Funcionamiento ejecutivo y metacognición en la alta capacidad intelectual / Executive functioning and metacognition in high intel lectual capacity

Resumen Introducción : Las funciones ejecutivas y la meta cognición se integran para la gestión de recursos inte lectuales, en estrecha relación con la inteligencia, su funcionamiento y resultados, especialmente interesan te para comprender la expresión y desarrollo, más o menos óptimos, de la alta capacidad intelectual (ACI). El Objetivo del trabajo es conocer la relación entre las funciones ejecutivas (y componentes) y la metacognición (y componentes) en escolares con ACI. Materiales y Métodos : Las medidas de funcionamien to y ejecutivo, metacognitivo y de perfeccionismo ex traídas en una muestra de n= 147 escolares con ACI son analizadas estadísticamente mediante el Path análisis. Resultados : Se obtiene un modelo ajustado en el que se relacionan los distintos componentes ejecutivos con los metacognitivos. Discusión : Se concluye y discute el modelo integrador entre función ejecutiva y metacognición y su papel me diador, como endofenotipo entre la dotación genética y la expresión de rendimiento de los recursos, sugiriendo la transferencia de resultados a la educación de la alta capacidad intelectual para la óptima y ética expresión del alto potencial.

Abstract Introduction : Executive functions and Metacogni tion are integrated for the management of intellectual resources in close relation to intelligence its function ing and results; they are specially interesting for un derstanding the expression and development of high intellectual abilility (HIA). The aim of the study is to find out the relationship between executive functions (and components) and metacognition (and components) in schoolchildren with HIA. Materials and Method : Measures of executive and metacognitive functioning and perfectionism were ex tracted from a sample of n= 147 schoolchildren with HIA. Results : statistical analyses using Path analysis, of fered an adjusted model in which the different ex ecutive components are related to the metacognitive components. Discussion : We conclude and discuss the integrative model between executive function and metacognition and its mediating role as an endophenotype between genetic endowment and the expression of resource performance, suggesting the transfer of results to the education of high intellectual ability for the optimal and ethical expression of high potential.

Funções neuropsicológicas de meninas privadas de liberdade em unidade socioeducativa / Neuropsychological functions of girls deprived of liberty in socio-educational unit / Funciones neuropsicológicos de niñas privadas de libertad en unidad socioeducativa

OBJETIVO: A avaliação neuropsicológica tem alta relevância na adolescência e em situação de conflito com a lei, com privação de liberdade em instituições socioeducativas, pode auxiliar, compondo abordagens psicossociais que identifiquem as funções neuropsicológicas, situando-as a partir da historicidade do indivíduo. Deste modo, para compreender esse problema, foi objetivo desse estudo avaliar e descrever as funções neuropsicológicas de adolescentes meninas privadas de liberdade em instituição socioeducativa. MÉTODOS: As participantes foram 19 meninas avaliadas com os instrumentos: Barratt Scale, Inventário de Expressão de Raiva, teste Wisconsin de classificação de cartas, protocolo neuropsicológico, questionário para uso de drogas e Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. RESULTADOS: O uso de drogas na vida ocorreu em 80,0% dos casos. Verificaram-se altos escores de impulsividade total (M=75,8, DP=5,4), traço de raiva (M=24,5, DP=7,3) e respostas perseverativas (M =38,5, DP =19,9). Em conjunto com PCL-R total (M=17,5, DP=3,6) e com QI total (M=79,1, DP=16,2), esses níveis auxiliaram na caracterização das funções de autocontrole. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados foram interpretados como indicativos de baixo funcionamento executivo, altos níveis de raiva, de impulsividade, de uso de drogas e de traços de psicopatia. Foram relatadas adversidades durante a infância, o que pode ter contribuído para um desempenho prejudicado nas funções cognitivas e emocionais dessas meninas.

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological assessment is highly relevant in adolescence and in situations of conflict with the law, with deprivation of liberty in socio-educational institutions, it can help, composing psychosocial approaches that identify neuropsychological functions, situating them based on the individual's historicity. Therefore, to understand this problem, the objective of this study was to evaluate and describe the neuropsychological functions of adolescent girls deprived of liberty in a socio-educational institution. METHODS: The participants were 19 girls evaluated with the following instruments: Barratt Scale, Anger Expression Inventory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Neuropsychological protocol, drug use questionnaire and Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. RESULTS: Lifetime drug use occurred in 80.0% of cases. There were high scores for total impulsivity (M=75.8, SD=5,4), trait anger (M=24.5, SD=7.3) and perseverative responses (M=38.5, SD=19.9). Together with total PCL-R (M=17.5, SD=3.6) and total IQ (M=79.1, SD=16), these levels helped to characterize self-control functions. CONCLUSIONS: The data were interpreted as indicating low executive functioning, high levels of anger, impulsivity, drug use and psychopathic traits. Adversities were reported during childhood, which may have contributed to impaired performance in the cognitive and emotional functions of these girls.

