Tratamiento de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca. Consenso interdisciplinario de expertos / Cow's milk allergy treatment. An expert consensus

El tratamiento de la alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca se basa en la eliminación completa de las proteínas de leche de vaca de la dieta del niño y de la madre en los que reciben leche materna. Para lograr la remisión de los síntomas y la tolerancia futura, la exclusión debe ser total. En los niños que reciben fórmula, esta deberá tener hidrolizado extenso de proteínas en las formas leves o moderadas, mientras que aquellas a base de aminoácidos se reservan para los casos más graves. El tiempo de tratamiento, la adquisición de tolerancia y el momento para la prueba de provocación oral van a variar según el cuadro clínico, el mecanismo inmunológico implicado y la edad del paciente. El objetivo de este consenso ha sido reflejar el conocimiento actualizado junto con la experiencia de neonatólogos, pediatras, especialistas en alergia, nutrición y gastroenterología.

The treatment of cow's milk protein allergy is based on the complete elimination of cow's milk protein from the diet. To achieve remission of symptoms and future tolerance, exclusion must be total. In formula fed infants the extensively hydrolysed formula is the most appropriate option in mild or moderate forms, while those based on amino acids are reserved for the most severe cases. The treatment time, the acquisition of tolerance and the moment for the oral provocation test will vary according to the clinical picture, the immunological mechanism involved and the age of the patient. The aim of this consensus has been to reflect the updated knowledge together with the experience of neonatologists, pediatricians, experts in allergy, nutrition and gastroenterology

Alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca: proceso diagnóstico. Consenso interdisciplinario de expertos / Cow's milk allergy: diagnostic process. Expert consensus

Las proteínas de la leche de vaca pueden causar alergia alimentaria. Los distintos mecanismos de acción involucrados y la variabilidad clínica según la etapa de la vida pediátrica en la que se manifieste ocasionan dificultades en su abordaje, con riesgo de sub- o sobrediagnóstico. En este proceso, intervienen profesionales de diversas áreas y es recomendable su interacción. Es por ello que el objetivo de este consenso ha sido reflejar el conocimiento actualizado desde la interdisciplina, generando recomendaciones para su correcto diagnóstico. Hemos trabajado con el método de Delphi para sumarle a la evidencia científica, la experiencia proveniente de neonatólogos, pediatras, especialistas en alergia, nutrición y gastroenterología. Pensamos que este enfoque interdisciplinario de trabajo va a resultar de utilidad práctica y promoverá una atención más integral de estos pacientes.

Cow's milk protein can cause food allergy. The different mechanisms of action involved, the clinical variability depending on the stage of pediatric life in which it manifests, leads to difficulties in its approach, with the risk of under- or over-diagnosis. Professionals from various areas intervene in this process and their interaction is recommended. That is why the objective of this consensus has been to reflect the updated knowledge in an interdisciplinary mode, generating recommendations for its correct diagnosis. We have worked with the Delphi method to add to the scientific evidence, the experience from neonatologists, pediatricians, experts in allergy, nutrition and gastroenterology. We think that this interdisciplinary approach will be of practical use and will promote more comprehensive care for these patients.

Conmemorando los cincuenta años de Leche Purita: importancia de la leche en la erradicación de la desnutrición infantil en Chile

La desnutrición ocurre cuando hay una ingesta o asimilación deficiente de la energía y los nutrientes. Si esta se produce dentro de los primeros años de vida, las consecuencias para la salud son devastadoras. El tratamiento temprano de la desnutrición es clave para reducir estas consecuencias y en este proceso la leche tiene una participación destacada. La leche es un excelente alimento debido al contenido y calidad de sus macro- y micronutrientes, lo que ha llevado a que la investigación y el uso de la leche en el tratamiento de la desnutrición hayan aumentado sostenidamente desde comienzos del siglo XX. En Chile, la desnutrición infantil fue prácticamente erradicada entre los años 1960 y 1980 debido a la aplicación exitosa de una serie de políticas públicas materno-infantiles, dentro de las cuales la Leche Purita fue fundamental. Sin embargo, la historia de la leche como parte de las políticas nutricionales en Chile comenzó mucho antes. Conmemorando los cincuenta años desde el nacimiento de Leche Purita, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un breve repaso acerca de la importancia histórica de la leche en las políticas nutricionales en Chile, enfatizando la contribución realizada por la Leche Purita a la erradicación de la desnutrición infantil y a la disminución de la anemia en niños.

