Mecánica y energética durante la marcha en cinta caminadora en adultos uruguayos saludables: efecto del IMC y la edad / Mechanics and energy during treadmill walking in healthy uruguayan adults: effect of BMI and age / Mecânica e energia durante a caminhada em esteira em adultos uruguaios saudáveis: efeito do IMC e Idade

La evaluación de la marcha en cinta caminadora puede resultar relevante para la toma de decisiones clínicas. No obstante, factores demográficos como la edad y el IMC pueden alterar la interpretación de los resultados. Nuestro objetivo fue obtener variables espacio- temporales, energéticas y costo de transporte durante la velocidad autoseleccionada en cinta caminadora para una muestra representativa de adultos uruguayos (n=28) y evaluar si diferentes rangos de edades e IMC pueden ser factores a tener en cuenta en pruebas clínicas donde se consideren dichas variables. Participaron 17 hombres y 11 mujeres (39,3 ± 14,8 años, 75,9 ± 12,5 kg, 1,74 ± 0,09 m, IMC 25,2 ± 4,06). Se realizó una reconstrucción 3D del movimiento en forma sincronizada con el consumo energético. Se obtuvieron valores de referencia y luego de agrupar los participantes según su IMC y rango de edad se compararon los datos mediante test de t (p≤0.05). Los resultados revelaron discrepancias significativas en las medidas espacio-temporales y energéticas de los adultos uruguayos al caminar en cinta con respecto a la literatura. La marcha difiere entre adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad en su velocidad autoseleccionada (p=0,03), longitud de zancada (p=0,01), trabajo mecánico externo (<0,001) y recuperación de energía mecánica (0,009), destacando la importancia de considerar la edad en evaluaciones clínicas. El IMC no influyó significativamente en estas variables. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de ajustar las interpretaciones de las pruebas clínicas de la marcha sobre cinta caminadora en adultos uruguayos de mediana edad (45 a 65 años).

Treadmill gait assessment can be relevant for clinical decision-making. However, demographic factors such as age and BMI may alter result interpretation. Our aim was to obtain spatiotemporal, energetic, and cost of transport variables during self-selected treadmill walking speed for a representative sample of Uruguayan adults (n=28) and to assess if different age ranges and BMI could be factors to consider in clinical tests involving these variables. Seventeen men and eleven women participated (39.3 ± 14.8 years, 75.9 ± 12.5 kg, 1.74 ± 0.09 m, BMI 25.2 ± 4.06). A synchronized 3D motion reconstruction was performed with energy consumption. Reference values were obtained and data were compared using t-tests (p≤0.05), after grouping participants by BMI and age range. Results revealed significant discrepancies in spatiotemporal and energetic measures of Uruguayan adults walking on the treadmill, compared to the literature. Gait differed between young and middle-aged adults in their self-selected speed (p=0.03), stride length (p=0.01), external mechanical work (p<0.001), and mechanical energy recovery (0.009), emphasizing the importance of considering age in clinical evaluations. BMI did not significantly influence these variables. These findings underscore the need to adjust interpretations of treadmill gait clinical tests in middle-aged Uruguayan adults (45 to 65 years).

A avaliação da marcha na esteira pode ser relevante para a tomada de decisões clínicas. No entanto, fatores demográficos como idade e IMC podem alterar a interpretação dos resultados. Nosso objetivo foi obter variáveis espaço-temporais, energéticas e custo de transporte durante a velocidade de caminhada autoselecionada na esteira para uma amostra representativa de adultos uruguaios (n = 28) e avaliar se diferentes faixas etárias e IMC podem ser fatores a serem considerados em testes clínicos que envolvam essas variáveis. Dezessete homens e onze mulheres participaram (39,3 ± 14,8 anos, 75,9 ± 12,5 kg, 1,74 ± 0,09 m, IMC 25,2 ± 4,06). Foi realizada uma reconstrução tridimensional do movimento sincronizada com o consumo de energia. Foram obtidos valores de referência e os dados foram comparados usando testes t (p≤0,05), após agrupar os participantes por IMC e faixa etária. Os resultados revelaram discrepâncias significativas nas medidas espaço-temporais e energéticas dos adultos uruguaios ao caminhar na esteira, em comparação com a literatura. A marcha diferiu entre adultos jovens e de meia-idade em sua velocidade autoselecionada (p=0,03), comprimento da passada (p=0,01), trabalho mecânico externo (<0,001) e recuperação de energia mecânica (0,009), destacando a importância de considerar a idade em avaliações clínicas. O IMC não influenciou significativamente essas variáveis. Esses achados destacam a necessidade de ajustar as interpretações dos testes clínicos de marcha na esteira em adultos uruguaios de meia- idade (45 a 65 anos).

