últimos 30 días alguien consumió tabaco en los ambientes cerrados en que estudian. En los estudiantes que fumaban, pero no a diario, se observó que la mayoría fuma en situaciones de crisis o nerviosismo. Se encontró relación marcada entre el tabaquismo y el consumo de otras drogas. En cuanto a la dependencia a la nicotina, el 44,7 % presentó una dependencia moderada. Conclusiones: la principal motivación para fumar en los estudiantes de ciencias médicas está relacionada con el manejo del estrés, esto demuestra la necesidad de incorporar en su formación, herramientas psicológicas para el manejo adecuado de situaciones estresantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: smoking is considered a public health problem due its extent and because of the sanitary consequences it brings about and the elevated economic and social costs this addition generates. Many young people all over the world consume tobacco every day, and the prevalence increases in university students, which is explained by factors such as academic stress and the influence of the group. Objective: to characterize smoking in Cuban university students of medical sciences during January-February, 2021. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in Cuban students of medical sciences. The target group comprised all medical students of the country from the academic course 2020-2021. Results: the greatest part of the students referred they have never smoked. Many of the students surveyed, who are passive smokers, confirmed that during the last 30 days somebody smoked in the enclosed environment where they study. In students who smoke, but not every day, it was observed the majority of them smoke in stressful situations or under the feeling of nervousness; finding a marked relation between smoking and the addiction of other drugs. Regarding nicotine dependence, 44.7% presented moderate dependence. Conclusions: the main motivation to smoking in the students of medical sciences is related to the management of stress, showing this, the need to incorporate in the training of students, psychological tools for the appropriate management of stressful situations.

Intervención educativa sobre consecuencias del tabaquismo en adolescentes de Nuevitas / Educational intervention on the smoking consequences in adolescents from Nuevitas

RESUMEN Fundamento: el tabaquismo es un fenómeno social que afecta indistintamente a todos los sectores de la población y representa uno de los mayores problemas para las autoridades sanitarias. Se considera una epidemia de carácter universal y es una gravosa carga para el individuo, la familia y la sociedad. Objetivo: implementar una intervención educativa para modificar los conocimientos de adolescentes acerca de las consecuencias del tabaquismo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención en el Consultorio 21 del Policlínico Francisco Peña Peña, de Nuevitas, sobre 81 adolescentes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para analizar los resultados obtenidos al aplicar la encuesta antes y después de la intervención educativa, la cual contenía las siguientes variables: grupo de edades, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, enfermedades asociadas y conocimiento sobre tabaquismo. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino y las edades de 18 a 20 años, grupo etario que también mostró el mayor conocimiento sobre los efectos del tabaquismo. Prevaleció el nivel de escolaridad de preuniversitario. El nivel de conocimientos evaluado de bien ascendió de 49,38 % antes de la intervención a 80 % después de esta; el de regular descendió de 45,67 % a solo 19 %; al terminar la intervención ningún adolescente se ubicó en la categoría de mal. Conclusiones: se logró modificar el nivel de los conocimientos sobre los efectos nocivos del tabaquismo en adolescentes, mediante la intervención educativa.

ABSTRACT Background: smoking is a social phenomenon that affects all the population sectors indistinctly and represents one of the biggest problems for health authorities. It is considered a universal epidemic and is a heavy burden for the individual, the family and society. Objective: to carry out educational intervention to modify the adolescents' knowledge about the smoking consequences. Methods: an intervention study was carried out in the doctor´s office 21 of the Francisco Peña Peña Polyclinic, in Nuevitas, on 81 adolescents who met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistic was used to analyze the results obtained by applying the survey before and after the educational intervention, which contained the following variables: age group, sex, educational level, associated diseases, and knowledge about smoking. Results: male sex and ages 18 to 19 predominated, an age group that also showed the greatest knowledge about the effects of smoking. The pre-university educational level prevailed. The level of knowledge evaluated as good rose from the 49.38% before the intervention to the 80% after it; that of regular fell from the 45.67% to only the 19%; At the end of the intervention, no adolescent was placed in the category of bad. Conclusions: it was possible to modify the knowledge level about the harmful effects of smoking in adolescents, through educational intervention.