OBJETIVO: La evaluación neuropsicológica es de gran relevancia en la adolescencia y en las situaciones de conflicto con la ley, con privación de libertad en instituciones socioeducativas, puede ayudar, componiendo enfoques psicosociales que identifiquen funciones neuropsicológicas, las situando en función de la historicidad del individuo. Por tanto, para comprender esta problemática, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y describir las funciones neuropsicológicas de niñas adolescentes privadas de libertad en una institución socioeducativa. MÉTODOS: Las participantes fueron 19 niñas evaluadas con los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Barratt, Inventario de Expresión de Ira, Test de clasificación de cartas de Wisconsin, protocolo neuropsicológico, cuestionario de consumo de drogas y Lista de Verificación de Psicopatía de Hare Revisada. RESULTADOS: El consumo de drogas durante la vida ocurrió en el 80,0% de los casos. Hubo puntuaciones altas en impulsividad total (M = 75,8, DE = 5,4), rasgo de ira (M = 24,5, DE = 7,3) y respuestas perseverativas (M = 38,5, DE = 19,9). Junto con el PCL-R total (M=17,5, DE=3,6) y el CI total (M=79,1, DE=16,2), estos niveles ayudaron a caracterizar las funciones de autocontrol. CONCLUSIONES: Se interpretó que los datos indicaban un bajo funcionamiento ejecutivo, altos niveles de ira, impulsividad, consumo de drogas y rasgos psicopáticos. Se informaron adversidades durante la infancia, que pueden haber contribuido al deterioro del desempeño en las funciones cognitivas y emocionales de estas niñas.

Effects of high-intensity interval training with different intervention durations on cognitive function in older adults:a Meta-analysis / 中国组织工程研究

OBJECTIVE:With the increasing aging population,the decline of cognitive ability in older adults has received widespread attention.High-intensity interval training(HIIT)has been applied as an emerging exercise intervention to improve cognitive ability in older adults,but its efficacy is still controversial.This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT intervention on cognitive ability in older adults,in order to provide a theoretical basis for its application in improving cognitive ability in older adults. METHODS:Randomized controlled trials regarding the effect of HIIT on cognitive ability in older adults were retrieved from databases including CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science,from the database inception to November 2022.The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized controlled trials was used to evaluate the methodological quality,and RevMan 5.3 software was used for the Meta-analysis of outcome indicators in the included literature. RESULTS:A total of 8 randomized controlled trials,including 4 high-quality and 4 low-quality studies with 369 participants,were included in the Meta-analysis.Meta-analysis showed that(1)compared with moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT),HIIT could effectively improve the maximal oxygen uptake of older adults[weighted mean difference(WMD)=3.78,95%confidence interval(CI):2.79,4.77,P＜0.000 01].Subgroup analysis showed that with long-term intervention(intervention period≥6 weeks),compared with the MICT group,the HIIT group could significantly improve the executive function[standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.36,95%CI:0.20-0.52,P＜0.000 1)and its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=0.35,95%CI:0.17-0.52,P＜0.000 1)of older adults.(2)Compared with the control group,the HIIT group could effectively improve the maximal oxygen uptake of older adults(WMD=6.75,95%CI:4.20-9.29,P＜0.000 01),memory(SMD=0.20,95%CI:0.03-0.37,P=0.02),executive function(SMD=0.87,95%CI:0.52-1.22,P＜0.000 01),and its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=0.89,95%CI:0.46-1.33,P＜0.000 1).Subgroup analysis showed that with long-term intervention(intervention period≥6 weeks),compared with the control group,the HIIT group could effectively improve the executive function(SMD=0.75,95%CI:0.41-1.09,P＜0.000 1),its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=0.50,95%CI:0.19-0.81,P=0.002),and switching ability(SMD=1.65,95%CI:0.86-2.44,P＜0.000 1).(3)With a single intervention,compared with the control group,the HIIT group could effectively improve the executive function(SMD=1.25,95%CI:0.39-2.11,P=0.004)and its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=2.40,95%CI:0.87-3.92,P=0.002). CONCLUSION:HIIT can effectively improve the executive function and its sub-function inhibition ability of older adults,but has no improvement effect on memory ability.At the same time,long-term HIIT intervention is superior to MICT in improving aerobic capacity and executive function of older adults.