Injusticia ambiental en la calidad del aire para repartidores de plataformas digitales de Bogotá, Colombia, 2021 / Environmental injustice in the air quality for digital platform delivery workers in Bogotá, Colombia, 2021

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del aire es un asunto de interés para la salud pública por su rápido deterioro en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y los efectos del aire contaminado en la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Explorar las condiciones de la calidad del aire en las que los repartidores de plataformas digitales desarrollaron su trabajo en las localidades de Kennedy y Usaquén de Bogotá durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto, paralelo y convergente, basado en cuatro fuentes de información: 1) observación etnográfica en cinco ubicaciones comerciales de las dos localidades; 2) monitoreo de PM10 y PM2.5 en 56 rutas de reparto, empleando un equipo de bajo costo; 3) bitácoras diarias de los recorridos que apoyaron la interpretación de los datos del equipo, y 4) entrevista semiestructurada con el rutero para explorar sus percepciones frente a los peligros durante los recorridos. Resultados. Se identificaron diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo, las percepciones y las exposiciones a material particulado de los repartidores entre las dos localidades de estudio que constituyeron fuentes de injusticia ambiental. Los recorridos que realizaron los repartidores en la localidad de Kennedy registraron mayores concentraciones de PM10 y PM2.5. Las fuentes de contaminación atmosférica identificadas por los repartidores mostraron los peores parámetros en Kennedy. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la calidad del aire, el equipamiento urbano, la infraestructura vial, las fuentes móviles y la ubicación geoespacial son elementos que marcan la presencia de injusticia ambiental para los repartidores. Para disminuir esta inequidad, es necesario que las plataformas de reparto digital y el gobierno distrital implementen estrategias que reduzcan la exposición y la emisión de contaminantes del aire con el fin de proteger la salud de los repartidores de plataformas.

Abstract Introduction. Air quality is a matter of interest for public health due to its rapid deterioration in low- and middle-income countries and the effects of polluted air on the health of populations. Objective. To explore the air quality conditions in which digital platform delivery workers carry out their work, evaluating the localities of Kennedy and Usaquén in Bogotá, 2021. Materials and methods. We developed a mixed parallel convergent study based on four sources of information: 1) Ethnographic observation in five commercial locations of the two localities; 2) Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 in 56 delivery routes using a low-cost sensor; 3) Daily logs of the routes to support the device data interpretation, and 4) A semi-structured interview applied to the drivers to explore their danger perception during the routes. Results. We identified elements causing environmental injustice among digital platform delivery workers between the two study locations. The routes made by the delivery drivers in the locality of Kennedy registered higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, compared to the values observed in Usaquén. The sources of air pollution identified by the delivery drivers through ethnographic observation and the router logbook showed the worst parameters in Kennedy. Conclusions. We evidenced that air quality, urban equipment, road infrastructure, mobile sources, and geospatial location are elements that mark the presence of environmental injustice for the digital platform delivery drivers in the studied localities. To reduce this inequity, it is necessary for digital delivery platforms and the district government to implement strategies that reduce the exposure and emission of air pollutants to protect the health of digital platform delivery workers.

Cost analysis study of price variation among the various brands of proton pump inhibitors available in Benghazi-Libya

Background: A large proportion of patients in developing countries have to pay out of pocket for their medications. The prices of different brands of the same medications vary considerably and may vary from one community pharmacy to another. This study was undertaken to evaluate the variation in costs of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists available in Libya. Methods: Prices of various brands of PPI and various formulations were collected from four community pharmacies in the city of Benghazi. Both cost ratio and percentage variation were calculated and compared for various brands of the same strength and number of tablets, capsules, injections, or syrups. Results: The highest cost ratio and percentage price variation were found with omeprazole 20 mg, followed by omeprazole 40 mg. Other significant cost variations (>100%) were seen with pantoprazole 40 mg, Downoprazol (omeprazole + sodium bicarbonate) 40 mg, and esomeprazole 40 mg. Ampoules of omeprazole, cimetidine, and ranitidine had cost ratios of 1:1.7, 1:1.7, and 1:1.8, and cost variation ratios of 71.4, 66.7, and 75, respectively. Variations in prices of PPI and histamine H2 antagonists from the same manufacturer between different community pharmacies were common. The highest percentage cost variation (100) was seen with omeprazole 20 mg. Conclusions: Due to political instability, the prices of all drugs are controlled by importing private companies and the owners of community pharmacies instead of governmental authorities, that leads to cost variations. Therefore, the health authorities exert strict control on pricing of medications.

Custo-Efetividade da Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea Venoarterial no Choque Cardiogênico Refratário: Um Estudo na Perspectiva Brasileira / Cost-Utility of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock: A Brazilian Perspective Study

Resumo Fundamento O choque cardiogênico (CC) refratário está associado com altas taxas de mortalidade, e o uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venoarterial (VA-ECMO, do inglês venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) como uma opção terapêutica tem gerado discussões. Nesse sentido, sua custo-efetividade, principalmente em países de baixa e média renda como o Brasil, continua incerto.Objetivos: Conduzir uma análise de custo-efetividade na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para avaliar a custo-efetividade de VA-ECMO combinado com o tratamento padrão em comparação ao tratamento padrão isolado em pacientes adultos com CC refratário. Métodos Acompanhamos uma coorte de pacientes com CC refratário tratados com VA-ECMO em centros de assistência terciária do sul brasileiro. Coletamos dados de desfechos e custos hospitalares. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática para complementar nossos dados e usamos o modelo de Markov para estimar a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) por ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (QALY) e por ano de vida ganho. Resultados Na análise do caso-base, a VA-ECMO gerou uma RCEI de Int$ 37 491 por QALY. Análises de sensibilidade identificaram o custo de internação, o risco relativo de sobrevida, e a sobrevida do grupo submetido à VA-ECMO como principais variáveis influenciando os resultados. A análise de sensibilidade probabilística mostrou um benefício do uso de VA-ECMO, com uma probabilidade de 78% de custo-efetividade no limiar recomendado de disposição a pagar. Conclusões Nosso estudo sugere que, dentro do SUS, VA-ECMO pode ser uma terapia custo-efetiva para o CC refratário. Contudo, a escassez de dados sobre a eficácia e de ensaios clínicos recentes que abordem seus benefícios em subgrupos específicos de pacientes destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas. Ensaios clínicos rigorosos, incluindo perfis diversos de pacientes, são essenciais para confirmar a custo-efetividade com uso de VA-ECMO e assegurar acesso igualitário a intervenções médicas avançadas dentro dos sistemas de saúde, especialmente em países com desigualdades socioeconômicas como o Brasil.