Undernutrition occurs when there is poor intake or assimilation of energy and nutrients. If undernutrition is established within the first years of life, the health consequences are devastating. Early treatment of undernutrition is critical to reduce these consequences and milk plays an important role in this treatment. Cow's milk is an excellent food due to the content and quality of its macro- and micronutrients. This has led to a steady increase in research and the use of milk in treating undernutrition since the beginning of the 20th century. In Chile, child undernutrition was practically eradicated between the decades of 1960 and 1980 due to the successful application of maternal and child public policies, within which the product Leche Purita was fundamental. However, the history of milk as part of nutritional policies in Chile began much earlier. Commemorating fifty years since the introduction of Leche Purita, we aim to summarize the historical importance of milk in Chile's nutritional policies. We emphasize Leche Purita's role in eradicating child undernutrition and reducing anemia among children.

Association of pregnancy factors with cow's milk protein allergy in infants / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To preliminarily explore the association of pregnancy factors with cow's milk protein allergy in infants.Methods:This study was based on data from a subcohort of a study called ge-netic susceptibility to cow's milk allergy in Chinese children,including infants born in Peking University People's Hospital between March 1,2020,and December 31,2020.The infants were divided into a cow's milk protein allergy(CMPA)group and a control group according to whether they had developed cow's milk protein allergy at the age of 1 year.We retrospectively collected the clinical data of infants and their mothers before and during pregnancy,and analyzed the association of multiple factors during pregnancy with cow's milk protein allergy in infants.Results:A total of 278 infants were enrolled in this study,including 52 infants with CMPA and 226 infants without CMPA.Among them,there were 143 boys and 135 girls.The proportion of male infants in the CMPA group(69.2％)was higher than that in the control group(47.3％),and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.004).There were no significant differences in the distribution of birth weight,gestational age at birth,low-birth-weight in-fants,premature,umbilical cord entangle neck,and neonatal asphyxia between the CMPA group and the control group(P＞0.05).The proportion of mothers complicated with autoimmune diseases,anemia or antibiotics exposure during pregnancy in the CMPA group was higher than that in the control group,and there were statistical differences between the two groups(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the distribution of other pregnancy complications between the two groups(P＞0.05),such as eclamp-sia/preeclampsia,chronic hypertension/gestational hypertension,diabetes/gestational diabetes,thyroid diseases,and so on.There was no significant difference in the overall distribution of some blood routine indexes during pregnancy between the CMPA group and the control group(P＞0.05).Multivariate Lo-gistic regression analysis showed that male infant,mothers complicated with autoimmune diseases or ane-mia,antibiotic exposure during pregnancy were independent risk factors for cow's milk protein allergy.Conclusion:Male infant,mothers complicated with autoimmune diseases or anemia,antibiotic exposure during pregnancy were independent risk factors for cow's milk protein allergy.