Analysis of the characteristics and related factors of executive function in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the characteristics and related factors of adolescent executive function, so as to provide theoretical basis for promoting the development of adolescent executive function.@*Methods@#A total of 5 018 adolescents aged 13-18 from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi and Urumqi were selected by convenient cluster random sampling method from September to December 2022, and their basic information, family status, lifestyle behavior, physical fitness and executive function were investigated by questionnaire survey. Considering the heterogeneity between schools, a multilevel Logistic model was established to analyze the related factors of adolescent executive function.@*Results@#The inhibitory function of high school students was better than that of middle school students (Z=-2.69). In terms of refreshment function, high school students were superior than middle school students (1-back:Z=-11.32; 2-back:Z=-11.36), and male students were superior than female students (2-back:Z=-2.18); in terms of shifting function, high school students were superior than middle school students (Z=-2.63), and boys were superior than girls (Z=-7.10)(P<0.05). The results of multilevel model analysis showed that the executive function of adolescents was clustered at the school level. At the individual level, junior high school refreshment function (1-back:β=56.94; 2-back:β=127.00), and shifting function (β=35.64) were worse than that of high school students; the refreshment function 2-back (β=-21.24) and shifting function (β=-28.42) of male students were better than those of female students; the refreshment function 2-back of nononly child was better than that of only child (β=-19.36); refreshment function of low fitness was worse than that of high fitness (β=37.35); the shifting function of the video screen time not up to standard was better than that of the standard (β=-14.30)(P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The executive function of high school students is better than that of middle school students, the refreshment function and shifting function of boys are better than that of girls. Family environment, lifestyle and physical health are significant factors related to executive function of Chinese adolescents. By raising awareness of the major supporting and impeding factors for executive functioning in adolescents, it can help to develop effective intervention programs for adolescents.

Relationship between executive function and social adjustment in children with developmental dyslexia / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the characteristics of executive function of developmental dyslexic children and the relationship with social adaptability, in order to provide a scientific basis for promoting healthy development of developmental dyslexic children.@*Methods@#From June to September 2023, 85 students in the developmental dyslexia group, 85 students in the biological agematched group and 85 students in the reading levelmatched group were selected from the third to sixth grades of two elementary school in a region of Xinjiang by cluster random sampling method. Their executive function was assessed by the Stroop procedure, the 2-back procedure and the numerical conversion procedure, respectively, and their social adaptive ability was assessed by the Social Adaptation Scale for Children and Adolescents. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences in executive function and social adjustment among the three groups, and Pearsons correlation was used to analyze the relationship between executive function and social adjustment in developmental dyslexic children.@*Results@#Children in the developmental dyslexia group had lower correctness on the Stroop colorword task (0.72±0.21), the 2-back task (0.32±0.13), the digitswitching task (0.54±0.16) and the total score of social adjustment (165.39±31.36) than children in the biological agematched (0.80±0.19,0.38±0.11,0.61±0.15,181.71±31.85) and reading levelmatched group (0.79±0.17,0.35±0.07,0.58±0.15,175.71±27.48) (F=4.54,5.05,4.97,6.31,P<0.01). The inhibition (Stroop colorword task correct rate) and conversion subcomponent (digitswitching task correct rate) of the executive function of children in the developmental dyslexia group were both positively correlated with their social adaptive ability (r=0.34,0.43), and the refreshing subcomponent of the executive function (2-back task correct rate) was negatively correlated with their social adaptive ability (r=-0.27) (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Children with developmental dyslexia have executive function deficits and social maladjustment, and their executive function is related to social adjustment. Measures should be taken to improve the executive function of developmental dyslexic children and to improve their social adaptation.