Abstract Background Refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality rates, and the use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a therapeutic option has generated discussions. Therefore, its cost-effectiveness, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Brazil, remains uncertain.Objectives: To conduct a cost-utility analysis from the Brazilian Unified Health System perspective to assess the cost-effectiveness of VA-ECMO combined with standard care compared to standard care alone in adult refractory CS patients. Methods We followed a cohort of refractory CS patients treated with VA-ECMO in tertiary care centers located in Southern Brazilian. We collected data on hospital outcomes and costs. We conducted a systematic review to supplement our data and utilized a Markov model to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and per life-year gained. Results In the base-case analysis, VA-ECMO yielded an ICER of Int$ 37,491 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses identified hospitalization cost, relative risk of survival, and VA-ECMO group survival as key drivers of results. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis favored VA-ECMO, with a 78% probability of cost-effectiveness at the recommended willingness-to-pay threshold. Conclusions Our study suggests that, within the Brazilian Health System framework, VA-ECMO may be a cost-effective therapy for refractory CS. However, limited efficacy data and recent trials questioning its benefit in specific patient subsets highlight the need for further research. Rigorous clinical trials, encompassing diverse patient profiles, are essential to confirm cost-effectiveness and ensure equitable access to advanced medical interventions within healthcare systems, particularly in socio-economically diverse countries like Brazil.

Custo-minimização e gerenciamento de trocas entre produtos de referência e seus biossimilares no sistema privado de saúde no Brasil: o caso da Unimed Maringá / Cost minimization and switching management of reference products and their biosimilars in the Brazilian private health system: the case of Unimed Maringá

Introdução: O uso de medicamentos biológicos tem sido empregado no tratamento de pacientes em várias áreas terapêuticas, incluindo oncologia, reumatologia, endocrinologia e gastroenterolo¬gia, e as terapias imunobiológicas têm contribuído para o aumento dos custos de saúde. Os biossi¬milares são uma estratégia global reconhecida para incentivar a competição no mercado, expandir o acesso dos pacientes aos tratamentos e oferecer eficácia e segurança equivalentes às dos produ¬tos de referência. Material e métodos: A Unimed Maringá adotou um sistema de gerenciamento de trocas entre produtos de referência entre biossimilares baseados em três pilares: estabelecimen¬to de educação continuada para profissionais de saúde sobre biossimilares, uso de protocolos por enfermidade e perfil adequado do paciente para trocas e adoção de princípios gerais de Aquisição de Produtos Biossimilares. Resultados: No centro de infusão da operadora, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2023, havia 547 pacientes em tratamento autoimune: 81,8% utilizavam medicamento de referência, 11,2% estavam usando referência que possui biossimilar e 5,6% já estavam utilizando biossimilares. A redução estimada nos custos de tratamento de 44 pacientes entre 1 de setembro e 31 de dezembro de 2023 foi de 55,9%. A redução de custos total no consumo de medicamentos de 63 pacientes em tratamento autoimune no período compreendido entre setembro e dezembro de 2023 foi de R$ 708.995,78. Conclusões: Os fundamentos adotados pela operadora foram capazes de minimizar os litígios eventuais que ocorrem entre pagadores, pacientes e médicos prescritores durante o processo de trocas. Foi apurada uma redução de custos no total de R$ 708.995,78, no consumo de medicamentos de 63 pacientes em tratamento por doenças autoimunes no período compreendido entre setembro e dezembro de 2023.

Introduction: The use of biological drugs has been employed in the treatment of patients in several therapeutic areas, including oncology, rheumatology, endocrinology, and gastroenterology and Immunobiological therapies has contributed to rising healthcare costs. Adoptance of biosimilars are a global strategy to encourage market competition and expand patient access to treatments at the same time maintaining the efficacy and safety equivalent to reference products. Material and methods: Unimed Maringá has adopted a management system for switching reference products and biosimilars based on three pillars: establishment of continuing education for health professionals on biosimilars, use of protocols by disease and adequate patient profile for exchanges and adoption of general principles for the Acquisition of Biosimilar Products. Results: From January to August 2023, there were 547 patients under autoimmune treatment, of which 81.8% were using reference medication, 11.2% were using reference drugs that had biosimilars, and only 5.6% were already using biosimilars. The estimated reduction in treatment costs for 44 patients between September 1 and December 31, 2023 was 55.9%. The total cost reduction in drug consumption of 63 patients undergoing autoimmune treatment in the period between September and December 2023 was R$ 708,995.78. Conclusions: The adoptance of biosimilars by the payer was able to minimize the eventual litigation that occurs between payers, patients and physicians during the switching process. The total amount of cost reduction in the consumption of medicines by 63 patients being treated for autoimmune diseases in the period between September and December 2023 was R$ 708,995.78.