Dynamic changes of platelet-related indicators in infants with cow′s milk protein allergy / 中国儿童保健杂志

【Objective】 To dynamically monitor and analyze the changes of platelets and related indicators in infants with cow′s milk protein allergy (CMPA) during clinical treatment, in order to provide clues for further diagnosis and treatment of CMPA. 【Methods】 From August to November in 2022, 59 children aged from 1 month to 3 years old with CMPA in the pediatric outpatient clinic were selected as the CMPA group, and 29 healthy children who took physical examination were selected as the control group. The differences in platelet related indicators from a routine blood test were compared between the two groups, and their diagnostic value for CMPA was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. 【Results】 The mean platelet count (PLT) and plateletcrit (PCT) at baseline in the CMPA group were (374.68±113.21)×109/L and 0.37±0.10, significantly higher than those in control group[(271.07±40.32)×109/L, 0.26±0.05] (t=6.27, 6.43, P<0.001). In the CMPA group, after treatment, the mean PLT level was (316.39±94.68)×109/L, and the mean PCT level was 0.31±0.10, indicating a statistically significant decrease in PLT and PCT levels after treatment compared to baseline (t=4.32,4.75,P<0.05). The diagnostic performance, indicated by the area under the curve (AUC), for PLT and PCT in diagnosing CMPA was 0.811 and 0.823, respectively. The cutoff values for PLT and PCT were determined to be 304.5×109/L and 0.305, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The PLT and PCT levels in children with CMPA are found to be higher than those in healthy controls, suggesting their potential diagnostic value in the diagnosis of CMPA.

Outcomes and factors associated with tolerance in infants with non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy with gastrointestinal manifestations

Abstract Objectives To evaluate outcomes of oral food challenge (OFC) test to assess tolerance in infants with non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) with gastrointestinal manifestations and explore clinical data predictive of these outcomes. Methods Single-center retrospective study including infants (age < 12 months) who were referred for CMA between 2000 and 2018 and underwent OFC on follow-up. A univariate logistic regression test was performed to evaluate variables associated with the outcomes of the follow-up OFC test. Results Eighty-two patients were included, 50% were male. Eighteen patients had a positive OFC test (22%). Most patients had presented with hematochezia (77%). The median age of symptom onset was 30 days. Two-thirds of the patients were on appropriate infant formula (extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula), exclusively or in association with breastfeeding. The median time on an elimination diet before the OFC test was 8 months (Q1 6 - Q3 11 months). All cases with positive follow-up OFC tests (n= 18) had been exposed to cow's milk-based formula before the first clinical manifestation of CMA. Five out of eight cases with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) had positive OFC tests. Exposure to cow's milk-based formula before diagnosis, a history of other food allergies, hematochezia and diarrhea were predictors of a positive OFC test. Conclusions In infants with non-IgE-mediated CMPA with gastrointestinal manifestations, the use of cow's milk-based formula, a history of other food allergies, and hematochezia and diarrhea upon initial presentation were associated factors for the later achievement of tolerance.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de pacientes con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca

La alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca aparece en los primeros meses de vida y es la alergia alimentaria más frecuente en el lactante y el niño pequeño. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a pacientes con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el hospital infantil Hermanos Cordové del municipio Manzanillo en Granma, Cuba. La población estuvo constituida por los 10 infantes egresados de la institución durante el período 2017-2021. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, estadía, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, lactancia, factores de riesgo, evaluación nutricional. Entre los principales resultados se obtuvieron que predominó el sexo femenino y las edades de uno a seis meses (60 %). El 50 % de niños estaban desnutridos. El 70 % de los pacientes presentaron diarreas como principal síntoma, seguido por las lesiones de piel (60 %). Solo el 20 % recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad. El parto por cesárea fue el factor de riesgo más predominante (50 %). Se concluye que el sexo femenino y las edades de uno a seis meses fueron las más sobresalientes. La diarrea y las lesiones de piel fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes de los pacientes con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca. Los lactantes desnutridos, con lactancia artificial y antecedentes de parto por cesárea tienen mayores probabilidades de padecer esta enfermedad.