Effect of long-term physical activity on executive function of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo establish the categories and structure of physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and systematically evaluate the long-term effect of physical activity on the executive function of children with ASD, based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). MethodsA search was conducted in databases such as Wanfang data, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science and ProQuest, to collect literatures about long-term physical activity for executive function of children with ASD published from 2014 to 2023. The literatures were reviewed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, following PRISMA guidelines for systematic review, and the quality of the included literatures were assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. ResultsTotally, ten articles were included, consisting of nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one non-randomized controlled trial, with a total of 351 children diagnosed as ASD, aged three to 18 years, came from Italy, Canada, South Korea, China and the United States, published mainly after 2016. Physical activity primarily included sports activities (such as baseball, basketball, table tennis and equine-assisted activities), skill-based activities (such as cycling, cognitive-motor training and active gaming), physical fitness activities (SPARK), as well as combat-related activities (martial arts and karate); 30 to 70 minutes a time (mainly 45 minutes), one to five times a week (mainly twice a week), for two to 24 weeks (mainly twelve weeks). Long-term physical activities had been found to improve inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in children with ASD, although the effect on working memory was inconsistent. ConclusionLong-term physical activity may positively impact on executive function in children with ASD, especially inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. However, the effect on working memory need more researches.

Characteristics and relationship between the development of gross motor skills and executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the developmental characteristics of gross motor skills and executive functions, and the correlation between them in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MethodsFrom November, 2020 to May, 2021, 90 children with ADHD were recruited from Peking University Sixth Hospital and Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School, and other 90 children with normal development from this primary school were recruited matched their age and gender. Gross motor skills were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development in Children, Third Edition (TGMD-3), and inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed with Stroop Color Words Test (SCWT), Rey-Osterrich Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and Trail Making Test (TMT), respectively. ResultsThe TGMD-3 score was significantly lower in children with ADHD than in normal children (t = -6.275, P < 0.001), while the test results of SCWT, ROCFT and TMT were worse (|t| ≥ 1.986, P ≤ 0.05). The TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was negatively correlated with the word sense reaction time (r = -0.261), the number of word sense errors (r = -0.404) and the number of color errors (r = -0.326) (P < 0.05), positively correlated with the delayed structural memory scores (r = 0.228) (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the TMT-A reaction time (r = -0.255), the number of TMT-A errors (r = -0.329), TMT-B reaction time (r = -0.214) and the number of TMT-B errors (r = -0.474) (P < 0.05). Stratified linear regression analyses showed that the TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was significant only in predicting test results for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (P < 0.05), with explanations of 8.7% and 22.5%, respectively. ConclusionDevelopments of both gross motor skills and executive function delay in children with ADHD, and there is a relation between them, especially the level of gross motor skills relating to the developments of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.

Effect of cognitively engaging physical activity on developing executive function of children and adolescents: a systematic review based on ICF / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo systematically review the intervention effect of cognitively engaging physical activity (CEPA) on executive function of children and adolescents. MethodsLiteratures in Chinese and English were retrieved from databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, EBSCO and CNKI, from the establishment to November 30th, 2023. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literatures that met the requirements were screened, and their quality was evaluated and systematically reviewed. ResultsA total of 15 literatures were included, published between 2014 and 2023, from eight countries, involving 1 806 subjects aged four to 16 years. The average score of PEDro scale was 6.6. The intensity of the CEPA intervention ranged from 64% to 93% HRmax, the duration of a single session ranged from ten to 60 minutes, and the frequency of the intervention was two to five sessions a week, for four to 24 weeks. Specific forms of CEPA included football, basketball and floorball combined with cognitive tasks; running, jumping, squatting, sitting, spinning and balancing combined with cognitive tasks; and exergaming combined with cognitive tasks. Eleven researches showed positive effects of CEPA intervention on at least one component of executive function. However, six of the seven researches involving working memory failed to verify the positive effects. Twelve researches compared the intervention effects of CEPA and rutine exercise or regular physical education classes, and nine researches found that CEPA was more effective on executive function. ConclusionThe CEPA is effective on the executive function of children and adolescents, specifically on cognitive flexibility; it shows inconsistent effects on inhibitory control, and its effect on working memory has not been verified. The intervention types of CEPA are divided into ball games combined with cognitive tasks, basic motor skills training combined with cognitive tasks, and exergaming combined with cognitive tasks.