Cost effective analysis of open and laparoscopic inguinal mesh hernioplasty

Background: Inguinal Hernia mesh repair surgery is one of the most commonly conducted surgical procedures. Between two approaches: open and laparoscopic, which is better for the patient in terms of cost and outcome in terms of quality of life and return to economic activity. To facilitate comparability across studies, cost effectiveness analysis requires measurement of both costs and quality adjusted life years (QALY). Methods: Descriptive, observational study which entails classifying costs, identifying cost centres, tracing all costs related to the elective procedures for inguinal mesh hernioplasty by both open and laparoscopic methods followed by checking the Quality of life pre and post-surgery of these patients through the EQ-5D-3L by telephonic interview. A Cost Effective analysis was conducted by the end of the study. Based on available data, we took 35 cases of laparoscopic procedure and 45 cases of open surgery as a universal sample size. Results: Traditional costing showed a difference of approximately INR 3245.93/- in the 2 procedures with laparoscopic surgery being costlier. Significant improvements were noted in patients post laparoscopic surgeries with less people complaining of post operative pain/discomfort and early resumption of daily activities and mobility within a month after the surgery. ICER is tilted in favour of laparoscopic surgeries by a value of Rs 1,08,197.66 per QALY. Conclusions: The difference in cost is minimal but the difference in the QALY scores and ultimately the ICER determines that laparoscopic surgery has an edge over open surgery in terms of outcome and patient comfort.

Desenredando los nudos en cirugía: creando maestría con un simulador práctico en casa / Untangling the knots in surgery: Creating mastery with a practical at-home simulator

Introducción. Anudar es una de las habilidades quirúrgicas esenciales y de su correcta ejecución dependen procesos de vital importancia. La adquisición de estas competencias requiere trabajo motor, entornos amigables y realistas. Una estrategia para facilitar el aprendizaje de la técnica de anudado es generar instrumentos de simulación accesibles. Métodos. Se presenta un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos, construido con materiales de bajo costo y asequibles para la población en general, con un presupuesto de aproximadamente $5.000 COP (US$ 1,23). Resultados. Se desarrolló un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos que, al fijarse a la extremidad inferior desde una posición sentada, proporciona una superficie estable para llevar a cabo la práctica de anudado de manera efectiva. Conclusión. La cirugía moderna considera la seguridad del paciente como la principal prioridad, por lo que ya no es apropiado adoptar un método de formación de "ver uno, hacer uno, enseñar uno". Es la práctica constante mediante simuladores, el método más adecuado. Este trabajo presenta una alternativa de aprendizaje ininterrumpido de las técnicas quirúrgicas relacionadas con los nudos.

Introduction. Knotting is one of the essential surgical skills and vitally important processes that depends on its correct execution. The acquisition of these skills requires motor work, friendly and realistic environments. A strategy to facilitate learning the knotting technique is to generate accessible simulation instruments. Methods. A surgical knot simulator is presented, built with low-budget materials and affordable for the general population, with a budget of approximately $5,000 COP (US$ 1.23). Results. A surgical knot simulator has been developed in a way that, when attached to the thigh of a lower extremity from a seated position, provides a stable surface to effectively perform knot tying practice. Conclusion. Modern surgery considers patient safety as the top priority, so it is no longer appropriate to adopt a "see one, do one, teach one" training method. Constant practice using simulators is the most appropriate method. This work presents an alternative for uninterrupted learning of surgical techniques related to knots.

Efetividade e custos de modelos de cuidados transitórios em atenção domiciliar: revisão integrativa / Effectiveness and costs of transitional care models in home care: integrative review / Eficacia y costes de los modelos de cuidados transitorios en la atención domiciliaria: revisión integradora

Objetivo: analisar efetividade e custos de modelos de cuidados transitórios em atenção domiciliar de pacientes com condições agudas e crônicas comparados a outras modalidades. Método: revisão integrativa de uma amostra de 18 artigos dentre os 278 pesquisados em sete bases de dados. Resultados: Destacaram-se, em 15 modelos de cuidados transitórios, os de: reabilitação; terapêuticas parenterais; acompanhamento de doenças crônicas; pós-operatórios e internação domiciliar. Foram efetivos para tratar condições agudas ou crônicas agudizadas; simplificar acesso a hospital; prevenir readmissões; reduzir tempo de internação; ampliar adesão em reabilitação ambulatorial, reduzir mortalidade e melhorar estado emocional/sobrecarga do cuidador. O principal componente de custo foi os valores de diárias. Em nove estudos, os modelos significaram quedas no custo geral com internação. Conclusão: Cuidados transitórios em Atenção Domiciliar possibilitam a continuidade do tratamento com efetividade e economia para provedores e sistemas de saúde

Objective: to analyze the effectiveness and costs of transitional care models in home care of patients with acute and chronic conditions compared with other modalities. Method:integrative review of a sample of 18 articles among the 278 searched in seven databases. Results: among 15 transitional care models, the following stood out: rehabilitation; parenteral therapies; chronic disease follow-up; postoperative care; and home hospitalization. They were effective in treating acute or chronic conditions; simplifying access to hospital; preventing readmissions; reducing length of stay; increasing adherence to outpatient rehabilitation, reducing mortality, and improving emotional status/caregiver burden. The main cost component was per diem rates. In nine studies, the models meant decreases in overall hospitalization costs. Conclusion: transitional care in home care enables effective and cost-efficient continuity of care for providers and health systems.