Tobacco use, cessation, secondhand smoke and exposure to media about tobacco in Brazil: results of the National Health Survey 2013 and 2019 / Uso, cessação, fumo passivo e exposição à mídia do tabaco no Brasil: resultados das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde 2013 e 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare indicators of tobacco use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco media in 2013 and 2019, and to describe these indicators according to sociodemographic variables in 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey. The indicators of use, secondhand smoke, cessation and exposure to tobacco-related media were evaluated. Prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for the total population in 2013 and 2019 and according to sociodemographic variables for 2019. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess differences in prevalence. Results: There was an improvement in most of the indicators studied: an increase in ex-smokers, a reduction in secondhand smoke and attempts to quit smoking. All pro- and anti-tobacco media exposure indicators declined. When considering the prevalence according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019, 43.8% (95%CI 41.6-46.0) of men tried to quit smoking, and 50.8% (95%CI 48.5-53.2) of women. Secondhand smoke at home was higher among women (10.2%; 95%CI 9.7-10.8). Among those who thought about quitting smoking because of warnings, the proportion was higher among women (48.0%; 95%CI 45.3-50.6). Tobacco use was higher among men (43.8%; 95%CI 41.6-46.0), in the population aged 40 to 59 years (14.9%; 95%CI 14.2-15.6), with a lower level of education (17.6%; 95%CI 16.8-18.4). Conclusion: The study showed improvement in tobacco-related indicators between the years studied. It is noteworthy that this advance was smaller in relation to the other periods previously analyzed, and therefore, greater investments in public policies to combat and control smoking in Brazil are necessary.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Comparar indicadores de uso do tabaco, fumo passivo, cessação e exposição à mídia pró e antitabaco em 2013 e 2019 e descrever esses indicadores segundo variáveis sociodemográficas em 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Avaliaram-se os indicadores de uso, fumo passivo, cessação e exposição à mídia relacionada ao tabaco. Estimaram-se as prevalências e intervalos de confiança (IC95%) para a população total em 2013 e 2019 e segundo variáveis sociodemográficas para 2019. Para avaliar diferenças nas prevalências, usou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: Houve melhoria dos indicadores de uso do tabaco; aumento de ex-fumantes e redução do fumo passivo e da tentativa de parar de fumar. Todos os indicadores de exposição à mídia pró e contra o tabaco diminuíram. Ao se considerarem as prevalências segundo características sociodemográficas em 2019, 43,8% (IC95% 41,6-46,0) dos homens e 50,8% (IC95% 48,5-53,2) das mulheres tentaram parar de fumar. O fumo passivo no domicílio foi maior nas mulheres (10,2%; IC95% 9,7-10,8). Entre os que pensaram em parar de fumar por causa das advertências, a proporção foi maior nas mulheres (48,0%; IC95% 45,3-50,6). O uso do tabaco foi mais elevado nos homens (43,8%; IC95% 41,6-46,0), na população de 40-59 anos (14,9%; IC95% 14,2-15,6) e naquela com menor nível de instrução (17,6%; IC95% 16,8-18,4). Conclusão: O estudo mostrou melhoria dos indicadores relacionados ao tabaco entre os anos estudados. Ressalta-se que esse avanço foi menor em relação a outros períodos analisados previamente, e, portanto, torna-se necessário maiores investimentos em políticas públicas de enfrentamento e controle do tabagismo no Brasil.

Reflections on passive smoking and COVID-19

Despite substantial evidence on the negative effect of active smoking to Covid-19, the impact of passive smoking in the course of disease remains largely unclear. Our aim was to reflect passive smoking as a risk factor in the current pandemic. Studies are needed to increase our knowledge on passive smoking and Covid-19 implications. The reflections current findings strongly support interventions and policies to curb the tobacco epidemic.

Marketing Social como Estratégia para o Controle do Tabagismo / Social Marketing as a Strategy for Tobacco Control / El Marketing Social como Estrategia para el Control del Tabaco

Introdução: O marketing social é reconhecidamente uma ferramenta utilizada pela gestão de saúde coletiva no Brasil. Em se tratando especificamente da promoção da prevenção e controle do tabagismo, é importante analisar como se dá o seu uso por meio do principal órgão governamental nacional que detém essa atribuição. Objetivo: Analisar, a partir do uso do marketing social, em que nível de complexidade estão sendo propostas mudanças na sociedade em relação ao tabagismo. Método: Por meio da análise das campanhas publicitárias produzidas pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA) e utilizando a abordagem da análise do discurso publicitário, foi possível direcionar a investigação e compreender o processo de construção das peças publicitárias. Resultados:Após a categorização dos discursos, conforme a predominância de suas funções, foi viável relacioná-los aos níveis de mudança social pretendidos em cada peça publicitária e, com isso, compreender como o marketing social pode ser uma importante estratégia de promoção à adoção de medidas capazes de prevenir de doenças, como é o caso do câncer. Conclusão: Identificou-se a utilização do marketing social como ferramenta direcionada ao controle do tabagismo e relacionada ao nível mais complexo e avançado de mudança social e, portanto, com caráter de maior dificuldade de implementação.