Physical fitness and characteristics of cognitive function among people aged 55 to 75 years with high and low risk of dementia in communities in Beijing / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors of dementia among healthy elderly individuals in the middle of their lives. MethodsA total of 175 participants aged 55 to 75 from two communities in Beijing were included from July, 2021 to April, 2023. Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) related risk factors and other demographic data were collected. According to the CAIDE assessment, participants with scores ≥ 9 were as high-risk group, and those with scores < 9 were as low-risk group. They were evaluated with Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), two elements 1-back task paradigm and the revised Trail Making Test (TMT); measured the grip strength, 30 s forearm flexion tests and five sit-to-stand tests; the average step speed and step length of a 10-meter walk were recorded. ResultsThe average total score of CAIDE was 9.86 in the high-risk group, and was 4.95 in the low-risk group. There was no difference in age between two groups (P = 0.188). There were differences in the proportion of participants of male, less than seven years' education, systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg, cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/L, body mass index > 30 kg/m2, and lack of physical activity between two groups (χ2 > 3.116, P < 0.05). The grip strength (t = -4.174), walking speed (t = -2.414), SCWT accuracy (Z = -2.684) were all worse in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that walking speed (OR = 25.483), grip strength (OR = 1.133) and SCWT accuracy (OR = 37.430) were independent influencing factors of dementia (P < 0.05). ConclusionWeaker grip strength, slower gait speed and worse inhibitory control might be independent influencing factors of dementia.

Improving cardiorespiratory fitness to promote the development of executive function in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Executive function development is crucial for the overall development of physical and mental health, improvement of mental health literacy, and enhancement of adolescent health and well being in the adolescent population. It is scientific and feasible to promote the development of executive function by improving the cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescents. Therefore, it is important to grasp the "cardiorespiratory fitness improvement" and actively explore ways and methods to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and thus promote the executive function of adolescents, in order to comprehensively strengthen the construction of the adolescent mental health protection mechanism and work system, and to improve the work of students mental health in the new era.

Executive functions of obese adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore of executive function in obese adolescents, so as to provide a reference for executive function enhancement intervention in obese adolescents.@*Methods@#A convenience sample of 1 227 adolescents aged 13-18 years was selected from 2 secondary schools in Taiyuan City during March-April 2023. The Flanker task, N-back task and More odd shifting task was used to compare the different subfunctions of executive function (refreshing function, shifting function, inhibiting function) of 61 obese adolescents and 70 normal weight adolescents. Independent samples t-tests was used for between group comparisons and Cohen s d -tests was used to calculate between group differences in executive function between the two groups of adolescents.@*Results@#Compared with the group of normal weight, time responses of the inhibitory function [(29.73±19.55)ms], the refreshing function [1-back: (1 088.75±275.76)ms, 2-back:( 1 285.44± 355.16)ms] and the shifting function [(380.34±153.18) ms] in the obese group were significantly longer than those in the normal weight group [(14.86±20.27, 888.38±286.57, 1 126.20± 287.43 , 323.12±134.71) ms] ( t =4.26, 4.06, 1.92,2.26, P < 0.05 ); inhibitory function (0.91±0.09) and 1-back (0.73±0.24) were also significantly less correct than in the normal weight group (0.94±0.05, 0.83±0.21) ( t =-2.04, -2.04, P <0.05). Obese adolescents showed moderate adverse effect sizes in the inhibition function ( d =0.746,0.712) and the refresh function 1-back, and smaller adverse effect sizes in the refresh function 2-back and the conversion function( d =0.497,0.398).@*Conclusion@#Obese adolescents have significant executive function deficits, but the degree of adverse varies across sub-functions, with inhibitory function being the core deficit component of executive function in obese adolescents.

Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in Chinese adolescents, so as to provide a reference for promoting the overall development of Chinese adolescents physical and mental health.@*Methods@#From September to December 2022, a total of 5 018 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi, and Urumqi were selected by stratified cluster sampling method to assess cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function. Pearson s correlation and linear hierarchical regression were performed to analyze the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive functions.@*Results@#Among the sample of adolescents, maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) was negatively correlated with the refreshing(1-back, 2-back) and conversion executive function responses ( r=-0.07, -0.12, -0.12, P <0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that VO 2max was negatively correlated with the reaction times of the refreshing(1-back, 2-back) and conversion functions ( B=-2.99, -6.44, -1.69, P <0.01).@*Conclusions@#Higher cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents is associated with better performance in executive function. Teenagers should strengthen high intensity cardiopulmonary endurance exercise to promote the improvement of executive function.