Objetivo: analizar la efectividad y los costes de los modelos de cuidados transitorios en la atención domiciliaria de pacientes con patologías agudas y crónicas en comparación con otras modalidades. Método: revisión integradora en una muestra de 18 artículos, entre 278 encontrados en siete bases de datos. Resultados: Entre los 15 modelos de cuidados transitorios destacaron los siguientes: rehabilitación; terapias parenterales; seguimiento de enfermedades crónicas; cuidados postoperatorios; y hospitalización a domicilio. Los modelos fueron eficaces para tratar enfermedades agudas o crónicas; simplificar el acceso al hospital; prevenir los reingresos; reducir la duración de la estancia; aumentar la adherencia a la rehabilitación ambulatoria; reducir la mortalidad; y mejorar el estado emocional/la carga para los cuidadores. El principal componente de coste fueron las tarifas diarias. En nueve estudios, los modelos resultaron en una disminución de los costes generales de hospitalización. Conclusión: Los cuidados de transición en la atención domiciliaria permiten una continuidad asistencial eficaz y rentable para los proveedores y los sistemas sanitarios

Impact of stoma site marking on healthcare costs in patient care / Impacto da demarcação da estomia de eliminação nos custos assistenciais do cuidado ao paciente / Impacto de la demarcación de laostomía de eliminación en los costos de atención al paciente

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da demarcação da estomia de eliminação nos custos assistenciais do cuidado aos pacientes demarcados e não demarcados e seus desdobramentos. Método: Pesquisa de avaliação econômica em saúde baseada em dados primários retrospectivos. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários de pacientes do Serviço de Atenção à Saúde da Pessoa Ostomizada, em Belo Horizonte (MG), atendidos entre 2015 e 2021. A amostra foi composta de 40 pacientes, sendo 20 demarcado e 20 não demarcado. Foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes e analisado o tamanho do efeito, que foi corrigido com o uso do teste g de Hedge, considerando o risco de baixo poder amostral. Resultados: Identificou-se o custo médio de R$ 5.201.47 para o grupo dos pacientes não demarcados, que foi 23,88% maior que o custo de R$ 3.959,27 para o grupo dos demarcados. A maioria dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 60,7 anos, casados e pardos. O câncer colorretal foi a causa mais comum em estomias, enquanto a dermatite foi a complicação mais frequente. Observou-se que as complicações implicaram o aumento dos custos. Conclusão: A demarcação impacta os custos dos cuidados de saúde das pessoas com estomia de eliminação. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la demarcación de la ostomía de eliminación en los costos asistenciales del cuidado a los pacientes demarcados y no demarcados y sus desdoblamientos. Método: Investigación de evaluación económica en salud basada en datos primarios retrospectivos. Los datos fueron obtenidos de los prontuarios de pacientes del Servicio de Atención a la Salud de Personas Ostomizadas, en Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais ­ MG), Brasil, atendidos entre 2015 y 2021. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 40 pacientes, 20 demarcados y 20 no demarcados. Se realizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes y el análisis del tamaño del efecto corregido se realizó mediante la prueba de Hedge g considerando el riesgo de bajo poder muestral. Resultados: Se identificó un costo promedio de R$ 5.201,47 para el grupo de pacientes no demarcados, que fue un 23,88% superior al costo de R$ 3.959,27 en el grupo de pacientes demarcados. La mayoría de los pacientes eran mujeres, con una edad media de 60,7 años, casadas y de raza mixta. El cáncer colorrectal fue la causa más común de estomías, mientras que la dermatitis fue la complicación más frecuente. Se observó que las complicaciones resultaron en un aumento de los costos. Conclusión: La demarcación tiene un impacto en los costos de atención de la salud de las personas con estomía de eliminación. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the impact of stoma site marking on healthcare costs for patients who underwent marking and those who did not, as well as the subsequent outcomes. Method: We conducted an economic evaluation in healthcare based on retrospective primary data. We obtained the data from the medical records of patients treated at the Health Care Service for Ostomy Patients in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2015 and 2021. The sample consisted of 40 patients, with 20 who underwent stoma site marking and 20 who did not. We applied the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples and analyzed the effect size, which was adjusted using Hedge's g test, considering the risk of low sample power. Results: The study identified an average cost of R$5,201.47 (US$938.19) for the group of patients who did not undergo stoma site marking, which was 23.88% higher than the cost of R$3,959.27 (US$938.19) for the group who did. Most patients were female, with an average age of 60.7 years, married, and of mixed race. Colorectal cancer was the most common cause of stoma creation, while dermatitis was the most frequent complication. We observed that complications led to increased costs. Conclusion: Stoma site marking significantly affects the healthcare costs for individuals with elimination stomas. (AU)

A COST VARIATION COMPARISON AMONG ORAL ANTI-MIGRAINE DRUGS AVAILABLE IN THE INDIAN MARKET

Objective: Our study aimed to evaluate the cost percent variation and cost ratio of different brands of oral anti-migraine drugs available in Indian market.Methods: The cost of various commonly used oral anti-migraine drugs were taken from the latest issue of Current Index of Medical Specialities January 2022, Drug Today January-April 2022 and 1 mg online site. Cost percent variation and Cost ratio were calculated.Results: A total of 7 single anti-migraine drugs and 9 Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) showed a wide range of cost variation. The highest cost percent variation of 433% was seen in Sumatriptan 50 mg with a cost ratio of 5.33, whereas Amitriptyline 10 mg showed the lowest cost percent variation of 47.9% with a cost ratio of 1.47. Among FDCs Naproxen 500 mg+Sumatriptan 85 mg showed the highest cost per cent variation of 400% with a cost ratio of 5.25 and Propranolol 40 mg+Flunarizine 10 mg showed the lowest cost per cent variation of 46.56% with a cost ratio of 1.46.Conclusion: Our study showed a wide variation in the cost of oral anti-migraine drugs available in the Indian market, which provides insight to the healthcare professional and gives Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) authorities to minimize the financial burden and improve patient compliance.