Allergy to cow's milk proteins, appears in the first months of life and is the most common food allergy in infants and young children. This research aims to characterize clinically and epidemiologically patients with allergy to cow's milk proteins. A longitudinal, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted at the Hermanos Cordové Children's Hospital in the municipality of Manzanillo in Granma, Cuba. The population consisted of the 10 children who graduated from the institution during the period 2017-2021. The following variables were studied: age, sex, length of stay, duration of disease progression, breastfeeding, risk factors, nutritional assessment. Among the main results, it was found that the female sex and the ages of one to six months predominated (60 %). The 50 % of children were malnourished. 70 % of patients had diarrhea as the main symptom, followed by skin lesions (60 %). Only 20 % were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age. Caesarean section was the most prevalent risk factor (50 %). It is concluded that the female sex and the ages of one to six months were the most outstanding. Diarrhea and skin lesions were the most common clinical manifestations in patients with cow's milk protein allergy. Malnourished infants, breastfed infants and a history of cesarean delivery are more likely to have this disease.

A alergia à proteína do leite de vaca aparece nos primeiros meses de vida e é a alergia alimentar mais comum em lactentes e crianças pequenas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar clínica e epidemiologicamente pacientes com alergia à proteína do leite de vaca. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal, descritivo e retrospectivo no Hospital Infantil Hermanos Cordové, no município de Manzanillo, em Granma, Cuba. A população foi composta por 10 crianças que se formaram na instituição no período de 2017 a 2021. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: idade, sexo, tempo de internação, tempo de evolução da doença, aleitamento materno, fatores de risco, avaliação nutricional. Dentre os principais resultados, predominaram o sexo feminino e a faixa etária de um a seis meses (60%). 50% das crianças estavam desnutridas. A diarreia foi o principal sintoma de 70% dos pacientes, seguida pelas lesões cutâneas (60%). Apenas 20% foram amamentados exclusivamente até os 6 meses de idade. O parto cesáreo foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (50%). Conclui-se que o sexo feminino e a idade de um a seis meses foram os que mais se destacaram. Diarreia e lesões cutâneas foram as manifestações clínicas mais frequentes dos pacientes com alergia à proteína do leite de vaca. Lactentes desnutridos, lactentes com alimentação com fórmula e história de parto cesáreo são mais propensos a sofrer dessa doença.

Escenarios lácteos y microbiota intestinal en los primeros 1000 días / Milk scenarios and gut microbiota in the first 1000 days of life

La leche humana es el estándar de oro para la nutrición del bebé y debe iniciarse en la primera hora de vida. La leche de vaca, de otros mamíferos o las bebidas vegetales no se deben ofrecer antes del año de vida. Sin embargo, algunos niños requieren, al menos en parte, de fórmulas infantiles. Aun con las sucesivas mejoras a lo largo de la historia mediante la incorporación de oliogosacáridos, probióticos, prebióticos, sinbióticos y postbióticos, las fórmulas infantiles siguen siendo perfectibles para reducir la brecha de salud entre los bebés amamantados y aquellos alimentados con fórmula. En este sentido, se espera que la complejidad de las fórmulas siga aumentando a medida que se conozca mejor cómo modular el desarrollo de la microbiota intestinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión no sistemática del efecto de los diferentes escenarios lácteos sobre la microbiota intestinal.

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, and breastfeeding should be started within the first hour of life. Cow's milk, other mammalian milk, or plant-based beverages should not be offered before 1 year of age. However, some infants require, at least in part, infant formulas. Even with subsequent enhancements throughout history, with the addition of oligosaccharides, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, infant formulas still have room for improvement in reducing the health gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. In this regard, the complexity of infant formulas is expected to continue to increase as the knowledge of how to modulate the development of the gut microbiota is better understood. The objective of this study was to perform a non-systematic review of the effect of different milk scenarios on the gut microbiota.