Intervention effects of moderate and high intensities of classroom physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function among junior grade one students in Tibetan / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the intervention effect of different intensity of classroom physical exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function of Tibetan first grade students at high altitude, so as to provide reference for improving the level of cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function of Tibetan adolescents.@*Methods@#From September to December 2020, 184 Tibetan students from five first grade classes in a middle school in Lhasa, Tibet, were randomly assigned into a control group (81 students in two classes) and an intervention group (103 students in three classes). Both groups followed the same teaching programme, but the intervention group received 36 sessions of moderate to high intensity classroom physical activity, one session per day, Monday,Wednesday and Friday, for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function were tested by 20m round trip running and Flanker s experimental paradigm, 2-back s experimental paradigm, and More odd shifting experimental paradigm for inhibitory control, refreshing memory, and switching flexibility, and the results were analysed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare the results of the pre and post intervention periods.@*Results@#The maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) of Tibetan first grade students in the intervention group increased by 2.25 mL/(kg〖WW）〗·〖WW(〗min) compared with the control group after the intervention ( t =-3.89, P <0.01); the response time of the inhibitory function was reduced by 4.40 ms, that of the refreshing function by 196.06 ms, and that of the switching function by 92.72 ms in the intervention group compared with the control group ( t =2.98, 4.82 ,3.21, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The 12 week moderate to high intensity classroom physical activity intervention has different degrees of improvement effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in Tibetan adolescents.

Effects of moderate intensity gymnastics on executive function in children aged 5 to 6 years / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#The study aims to investigate the impact of moderate intensity gymnastics on the development of executive function in children aged 5-6, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for exercise interventions targeting executive function.@*Methods@#A total of 63 preschool children, randomly seleted from 3 senior classes in a private kindergarten in Shangqiu, were randomly allocated to the intervention group ( n =31) and control group ( n =32). Children in the intervention group participated in 60 minute gymnastics at a moderate intensity, three times per week, for a total duration of 12 weeks. Concurrently, myzone technology was utilized to monitor exercise intensity throughout the entire intervention period. Children in the control group maintained their regular activities. Inhibitory control (Flanker task), working memory (Empty house task), and cognitive flexibility (Dots task) were assessed before and after the experiment.@*Results@#There was no statistically significant difference in the performance of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility tasks between the two groups of children before intervention ( P >0.05) .The results of covariance analysis revealed significant differences in reaction time [(782.88±24.29，805.13±23.74；719.90±119.99， 833.55± 177.87；1 042.39±72.75，1 091.29±49.42) ms] and accuracy[(73.86±7.26)%，(67.02±8.22)%;(86.36±7.63)%，( 80.50± 9.39 )%;(76.45±9.48)%，(69.59±7.66)%] across inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility between the intervention group and the control group ( F =6.84, 4.50，4.87, 6.11, 3.74 , 5.06 , P <0.05). The intervention effect exhibited modest effects( d =0.17-0.74).@*Conclusions@#Moderate intensity gymnastics can make modest or moderate effect on improving children s executive function. Brain imaging technology can be incorporated into future research designs to investigate the underlying mechanisms of gymnastics impact on the brain structure and executive function in young children.

Association between sedentary behaviors with cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the relationship between sedentary behavior with cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in adolescents, and to provide some references for sedentary behavior prevention and executive function improvement.@*Methods@#From September to December 2022, a total of 5 018 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years were selected by stratified random sampling method in Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan,Wuyuan, Xingyi, and Urumqi to conduct physical activity survey, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function assessment. Pearson s correlation was used to analyze the relationship between sedentary behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function. The mediation effect model was fitted by the bootstrap mediation procedure in the PROCESS (version 3.3 ) SPSS macro compiled by Haves, and the mediation effect of adolescents cardiorespiratory fitness in the relationship between static behavior and executive function was examined using model 4 in the PROCESS SPSS macro, where Boosrap method was used to compute the mediation effect of adolescents cardiorespiratory fitness. where the Boosrap method was used to calculate confidence intervals for the mediating effects.@*Results@#Adolescents daily sedentary time was positively correlated with both the refreshing function (1-back and 2-back) and the switch function reaction time ( r =0.05, 0.07, 0.05, P <0.01). Adolescent VO 2max was negatively correlated with both the refreshing function (1-back,2-back) and the switching function ( r =-0.09, -0.14 , -0.11, P <0.01). Adolescents daily sedentary time was negatively correlated with VO 2max ( r =-0.04, P <0.01); cardiorespiratory fitness mediated effect values between sedentary behavior and refreshing function (1-back and 2-back) and converted function were 0.20(95% CI =0.06-0.36), 0.43(95% CI =0.14-0.74) and 0.13 (95% CI =0.04-0.22), with mediating effect shares of 6.87%, 8.33% and 8.59%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The duration of sedentary behavior in adolescents is related to executive function performance, and cardiorespiratory fitness may serve as a mediator to mediate the association between sedentary behavior and executive function in adolescents.