Tratamento hemodinâmico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: fatores / Preditores da elevação do custo hemodynamic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction: predictors of cost increase / Tratamiento hemodinámico em pacientes com infarto agudo de miocardio: predictores de aumento do costos

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores preditores para a elevação do custo direto do tratamento hemodinâmico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com análise documental de 124 prontuários de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos a procedimentos hemodinâmicos subsidiados pelo SUS, no período de 2016 a 2017. Foram consideradas como variáveis as características sociais e clínicas, a completitude do prontuário e o custo do tratamento. Resultados: O custo médio do tratamento hemodinâmico é de R$ 6.141,94 reais; sendo que a maioria dos pacientes teve custo de tratamento entre R$ 3 a 5 mil reais. Evidenciou-se que os fatores preditores para o custo são: nível de escolaridade; tempo de internação; e completitude do prontuário. O tipo de procedimento e o diagnóstico do paciente são condições clínicas que não interferem no custo do tratamento. Conclusão: O financiamento do sistema público de saúde é deficitário, pois corresponde a metade do menor nível de custo de tratamento hemodinâmico evidenciado. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the predictive factors for the increase in the direct cost of hemodynamic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with documental analysis of 124 medical records of patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing hemodynamic procedures subsidized by the SUS, in the period from 2016 to 2017. Social and clinical characteristics, completeness of the medical record and cost were considered as variables of the treatment. Results: The average cost of hemodynamic treatment is R$ 6,141.94 reais; and most patients had a treatment cost between R$ 3 to 5 thousand reais. It was evident that the predictive factors for the cost are: level of education; length of stay; and completeness of the medical record. The type of procedure and the patient's diagnosis are clinical conditions that do not affect the cost of treatment. Conclusion: The financing of the public health system is deficient, as it corresponds to half of the lowest level of hemodynamic treatment cost evidenced. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar los factores predictivos del incremento del coste directo del tratamiento hemodinámico en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con análisis documental de 124 historias clínicas de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sometidos a procedimientos hemodinámicos subvencionados por el SUS, en el período de 2016 a 2017. Se consideraron características sociales y clínicas, integridad de la historia clínica y costo. como variables del tratamiento. Resultados: El costo promedio del tratamiento hemodinámico es de R$ 6.141,94 reales; y la mayoría de los pacientes tuvo un costo de tratamiento entre R$ 3 a 5 mil reales. Se evidenció que los factores predictivos del costo son: nivel de educación; duración de la estancia; e integridad del expediente médico. El tipo de procedimiento y el diagnóstico del paciente son condiciones clínicas que no afectan el costo del tratamiento. Conclusión: El financiamiento del sistema público de salud es deficiente, ya que corresponde a la mitad del nivel más bajo de costo de tratamiento hemodinámico evidenciado. (AU)

La carga económica de la hipertensión arterial en Colombia: un análisis de microcosteo / The economic burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Colombia: a micro-costing analysis

Resumen Introducción: De acuerdo con el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia, la hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es una enfermedad huérfana. Aunque existen estudios de costo de la HAP en Colombia, es necesario hacer una actualización del costo de enfermedad. Materiales y método: Este estudio estimó el costo anual de la HAP en Colombia utilizando metodologías de los manuales de evaluación de tecnologías. Resultados: Según la consulta a expertos clínicos y líderes de opinión, alrededor del 81% de los pacientes se encontraban en estadio moderado de la enfermedad (FC II y III) y la terapia más frecuente es sildenafilo en monoterapia o combinación. El costo de diagnóstico promedio en Colombia fue de COP $2,904,724.51, mientras que el costo anual de tratamiento promedio asciende a COP $71,410,480. En general, los costos y hospitalizaciones son mayores en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Según este estudio, aunque la medicación para el tratamiento de la HAP tiene un alto costo, administrar la terapia adecuada puede mejorar la calidad de vida y reducir la progresión de la enfermedad, las hospitalizaciones y el requerimiento de medicación adicional, lo cual lleva a reducir el costo asociado a la enfermedad. Esto requiere la creación de centros de referencia, y la difusión de información sobre esta patología a los profesionales de la salud.

Abstract Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an orphan disease according to the Colombian Ministry of Health. Although there is evidence of studies assessing the cost of PAH in Colombia, update of the cost of illness estimation is necessary. Method: This study´s objective was to estimate the annual cost of PAH in Colombia using the Colombian´s Health Technology Assessment Agency methodology. Results: Clinical experts and opinion leaders consulted indicated that about 81% of the patients were in a moderate stage of the disease (FC II and III) and that the most frequent therapy is sildenafil in monotherapy or in combination. The average cost of diagnosing the disease in Colombia was US $ $2,088.23(COP $ 2,904,724.51), while the average annual treatment cost amounts to US $51,337.52(COP $71,410,480). Overall, costs and hospital admissions are higher in advanced stages of the disease. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that even though drug therapy in PAH is expensive, administering adequate therapy can lead to an improvement in quality of life, a reduction in disease progression, hospitalizations and need for additional medication; reducing costs associated with the disease. This requires the creation of reference centers, and the dissemination of information about this pathology to health care professionals.