Introduction: Social marketing is acknowledgedly a tool public health management uses in Brazil. In the specific case of the promotion of tobacco control and prevention, it is important to analyze how its use occurs through the main national government agency that oversees this assignment. Objective: To analyze, based in the use of social marketing, to what level of complexity changes are being proposed to the society in relation to smoking. Method: By analyzing advertising campaigns the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA) produces and utilizing the advertising discourse analysis approach, it was possible to direct the investigation and understand the process of building advertising pieces. Results: After the categorization of speeches, according to the predominance of their functions, it was possible to relate them to the levels of social change intended in each advertising piece and thereby understand how social marketing can be an important strategy to promote measures capable of preventing diseases, as is the case of cancer. Conclusion: The use of social marketing was identified as a tool aimed for tobacco control and related to the most complex and advanced level of social change and therefore, difficult to execute.

Introducción: El marketing social es reconocido como una herramienta utilizada por la gestión de salud pública en Brasil. En el caso de una promoción específica de la promoción y el control del tabaco, es importante analizar cómo proporciona uso a través de la principal agencia del gobierno nacional que detecta ese uso. Objetivo: Analizar, desde el uso del marketing social, en qué nivel de complejidad se están aplicando cambios en la sociedad en relación con el tabaquismo. Método: Al analizar las campañas publicitarias producidas por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA) y utilizando un enfoque de análisis del discurso publicitario, fue posible dirigir una investigación y comprender el proceso de construcción de piezas publicitarias. Resultados: Después de la categorización de los discursos, de acuerdo con el predominio de sus funciones, fue posible relacionar los niveles de cambio social deseados en cada pieza publicitaria y así comprender cómo el marketing social puede ser una estrategia importante para promover medidas capaces de prevenir enfermedades, como es el caso del cáncer. Conclusión: El uso del marketing social se identificó como una herramienta dirigida al control del tabaco y al nivel más complejo y avanzado de cambio social, por lo tanto, con un carácter de mayor dificultad en la ejecución.

Opinião de escolares adolescentes fumantes sobre aconselhamento e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo em serviços de saúde: estudo transversal, Goiás, 2018 / Opinión de escolares adolescentes fumadores sobre el asesoramiento y el tratamiento para dejar de fumar en los servicios de salud: un estudio transversal, Goiás, Brasil, 2018 / Opinion of adolescent school smokers about smoking cessation counseling and treatment in health services: a cross-sectional study, Goiás, Brazil, 2018

Objetivo: conhecer a opinião de escolares adolescentes fumantes sobre aconselhamento e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo, e investigar se uma opinião negativa estava associada à falta de motivação para parar de fumar. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado no estado de Goiás, Brasil, com amostra intencional de escolares adolescentes, em 2018; utilizou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: participaram 130 adolescentes. A maioria manifestou opinião positiva sobre as três intervenções para cessação do tabagismo pesquisadas - aconselhamento médico (76,2%), aconselhamento odontológico (70,0%) e tratamento para cessação (66,2%); Opiniões negativas foram mais frequentes entre jovens desmotivados a abandonar o tabagismo (p<0,05), análises de regressão revelaram a falta de motivação para parar de fumar associada à opinião negativa sobre cada uma das três intervenções. Conclusão: os adolescentes apresentaram opinião positiva sobre oferta de aconselhamento e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo em serviços de saúde; opinião negativa foi associada à falta de motivação para cessar o tabagismo.

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de escolares fumadores adolescentes sobre el asesoramiento y el tratamiento para dejar de fumar en servicios de salud, e investigar si una opinión negativa está asociada a la falta de motivación para parar de fumar. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en Goiás, Brasil, con muestra intencional de escolares adolescentes, en 2018; se utilizó la Regresión de Poisson. Resultados: Participaron 130 adolescentes, la mayoría expresó una opinión positiva sobre las tres intervenciones para cesar el tabaquismo: asesoramiento médico (76,2%) y dental (70,0%), y tratamiento para cesación (66,2%). Las opiniones negativas fueron más frecuentes entre adolescentes sin motivación para parar de fumar (p<0.05). Los análisis de regresión revelaron que la falta de motivación para parar estaba asociada a opinión negativa sobre cada intervención. Conclusión: Los adolescentes tenían una opinión positiva sobre asesoramiento y tratamiento para dejar de fumar en servicios de salud. La opinión negativa se asoció con falta de motivación para dejar el hábito.