Factors influencing the development of executive function in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Executive function is an advanced cognitive process aimed at the flexible coordination, optimization, and control of the cognitive processes of task solving in order to accomplish a specific task, ensuring that the individual produces effective behaviors, including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Given the sensitivities and specificities that characterize an individual s physical and mental development during adolescence, this period is critical for the development of executive function in adolescents. In the paper, the influencing factors of adolescents executive function development are systematically described from three dimensions, namely, biology, environment and lifestyle; by analyzing the mechanisms and differences in the effects of different influencing factors, this editorial provides a scientific basis for adolescents executive function improvement and intervention.

Effect of fear of disease progression on sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus： the pathway of executive function / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases， which imposes a heavy burden on patients' families and the society. Sleep disorders are recognized as risk factors for the development of diabetes， which may affect the onset and development of diabetes through neuro-endocrino-metabolic pathways， so identifying the factors responsible for the sleep quality of diabetic patients is of great importance in improving their sleep quality. ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship among fear of disease progression， executive function and sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus， so as to provide references for improvement of sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MethodsA sample of 197 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to the Endocrinology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Military Medical University from January to May 2023 and met the criteria defined in the Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China （2020 edition） were consecutively selected. All subjects were assessed using Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form （FoP-Q-SF）， Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version （BRIEF-A） and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI）. Then the Process macro for SPSS （Model 4） and Bootstrap technique were applied to examine the mediating effect of executive function on the relationship between fear of disease progression and sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results①75 patients （38.07%） with type 2 diabetes mellitus were found to have sleep problems. ②PSQI score in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was positively correlated with FoP-Q-SF score and BRIEF-A score （r=0.159， 0.287， P<0.01）. ③Executive function mediated the relationship between fear of disease progression and sleep quality， the indirect value was 0.076 （95% CI： 0.022~0.146）， accounting for 39.58% of the total effect. ConclusionSleep disorders are common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus， and executive function may play a medicating role in the relationship between fear of disease progression and sleep quality.

Differential characteristics of motor development levels, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility processing in preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the neural processing differences in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility associated with motor development levels in preschool children, so as to provide a basis for motor learning and cognitive development in preschool children.@*Methods@#From March 20 to 31 in 2023, a total of 84 preschool children aged 4-6 were recruited from two kindergartens in Xi an City. The MOBAK-KG Motor Development Assessment Scale was used to assess the children s motor development levels. The Go/no go task paradigm was employed to test inhibitory control ability, and the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task paradigm was utilized to evaluate cognitive flexibility. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to monitor the preschool children s prefrontal cortex oxygenation dynamics during inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks. Malab software and Homer 2 plugins were used to calculate prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration of preschool children during the tasks.@*Results@#The high motor skills group exhibited significantly higher task accuracy during inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks [0.95(0.92, 0.97),(0.54±0.12)] compared to the low motor skill group[0.93(0.85, 0.97),(0.45±0.13)] ( Z/t =-2.09, 3.14 , P <0.05). During the inhibitory control task, the high motor skill group [0.24(0.10,0.41), 0.34(0.16,0.62), 0.30(0.07, 0.52 ), 0.26(0.09, 0.53), 0.15(0.01, 0.43), 0.34(0.10, 0.67)mol/L] showed significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (L-DLPFC, R-DLPFC), left and right pars triangular Broca s areas ( L- PTBA, R-PTBA), and left and right frontopolar areas (L-FPA, R-FPA) compared to the low motor skill group [0.04( -0.13 , 0.15), 0.00(-0.12, 0.11), -0.01(-0.17, 0.14), 0.04(-0.14, 0.16), -0.01(-0.16, 0.12), -0.03(-0.21, 0.15) mol/L ] ( Z=-4.83, -5.57, -4.77, -4.10, -3.45, -5.74, P ＜0.01). During the cognitive flexibility task, the high motor skill group[0.21(0.03, 0.36), 0.28(0.15, 0.45), 0.15(0.05, 0.30), 0.20(0.05, 0.37), 0.04(-0.17, 0.26), 0.14(-0.08, 0.40) mol/L ] exhibited significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the L-DLPFC, R-DLPFC, L-PTBA, R-PTBA, L- FPA, R-FPA brain regions compared to the low motor skill group [0.02(-0.20, 0.23), 0.02(-0.12, 0.21), 0.00(-0.22, 0.16 ), 0.00(-0.16, 0.15), -0.05(-0.25, 0.06), 0.01(-0.23, 0.20)mol/L] ( Z=-3.63, -4.45, -3.58, -3.75, -2.18, -1.98 , P ＜0.05).@*Conclusions@#The motor development level in preschool children is closely related to inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. It is crucial to emphasize motor learning in early childhood to further promote holistic development of both mind and body.