Impact of Variety and Variable Rates of Cow Dung on Growth Characters of Groundnut in Abraka, Nigeria

A study was carried out in Teaching and Research Farm of Delta State, Abraka in 2022 and repeated in 2023 farming seasons to assess the impact of variety and variable rates of cow dung on growth characters of groundnut in Abraka, Nigeria. It was a 2 x 5 factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. Seven parameters were investigated to achieve the objectives of the study, including initial soil physico-chemical properties of the experimental site before planting, percentage emergence of the varieties after 10 days of planting based on different rates of cow dung applied, plant height, number of branches per stand, number of leaves per stand, leaf area and chemical properties of the cow dung used for the study. The results of the study showed that Samnut-21 was superior in all the parameters assessed, while manure application rate of 20 tha-1 was outstanding in performance of the growth characters. It was therefore recommended that farmers in the study area adopt Samnut-21 and 20 tha-1 of cow dung for groundnut production in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Effect of Washing and Non-washing of Seeds on Growth of Papaya Seedlings (Carica papaya L.) cv. Pusa Nanha

The present experiment was carried out to investigate the response of washing and non- washing of seeds on growth of papaya seedling at the CRC Farm, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.). The experiment was set up in the Randomized Block Design using 4 media with or without washing of seeds with tap water comprising 12 treatments combinations (viz., controlled (soil + water), vermiwash (50%) + wood dust, vermiwash (50%) + cocopeat, vermiwash (50%) + pond soil, cow-urine (50%) + wood dust, cow-urine (50%) + cocopeat, cow-urine (50%) + pond soil, vermiwash (100%) + wood dust, vermiwash (100%) + cocopeat, vermiwash (100%) + pond soil, cow-urine (100%) + wood dust, cow-urine (100%) + cocopeat, cow-urine (100%) + pond soil which were replicated thrice. For experimental purpose, freshly ripe fruits of papaya were purchased from the papaya-growing farmer of IARI, New Delhi and seeds were sown in the poly bag (4x24 inch sized). The results indicated that the application of application of Vermiwash (100%) + pond soil recorded maximum height of seedling (cm), number of leaves per seedling, stem diameter (cm), leaf area (158.41 cm2), fresh weight of seedling (8.49g), dry weight of seedling (1.17 g), dry weight of shoot (0.334g), dry weight of root (0.779), root/shoot ratio (2.34) as compared to without washing of seeds and other rooting media. Thus, application of Vermiwash (100%) + pond soil was found to the best treatment among all the treatments and it gave the maximum growth attributes which will inturn improve the yield of papaya.

Efficacy of Sesame Oil and mustard Oil Formulations against Red Spider Mite of Tea

Crude formulations of sesame and mustard oil at 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% concentration with or without the addition of cow urine were assessed against red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) in the laboratory. Efficacy tests on oviposition rate, egg hatchability, mortality of nymph and adult mites proved that sesame oil 1%, with or without the addition of cow urine was found to be effective in reducing the rate oviposition and egg hatchability of mites and was at par with the formulation prepared from commercial neem (1 : 1500). Formulations of sesame oil at the rate of 0.75% and 1% with or without cow urine were found to be highly effective for mortality of nymphs and adults of red spider mite respectively which were at par with the formulation prepared from commercial neem.

Caracterización higiénico-sanitaria de la leche bovina del departamento de Nariño