Estimativa de Produtividade Perdida Atribuída a Doenças Cardiovasculares na América do Sul / Estimated Loss of Productivity Attributed to Cardiovascular Diseases in South America

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) têm ônus sanitário e econômico significativos. Na América do Sul (AS), a perda de produtividade relacionada a estas enfermidades ainda não foi bem explorada. Objetivo: Estimar os anos de vida produtiva perdidos (AVPP) e a perda de produtividade relacionados a mortalidade prematura associada as DCV na AS, em 2019. Métodos: Empregou-se dados de mortalidade disponíveis no Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 na estimativa da carga de doença atribuível a DCV. Para os cálculos monetários da perda da produtividade usou-se uma proxy da abordagem de capital humano. Estratificou-se por sexo, nas faixas etárias de trabalho. Resultados: O número total de mortes por DCV na AS no ano de 2019 foi de 754.324 e os AVPP foram 2.040.973. A perda permanente de produtividade total foi de aproximadamente US$ 3,7 bilhões e US$ 7,8 bilhões em paridade do poder de compra, equivalente a 0,11% do produto interno bruto. O custo por morte foi de US$ 22.904, e a razão desse custo por óbito, entre homens e mulheres foi 1,45. A variação dos cenários aponta robustez nas estimativas, mesmo com diferenças importantes entre os países. Conclusões: As DCV impõem um ônus econômico significativo a este bloco de países. A caracterização deste fardo pode amparar os governos na alocação de recursos destinados ao planejamento e execução de políticas e intervenções sanitárias, sejam de promoção, prevenção ou recuperação.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significant health and economic burdens. In South America, the loss of productivity related to these diseases has not yet been well explored. Objective: Estimate the potentially productive years of life lost (PPYLL) and loss of productivity related to premature mortality associated with CVD in South America, in 2019. Methods: Mortality data available from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study were used to estimate the burden of disease attributable to CVD. For monetary calculations of productivity loss, a proxy of the human capital approach was used. Data were stratified by sex, in working age groups. Results: The total number of deaths due to CVD in South America in 2019 was 754,324, and the total number of PPYLL was 2,040,973. The total permanent loss of productivity was approximately US$ 3.7 billion and US$ 7.8 billion in purchasing power parity, equivalent to 0.11% of the gross domestic product. The cost per death was US$ 22,904, and the ratio between men and women for the cost per death was 1.45. The variation in scenarios indicates that the estimates are robust, even with important differences between countries. Conclusions: CVD impose a significant economic burden on countries in South America. The characterization of this burden can support governments in the allocation of resources for the planning and execution of health policies and interventions in promotion, prevention, and recovery.

Costo y porcentaje de gasto en salud por COVID-19 en primer nivel de atención / Cost and percentage of health spending by COVID-19 at the first level of care

Antecedentes. Ante la pandemia de COVID-19 el sistema de salud reasignó recursos económicos para la atención. Objetivo. Determinar el costo de la atención y el porcentaje del gasto en salud por COVID-19 en una unidad de medicina familiar de primer nivel de atención. Metodología. Estudio de costo y porcentaje de gasto en COVID-19 en una unidad de primer nivel de atención. Se identificaron los servicios generales y finales, para construir el costo fijo se utilizó la técnica de tiempos y movimientos, se identificaron el total de partidas presupuestales ejercidas en la unidad médica para cada uno de los servicios, para desagregar el gasto de los servicios generales a los finales se construyeron ponderadores. El costo variable se realizó con la técnica consenso de expertos y microcosteo. El costo promedio se relacionó con la productividad por servicio y con el total de pacientes atendidos por COVID-19, el resultado se relacionó con el presupuesto ejercido de la unidad. Resultados. El costo anual de la atención de COVID-19 en módulo respiratorio fue 158.597,25 dólares americanos, en medicina familiar fue 192.549,36 dólares americanos, el costo total ejercido en el año 2021 para atención de SARS COV 2 en una unidad de primera atención fue 351.146,61 dólares americanos. Esta cantidad representa el 9,6 % del gasto en salud. Conclusión. El costo en atención de COVID-19 y el porcentaje del gasto en salud en primer nivel de atención es elevado (AU)

Background. In the COVID-19 pandemic, the health system reallocated financial resources for care. Objetive. To determine the cost of care and the percentage of health spending due to COVID-19 in a first level care family medicine unit. Metodology. Study of the cost and percentage of spending on COVID-19 in a first-level care unit. The general and final services were identified, to construct the fixed cost, the technique of times and movements was used, the total budget items exercised in the medical unit for each of the services were identified, to disaggregate the expense of general services to the endings were constructed weights. Variable costing was performed using the expert consensus technique and microcosting. The average cost was related to productivity per service and to the total number of patients treated for COVID-19, the result was related to the budget used by the unit. Results. The annual cost of COVID-19 care in the respiratory module was 158.597,25 US dollars, in family medicine it was 192.549,36 US dollars, the total cost incurred in 2021 for SARS COV 2 care in a unit of first attention was 351.146,61 US dollars. This amount represents 9,6% of health spending. Conclusion. The cost of COVID-19 care and the percentage of health spending at the first level of care is high (AU)