Objective: To know the opinion of adolescent school smokers about smoking cessation counseling and treatment, and to investigate whether negative opinion was associated with lack of motivation to stop smoking. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Goiás state, Brazil, with an intentional sample of adolescent students, in 2018. Poisson regression was used. Results: One hundred and thirty adolescents took part. Most of them expressed a positive opinion on the three smoking cessation interventions surveyed: medical counseling (76.2%), dental counseling (70.0%), and smoking cessation treatment (66.2%). Negative opinions were more frequent among adolescents who were not motivated to stop smoking (p<0.05). Regression analyses revealed that lack of motivation to quit smoking was associated with a negative opinion about each intervention. Conclusion: The adolescents had a positive opinion about counseling and treatment for smoking cessation in health services. Negative opinion was associated with lack of motivation to quit smoking.

Relatório sobre o controle do tabagismo nas Américas: qual é a realidade no Brasil? / Report on tobacco control in the Americas: what is the reality in Brazil?

O fumo continua a ser a principal causa de doença e morte evitável no mundo. Estima-se que o custo econômico do tabagismo seja de US$ 1,4 bilhão por ano em todo o mundo, e aproximadamente 40% correspondem a países de baixa e média renda. O relatório sobre o controle do tabagismo na Região das Américas visa fornecer uma visão geral da situação atual das tendências da epidemia do tabagismo e da aplicação das políticas eficazes para combatê-lo. Apresenta dados atualizados e validados sobre prevalência, mortalidade associada ao tabaco e os avanços na aprovação de legislação e políticas relacionadas às seis medidas conhecidas de controle do tabagismo, MPOWER, da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Alerta sobre a importância de que os sistemas de vigilância do tabaco incluam informações sobre os produtos mais consumidos, tipos de tabaco, com ou sem fumo, como também para os novos produtos que a indústria está desenvolvendo, permitindo identificar as mudanças iniciais nos padrões de consumo, e fazer as adaptações necessárias às políticas existentes.

Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the world. The economic burden of smoking is estimated at $1.4 billion per year worldwide, and approximately 40% of this total is spent in low- and middle-income countries. The Report on Tobacco Control in the Americas aims to provide an overview of current trends in the tobacco epidemic and of the effectiveness of policies implemented to combat this problem. It presents updated and validated data on prevalence, tobacco-related mortality, and advances in the passage of legislation and policies related to the 6 proven smoking cessation measures of the World Health Organization (WHO), known as MPOWER measures. It highlights the importance of tobacco surveillance systems including information on the most commonly consumed products, types of tobacco (smoked and not smoked), and new products under development, allowing for the identification of initial changes in consumption patterns and implementation of the necessary adjustments to existing policies.

EAT-Brazil Award for Tobacco Control: a brief description of its first edition

SUMMARY Smoking is a major global risk factor for preventable death and disability. EAT is an acronym for Education Against Tobacco, a multinational network of physicians and medical students that aims to improve tobacco control by means of school-based prevention targeted at adolescents through counseling, use of software and support materials. The first EAT-Brazil Award, launched in March 2018, was a competition designed to encourage the proposal of objective solutions for tobacco control in Brasil, and identify new talents in the area. Brazilian undergraduate students from any field of study could submit a one-page essay on the subject, competing for the amount of R$ 1000.00 (one thousand reais). There were a total of 39 applicants (20 women and 19 men) from 9 Brazilian states and 18 undergraduate programs, with a mean age of 22.5 years (SD = 3.7). Data from an online anonymous questionnaire answered after the submission of their essays revealed that most applicants were students of institutions from in the state of Minas Gerais (n = 26/39; 66.6%), studied medicine (n = 20/39, 51.3%), and had no prior knowledge of the EAT-Brazil Network (n = 27/39, 69.2%). The winner of the award was Lucas Guimarães de Azevedo, a fourth-year medical student at Federal University of Western Bahia. The next editions of the award should focus on increasing the number of applicants and diversifying their geographical distribution.