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de la leche bovina de Nariño mediante los recuentos de mesófilos aerobios y de células somáticas y determinar presencia de microorganismos ambientales importantes en salud pública como Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus y Yersinia enterocolítica y evaluar las variaciones de los parámetros de calidad en dos periodos lluviosos diferentes. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron muestras de leche en 180 predios de cuatro subregiones naturales, en épocas de diferente precipitación. A cada muestra se le realizó recuento de aerobios mesófilos, y el recuento de células somáticas por citometría de flujo, y el de Coliformes totales mediante lectura en placa. La detección de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 y Listeria monocytogenes por el sistema de detección molecular MDS 3M, Staphylococcus aureus y Yersinia enterocolitica por microbiología convencional. Resultados. Los recuentos de células somáticas fueron superiores en la época de altas precipitaciones. La mediana de los recuentos de mesófilos y coliformes totales fue de 20.085 UFC/ml, 265 UFC/ml respectivamente sin diferencias significativas en los dos periodos. No se detectó Salmonella spp. ni E. coli O157/H7. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de presentación de Listeria sp., L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolítica, Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa entre los dos periodos de lluvia evaluados". Conclusiones. Se observó que el 80% de las muestras de leche analizadas en este estudio cumplen con los estándares de calidad higiénico-sanitaria y no se observó influencia de la época de muestreo sobre la calidad higiénica de la leche.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary quality of bovine milk from dairy farms of Nariño, Colombia by determining the presence of environmental microorganisms of public health importance such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica and to evaluate the impact that the rainy seasons have on milk quality Materials and methods. Milk samples were taken in 180 farms located in four natural subregions, both in the high rainfall season and in the low rainfall season. Mesophilic aerobic count, a somatic cell count by automated methods, and a total coliform count in 3M Petrifilm® plates were done to each milk sample. Detection of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes was done by the 3M MDS system, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated by conventional microbiology techniques. Results. The highest somatic cell counts were found during the high rain season. The median of the mesophilic, total coliform and somatic cell counts were 20,085 CFU/ml, 265 CFU/ml and 219,170 cells/ml, respectively, with no significant differences in the two rainy periods. Neither Salmonella spp. nor E. coli O157/H7 were detected. There was no significant difference among the presence of Listeria sp., L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus between the two rainy seasons. Conclusions. 80% of the milk samples met the hygienic and sanitary quality standards and no influence of the sampling period on the hygienic quality of the milk was observed.

Optimizing Cow Urine Application Rate at Varying Fertility and Zinc Levels on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Productivity under Dairy Based Farming System in Varanasi Tract

This field investigation was carried out in two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) to assess the effect of cow urine application at varying fertility and zinc levels on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated condition of Varanasi. Results showed that application of the fertilizer at 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tiller m-1 row length; yield attributes viz. number of effective tiller m-2, spike length, grains spike-1 and test weight as well as grain and straw yield than 75% RDF during both the years. Among the zinc levels, zinc applied at 10 kg ha-1 though remained comparable to 5 kg Zn ha-1, recorded significantly higher values of these parameters over control. Cow urine at the rate of 12000 l ha-1 applied equally at sowing, CRI (Crown Root Initiation) and spike emergence (SE) stages gave higher values of plant height, number of tiller m-1 row length, spike length and number of grain spike-1 which being at par with 4000 l ha-1 cow urine each at sowing and CRI, both recorded significantly higher values than control. However, with respect to effective tillers m-2, grain and straw yield, significant increase was noticed with each increment of cow urine, recording maximum at 12000 l ha-1 during both the years.

Cow Urine Extract of Nicotiana tabacum Leaf Portends Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Aims: The toxicological effects of single and repeated doses of aqueous extract (AE) and cow urine extract (CUE) of Nicotiana tabacum leaf on the liver and kidney function indices of male Wistar rats were investigated. Study Design: Thirty-five male rats were randomized into seven groups (n=5). The control group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, groups A and B received 8 mg/kg body weight (BW) of CUE and AE respectively, once daily; groups C and D received 16 mg/kg BW of CUE and AE respectively, thrice a day (TD); groups E and F received 32 mg/kg BW of CUE and AE respectively, TD.The administration was oral and lasted for 28 days. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Summit University, Offa, Nigeria between June 2019 and August 2019. Methodology: Thirty-five male rats were randomized into seven groups (n=5). The control group received 0.5 mL of distilled water, groups A and B received 8 mg/kg body weight (BW) of CUE and AE respectively, once daily; groups C and D received 16 mg/kg BW of CUE and AE respectively, thrice a day (TD); groups E and F received 32 mg/kg BW of CUE and AE respectively, TD. Results: The result revealed no significant difference in the activities of the ALP, and GGT but a significant increase in the ACP, ALT, and AST activities in both tissues and serum. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in albumin concentration of rats in all the groups except group B when compared with the control rats. Liver and kidney histology revealed minimal lymphocytic infiltration with no sign of medium-term systemic damage. Conclusion: The study suggests no nephrotoxicity of AE and CUE at all doses administered, but probable hepatotoxicity at higher and repeated doses of both extracts except at the single dose of 8 mg/kg BW of AE.