Costos médicos directos de los pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en un hospital público de Bogotá, Colombia / Direct medical costs of ischemic stroke in a public hospital in Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi) es la segunda causa de muerte en Colombia. Se estimó que los costos asociados al ACVi podrían alcanzar los COP 5000 millones durante el 2019. Objetivo: Describir los costos médicos directos de los pacientes que sufren de ACVi en una institución en Bogotá durante el 2020. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal que analiza los costos médicos directos de la atención hospitalaria de adultos que sufrieron un ACVi durante el 2020. Se compararon los costos, la estancia y los desenlaces clínicos de pacientes que recibieron trombólisis frente aquellos que no la recibieron. Resultados: Los costos directos relacionados con 132 pacientes con ACVi fueron COP 1.218.970.831 en el año 2020 en nuestra institución. El costo promedio por paciente fue COP 7.845.073. Entre los eventos hospitalarios, las imágenes diagnósticas y otros métodos diagnósticos representaron la mayor proporción de costos (40 %), entre los que se destacó la angiotomografía de cabeza y cuello. La severidad del ACV influyó significativamente en los costos totales (p = 0,018), así como en los costos de los medicamentos (p < 0,001), procedimientos (p < 0,001) y la estancia hospitalaria (p < 0,029). Los pacientes sometidos a trombólisis resultaron 1,33 veces más costosos que aquellos con manejo médico (p < 0,001), sin que ello afectara de manera significativa la duración de la estancia ni la tasa de letalidad. Conclusión: La trombólisis intravenosa en el ACVi implica un aumento significativo en los costos directos, pero reduce la carga de discapacidad en los pacientes tratados. Los costos se incrementan con la severidad del ACVi y la realización de algunos procedimientos adicionales.

Abstract Introduction: Ischemic stroke (IS) is the second leading cause of death in Colombia. The costs associated with IS were estimated to reach COP 5 billion during 2019. Objective: To describe the direct medical costs of patients suffering from IS in an institution in Bogotá during 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional study analyzing the direct medical costs of hospital care for adults who experienced IS during 2020. Costs, length of stay, and clinical outcomes of patients who received thrombolysis were compared to those who did not. Results: Direct costs related to 132 IS patients were COP 1,218,970,831 in 2020 at our institution. The average price per patient was COP 7,845,073. Among hospital events, diagnostic imaging and other diagnostic methods represented the highest proportion of costs (40 %), with head and neck angiography standing out. IS severity significantly influenced total costs (p = 0.018), as well as medication costs (p < 0.001), procedures (p < 0.001), and hospital stay (p < 0.029). Thrombolysis patients were 1.33 times more costly than those with medical management (p < 0.001), without significantly affecting the length of stay or mortality rate. Tracheitis (p < 0.001) and gastrostomy (p = 0.007) were associated complications that increased both costs and hospital stay. Conclusion: Intravenous thrombolysis in IS involves a significant increase in direct costs but reduces the burden of disability in treated patients. Costs increase with the severity of IS and the performance of specific additional procedures.

Drug utilization pattern evaluation and cost variation analysis of anti-fungal agents in tinea infected patients in dermatology department of a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Tinea infections are chronic superficial fungal infections, highly prevalent in tropical countries like India. Therefore, long-term therapy is needed and this can inflict a financial burden on the patients. Aim of the study was to assess drug utilization patterns in patients diagnosed with tinea infection and to evaluate the cost variability of anti-fungal agents. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in patients for 3 months after taking permission from IEC. All adult patients already diagnosed with tinea infection were enrolled. Evaluation of drug utilization pattern was carried out using WHO core drug prescribing indicators and percentage of cost variability was calculated between different brands of anti-fungal agents. Results: A total of 252 patients were enrolled. Tinea corporis and cruris were the most commonly diagnosed tinea infection. Pruritus was the most common presenting symptom. Past history of similar illness was seen in 74 (29.4%) patients mean of 3.83±0.87 drugs were prescribed per patient. Drugs prescribed from NLEM was only 42.1%. Most commonly prescribed drugs were oral itraconazole and topical miconazole. Percentage of cost variability was seen maximum with capsule itraconazole 200 mg (237.5%) by oral route and luliconazole 30 gm (175.6%) by topical route. Conclusions: Prescribing practices of drugs can be improved by promoting generic drug and prescribing drugs from NLEM. Wide range of cost variation can lead to high economic burden in tinea infected patients.

A cost-benefit analysis on nursing care in thoracoscopic sublobectomy without indwelling bladder catheter / 实用医学杂志

Objective To analyze the nursing cost effectiveness of non-indwelling bladder catheter in thora-coscopic sublobectomy,and in order to further determine the feasibility of patients undergoing sublobectomy without indwelling catheter.Methods We prospectively collected the clinical data on a total of 254 patients undergoing thoracoscopic sublobectomy in the department of pulmonary surgery of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from May 2021 to January 2023.The patients were randomly divided into a study group(128 patients without catheter)and a control group(126 patients with catheter).The nursing cost-effectiveness indexes and postoperative comfort scores were compared between the two groups.Results Seven patients in the experimental group and sixteen patients in the control group needed repeated placement of urinary catheter There were no significant differences in the general demographic and clinical data between the two groups(P>0.05).The cost of materials related to urinary catheter,nursing cost,and total cost in the control group were higher than those in the study group.The total nursing time in the control group was longer than that in the study group.The per capita material cost,nursing cost and total cost in the control group were higher than those in the study group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01).The total score of the comfort scale and the physiological and environmental dimension of postoperative comfort were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group,with statistical significances(P<0.05).Conclusions Thoracoscopic sublobectomy without indwelling bladder catheter can lower medical expense,reduce nursing workload,and improve postoperative comfort.