RESUMO O tabagismo é um dos principais fatores de risco globais para morte e incapacidade evitáveis. EAT é a sigla em inglês para Educação contra o Tabaco (Education Against Tobacco), uma rede mundial formada por médicos e estudantes de medicina cuja missão é atuar no combate ao tabagismo por meio da prevenção da iniciação ao tabagismo em adolescentes escolares mediante aconselhamento, uso de aplicativos móveis e de materiais de apoio. O primeiro Prêmio EAT-Brazil, lançado em março de 2018, foi um concurso destinado a encorajar a proposição de soluções objetivas para o avanço do controle do tabagismo no país e a identificação de novos talentos para a área. Estudantes de graduação brasileiros de qualquer curso submeteram um texto de uma página sobre o tema, concorrendo à quantia de R$ 1.000. Houve um total de 39 trabalhos inscritos (20 por mulheres e 19 por homens) de nove estados brasileiros e 18 cursos de graduação, com idade média de 22,5 anos (DP=3,7). Dados de um questionário anônimo on-line respondido pelos inscritos revelou que a maioria era composta por graduandos de alguma instituição do estado de Minas Gerais (n=26/39; 66,6%), que estudavam medicina (n=20/39; 51,3%) e não tinham conhecimento prévio sobre a Rede EAT-Brazil (n=27/39; 69,2%). O ganhador do prêmio foi Lucas Guimarães de Azevedo, aluno do oitavo período de medicina da Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. As próximas edições do Prêmio devem focar o aumento do número de inscritos e a diversificação de sua distribuição geográfica.

Autopercepción de capacidades de autocuidado en estudiantes universitarios sobre enfermedades crónicas, sexualidad y adicciones / Self-perception of self-care skills in university students concerning chronic diseases, sexuality and addictions

Introducción: en el mundo hay aproximadamente 1800 millones de jóvenes entre los 10 y 24 años de edad, los cuales constituyen 25% del total de la población mundial. Esto genera un potencial de avance económico y social y, en consecuencia, un incremento en la incidencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y adicciones. Objetivo: analizar en estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso el nivel de autopercepción de capacidades de autocuidado (CAc) ante las ECNT, la salud sexual y reproductiva (SSyR) y prevención de adicciones con base en la teoría del déficit de autocuidado. Métodos: estudio analítico correlacional en una muestra por conveniencia de 2342 estudiantes de nuevo ingreso. Se utilizó un instrumento diseñado y validado en el año 2015 para identificar las CAc en ECNT, SSyR, y prevención de adicciones, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.88. Asimismo, se hizo un análisis bivariado, con las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, H de Kruskal-Wallis y ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis. También se empleó la prueba de correlación Rho de Spearman (p < 0.05). Resultados: el nivel de autopercepción de los estudiantes en cuanto a sus CAc fue bueno (61%) ante las ECNT, la SSyR y la prevención de adicciones. Se encontró que el nivel de autopercepción de CAc es diferente entre los estudiantes de las tres divisiones académicas (p = 0.000). Conclusiones: aunque la autopercepción de las CAc en los estudiantes tiene un nivel bueno, es necesario que durante la trayectoria académica se promuevan hábitos de vida saludables.

Introduction: In the world there are approximately 1800 million young people between 10 and 24 years, which constitute 25% of total world population. This creates a potential for economic and social advance and, consequently, an increase in the incidence of chronic non- communicable diseases (CNCDs), sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and addictions. Objective: To analyze the level of self-perception of self-care skills (SCS) in new university students in the presence of CNCDs, sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and addiction prevention. Methods: Correlational analytical study in a convenience sample of 2342 new students. An instrument designed and validated in 2015 was used to identify SCSs in CNCDs, SRH, and addiction prevention, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88. It was performed a bivariate analysis, with non-parametric tests Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. It was used Rho Spearman's correlation test (p < 0.05) as well. Results: The level of self-perception of the students in terms of their SCSs was good (61%) in the face of CNCDs, SRH and addiction prevention. It was found that the level of self-perception of SCSs is different among the students of the three academic divisions (p = 0.000). Conclusions: Although self-perception of SCS in the students is at a good level, it is necessary the promotion of healthy habits of living during the academic career.

Factors Related to Smoking Status Among Young Adults: An Analysis of Younger and Older Young Adults in Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Young adulthood represents a critical developmental period during which the use of tobacco may begin or cease. Furthermore, differences in smoking behaviors between younger (aged 18-24 years) and older (aged 25-34 years) young adults may exist. This study aimed to characterize patterns related to current smoking in younger and older young adults. METHODS: This study used data acquired from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2013 to 2014. A total of 2069 subjects were categorized as younger (712 subjects) and older (1357 subjects) young adults. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between smoking status and socio-demographic, health-related, and smoking-related factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess the factors affecting current smoking in these age groups. RESULTS: The current smoking prevalence was 18.3% among the younger young adults and 26.0% among the older young adults. Sex, education level, occupation, perceived health status, alcohol consumption, and electronic cigarette use were related to current smoking in both age groups. Secondhand smoke exposure at home and stress levels showed significant relationships with smoking in younger and older young adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Strong correlations were found between the observed variables and smoking behaviors among young adults. Determining the factors affecting smoking and designing interventions based on these factors are essential for smoking cessation in young adults.