Mucometra due to Follicular Cyst in an Ongole Cow- A Case Report

Background: An eight-year-old Ongole cow was brought to the large Gynaecology ward, Department of VGO, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram with a history of irregular cloudy vaginal discharge. The local veterinarian did not appreciate the growth of the gravid uterine horn during repeated per-rectal examinations in 30-day intervals. Methods: On rectal examination, the right uterine horn was distended with fluid. On real-time ultrasonography, the ovaries were diagnosed with the presence of large anechoic follicles on both left and right ovaries. The cow was diagnosed as mucometra due to follicular cyst and treated with ovsynch plus CIDR protocol using 20礸 of GnRH and cloprostenol sodium of 500 礸 and CIDR device containing progesterone of 1.9 gms. Results: Re-examination after one month revealed the persistence of cysts on both the ovaries and the distended right uterine horn. Conclusion: The treatment was not successful because of the longstanding follicular cysts and thickening, and unresponsiveness of uterine endometrium. The prognosis of the present case was guarded.

Dystocia Due to Secondary Uterine Inertia and its Obstetrical Management- A Case Report

Background: A full-term pregnant Ongole cow was presented to the Large Animal Obstetrical Ward with a history of reduced feed intake, dull and ruptured foetal membranes 24 hours before presentation without progress in parturition. The temperature was within the normal physiological range. Per-vaginal examination revealed second-degree cervical dilation, lack of uterine and abdominal contractions and the vaginal discharges were reddish brown and putrid. Methods: The case was diagnosed as secondary uterine inertia and treated with an intracervical application of misoprostol and intravenous calcium therapy. Results: Three hours after the application of misoprostol and calcium therapy, full dilatation of the cervix was achieved to facilitate the delivery of the dead male emphysematous foetus by traction. Uneventful recovery of the dam was noticed. Conclusion: Usage of misoprostol along with CMC massage and calcium therapy resulted in speedy recovery of dystocia suffering with incomplete cervical dilation.

Research status of Bovis Calculus and relevant Chinese patent medicines based on bibliometric analysis / 中国中药杂志

With scarce resources, natural Bovis Calculus is expensive and hard to meet clinical demand. At the moment, four kinds of Bovis Calculus are available on the market: the natural product, in vitro cultured product, synthesized product, and the product formed in cow after manual intervention. In this study, papers on the four kinds of Bovis Calculus products and relevant Chinese patent medicines were searched from Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). CiteSpace, citexs AI, and CNKI were employed for bibliometric analysis and knowledge map analysis. On this basis, the status, trend, and focuses of research on Bovis Calculus and relevant Chinese patent medicines were summarized. The results suggested overall slow development in the research on Bovis Calculus and relevant Chinese patent medicines with three typical growth stages. It is consistent with the development of Bovis Calculus substitutes and the national policy for the development of traditional Chinese medicine. At the moment, the research on Bovis Calculus and relevant Chinese patent medicines has been on the rise. In recent years, there has been an explosion of research on them, particularly the quality control of Bovis Calculus and the Chinese patent medicines, the pharmacological efficacy of Chinese patent medicines, such as Angong Niuhuang Pills, and the comparison of the quality of various Bovis Calculus products. However, there is a paucity of research on the pharmacological efficacy and the mechanism of Bovis Calculus. This medicinal and the relevant Chinese patent medicines have been studied from diverse perspectives and China becomes outstanding in this research field. However, it is still necessary to reveal the chemical composition, pharmacological efficacy, and mechanism through multi-dimensional deep research.