Effects of group cognitive behavioral therapy on clinical efficacy and executive function in patients with generalized anxiety disorder / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundPrevious studies have found that patients with generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） have impaired performance in executive function， and group cognitive behavioral therapy （CBT） has been shown to be effective in alleviating negative affect in patients with GAD， while its efficacy on executive function remains unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of group CBT on anxiety symptom and executive function in GAD patients， so as to provide references for the rehabilitation program for GAD. MethodsA total of 80 consecutive patients with GAD who were hospitalized in Sleep and Psychosomatic Medical Center of Shiyan Taihe Hospital from March 2021 to August 2022 and met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition （DSM-5） diagnostic criteria for GAD were enrolled， and they were assigned into study group （n=40） and control group （n=40） using random number table methods. All patients were subjected to routine medication treatment and regular health education， based on this， study group received group CBT once a week （6 weeks， 60 to 90 minutes per session）. At the enrollment and after 6 weeks of treatment， patients were assessed using Hamilton Anxiety Scale （HAMA） and Frontal Assessment Battery （FAB）. ResultsANOVA with repeated measures on HAMA score revealed a significant time effect （F=1 870.320， P<0.01）， no significant group effect and no significant time×group interaction effect （F=1.254， 0.293， P>0.05）. Significant time effect， group effect and time×group interaction effect were reported on FAB scores （F=311.190， 4.399， 7.021， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Further analysis indicated that FAB scores of both groups after treatment were higher than those at baseline （t=200.569， 115.401， P<0.01）.And the FAB score of study group was higher than that of control group after treatment （t=-3.211， P<0.01）. ConclusionGroup CBT combined with medication treatment for GAD may alleviate the anxiety symptoms and improve executive function in GAD patients. ［Funded by Shiyan Science and Technology Bureau Pilot Scientific Research Project （number， 21Y21）］

Influence of perceived stress on executive function： the path of self-hate and negative affect in adolescents / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThe development of executive function in adolescents is influenced by many environmental factors. Previous studies have found that perceived stress is closely related to executive function， whereas its role in the mediation of executive function remains poorly studied. ObjectiveTo explore the role of negative affect and self-hate in mediating the relationship between perceived stress and executive function in adolescents， so as to assist the improvement of executive function in adolescents. MethodsQuestionnaires were administered to 7 734 adolescents from five junior and five senior high schools in Rizhao city， Shandong province from 1 to 30 May 2022. Data were collected using a self-made questionnaire， and adolescents were assessed using Perceived Stress Scale （PSS）， Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self Report Version （BRIEF-SR）， Patient Health Questionnaire （PHQ-4） and Self-Hate Scale （SHS）. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between variables. A Bootstrap method was chosen to examine the mediation effect of self-hate and negative affect on the relationship between perceived stress and executive function in adolescents. ResultsA total of 7 012 （90.66%） valid questionnaires were retrieved. BRIEF-SR score was positively correlated with PSS， PHQ-4 and SHS scores （r=0.564， 0.653， 0.597， P<0.01）. PSS score was positively correlated with PHQ-4 and SHS scores （r=0.615， 0.531， P<0.01）. PHQ-4 score was positively correlated with SHS score （r=0.566， P<0.01）. The value of mediation effect of perceived stress on executive function was 0.574 （95% CI： 0.555~0.594）. Self-hate （indirect effect value of 0.160， 95% CI： 0.145~0.175） and negative affect （indirect effect value of 0.143， 95% CI： 0.129~0.158）， separately from each other， mediated the relationship between perceived stress and executive function， and a chained mediation effect of self-hate and negative affect was also documented （indirect effect value of 0.065， 95% CI： 0.058~0.073）， accounting for 27.87%， 24.91% and 11.32% of the total effect， respectively. ConclusionThe perceived stress of adolescents may be a influencing factor of the executive function. Additionally， perceived stress can either directly affect executive function or indirectly through the separate or chained mediation via negative affect and self-hate.