War against tobacco: Where do we stand?

India has launched war against tobacco epidemic for the past few decades but with partial success; hence, challenges are still there which need to be identified and addressed for winning the battle. Targeted approach directed at motivating smoking cessation of female smokers, frequent changing of pictorial warnings depicting variety of health consequences in cigarette packets and devoid of logos and colors in conjunction with plain packaging, and display of toll-free number for quitting are expected to dissuade tobacco consumers to quit and save themselves from the devastating health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption. Online reporting system for violating legal enforcements can also be implemented easily. Moreover, guidance from success stories of countries/states who have achieved smoke-free status along with concerted efforts such as innovative anti-tobacco campaigns, involvement of religious leaders in anti-tobacco propaganda, strict legislations, and overall strong political commitment would further aid in winning the war.

Factors Affecting Smoking Cessation Success of Heavy Smokers Registered in the Intensive Care Smoking Cessation Camp (Data from the National Tobacco Control Center)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors involved in the success of smoking cessation in heavy smokers enrolled in an intensive care smoking cessation camp program. METHODS: Heavy smokers enrolled in the program were classified into a success (n = 69) or failure (n = 29) group, according to whether they maintained smoking cessation for 6 months after the end of the program. Demographics, smoking behaviors, and smoking cessation-related characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: Statistically significantly more participants in the success group had a spouse (98.6%; p = 0.008) compared with participants in the failure group (82.8%). However, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that having a spouse was not an independent factor in smoking cessation (p = 0.349). A significant difference in the frequency of counseling between the success and failure groups was observed (p = 0.001), with 72.5% of those who received counseling on 3–5 occasions for 6 months after the end of program successfully quit smoking, indicating that those who received more counseling had a higher likelihood of smoking cessation success. This was confirmed as an independent factor by multivariate logistic regression (p < 0.005). Furthermore, a graduate school level of education or higher, indicated a statistically greater success rate compared to those that were less well educated (p = 0.043). This was also observed as a significant independent factor using multivariate logistic regression (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Education level, marital status, and the number of counseling sessions were significant factors contributing to smoking cessation success.

Effects of Smoking Behaviors on Maternal Conditions and Conditions Arising during the Perinatal Period among Women of Reproductive Age

PURPOSE: This study analyzes the effects of smoking behaviors of women of reproductive ages in terms of maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period in Korea. METHODS: We used the National Health Insurance Corporation's medical panel data. Subjects included 382 individuals suffering from maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period from 2013 to 2014. A t-test was used to analyze the individual differences between maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period-A hierarchical regression analysis was performed in two steps to measure the effects of smoking behaviors on diseases. RESULTS: The amount and duration of smoking are significant factors causing maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period. In the regression analysis, the explanatory power of model was significantly increased by adding smoking behavior to the maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period. Smoking behavior during pregnancy displayed a significant influence on diseases. CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that the effects of smoking behavior on maternal conditions and conditions arising during the perinatal period were significant. Therefore it is necessary to develop a smoking cessation education program for pregnant women in Korea.

Peer Smoking and Smoking-related Beliefs Among College Students in Bangladesh / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to examine peer smoking and smoking-related beliefs among college students in Bangladesh. METHODS: College students at two universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2017. RESULTS: First, being a current or former smoker is associated with lower levels of beliefs among respondents that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, and lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke, while current smokers and former smokers have different smoking-related beliefs. Second, having smoker friends is associated with lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke. Third, higher levels of normative beliefs that it is important not to smoke are associated with higher levels of beliefs that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, higher levels of intentions that they would not smoke, and higher levels of avoidance of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking-related beliefs and perceived norms in individuals’ social networks are important components in promoting tobacco cessation in Bangladesh. But it is challenging to prevent or intervene in smoking because of the high rates of smoking in this country and the high prevalence of smokers in individuals’ social networks. Future studies should examine the most effective interventions to combat smoking in high-smoking social networks, such as using mobile apps or social media, and evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.