Advances in butyrates and intestinal immune tolerance in children with cow′s milk protein allergy / 国际儿科学杂志

Cow′s milk protein allergy is common in infants, which is an abnormal immune reaction caused by the imbalance of intestinal immune tolerance system.Butyrates, the fermentation product of intestinal anaerobic bacteria, can be used as a histone deacetylase inhibitors and a ligand of G protein-coupled receptors to regulate intestinal innate immunity and adaptive immune function, thereby inducing intestinal immune tolerance in children with cow′s milk protein allergy, which has potential clinical therapeutic value for cow′s milk protein allergy.However, this theory is still only based on the exploration of mechanisms at the cellular and animal levels and has not been applied in the clinic.This article reviews the intestinal immune mechanism of cow′s milk protein allergy, the anabolism of butyrates and the important role of butyrates in intestinal immune tolerance of cow′s milk protein allergy, aiming to lay a theoretical foundation for further clinical application of butyrate-induced intestinal immune tolerance of cow′s milk protein allergy.

Tipos de leite consumidos durante o primeiro ano de vida e estado nutricional de lactentes do Sul do Brasil / Types of milk consumed during the first year of life and nutritional status of infants in Southern Brazil

Resumo Introdução A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda o aleitamento materno exclusivo até o 6º mês de vida da criança e a sua manutenção com alimentação complementar até pelo menos os 2 anos de idade. Apesar da sua importância, a ingestão de substitutos do leite materno é altamente prevalente, sendo uma preocupação em saúde pública. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre os tipos de leite ingeridos e o estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida. Método Estudo longitudinal observacional com crianças brasileiras pertencentes a um estudo multicêntrico. Aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade foram investigados os tipos de leite consumidos por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e foi realizada antropometria. As associações brutas e ajustadas foram avaliadas por intermédio de regressão linear. Resultados Das 2.965 duplas de mães-bebês rastreadas, 362 atenderam aos critérios e aceitaram participar do estudo (50% meninos). Aos 12 meses de idade, os maiores escores-z de peso para idade e de peso para comprimento foram observados nos meninos que consumiam apenas fórmula ou apenas leite de vaca. Os maiores escores-z de comprimento para idade foram encontrados entre as meninas que ingeriam apenas fórmula ou apenas leite de vaca aos 9 e 12 meses. Ambos foram comparados àqueles que ingeriam apenas leite materno nas mesmas idades. Conclusão Os tipos de leite consumidos associaram-se ao estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida, sendo observadas diferenças entre os sexos. Os maiores índices antropométricos nas crianças que não recebiam leite materno chamam a atenção para a persistência futura desses desvios, em direção ao excesso de peso.

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to the 6th month of life of the child and its maintenance with complementary feeding until at least 2 years of age. Despite its importance, the intake of breast milk substitutes is highly prevalent and a public health concern. Objective To evaluate the association between the types of milk ingested and nutritional status in the first year of life. Method Observational longitudinal study with Brazilian children from a multicentric study. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, the types of milk consumed were investigated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and anthropometric measurements were performed. Crude and adjusted associations were assessed by linear regression. Results Of the 2,965 pairs of mothers-babies screened, 362 met the criteria and accepted to participate in the study (50% of boys). At 12 months of age, higher weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores were observed in boys who consumed only formula or only cow's milk, compared to boys who consumed only breast milk. Higher length-for-age z-scores were found among girls who consumed only formula or only cow's milk at 9 and 12 months, compared to girls who consumed only breast milk at the same ages. Conclusion The types of milk consumed were associated with nutritional status during the first year of life, with differences between boys and girls. The higher anthropometric indexes in children who did not receive breastmilk call our attention to the persistence of such deviations toward excessive weight status in the future.

The impact of cow dung augmentation on soil restoration and bio-accumulation of metals (Lead and Cadmium) in Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata) / O impacto do aumento de esterco de vaca na restauração do solo e bioacumulação de metais (chumbo e cádmio) em Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata)

To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T¹ of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.

Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis e nível de metais pesados de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.