Research and application of model fruit fly in prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders by traditional Chinese medicine and natural compounds: a review / 中国中药杂志

As an important model animal, fruit fly is characterized by outstanding genetic characteristics, relatively perfect nervous system, rapid reproduction, and low cost. Thus, it has been applied in the research on neuropsychiatric disorders in recent years, showing great potential in life science. The incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders has been on the rise, and the disorders have high disability rate and low case fatality rate. The global drug demand for such diseases is second only to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. At the moment, the demand of the drugs for the diseases have been rising, and it is an urgent task to develop related drugs. However, the research and development of the drugs are time-intensive and have a high failure rate. A suitable animal model can help shorten the time for drug screening and development, thereby reducing the cost and failure rate. This study reviews the application of fruit flies in several common neuropsychiatric disorders, which is expected to provide new ideas for the research and application of the model animals in traditional Chinese medicine.

First report of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil

ABSTRACT We recorded for the first time the presence of the two fruit flies pests, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil. The specimens were collected in traps installed during June/2019 to February/2020. The fruit flies and the parasitoid species are widespread in the Brazilian mainland and have most likely been introduced accidentally in the archipelago.

Effect of soil class and moisture on the depth of pupation and pupal viability of Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (1994)

Abstract Bactrocera carambolae is a quarantine pest present in Brazil and today represents the main phytosanitary barrier to the export of the fresh fruits produced in the country. The effect of soil classes and moisture on the pupation depth and pupal viability of this insect was evaluated. Soils with three textural classes (sandy, sandy clay loam and clay loam) and four moisture levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 90% of field capacity of each soil) were used, for a total of 12 treatments with six repetitions. The pupation depths varied from the surface to 5 cm. The soil class was the most significant variable regarding the pupal development of B. carambolae. The moisture level did not have a significant effect on the pupation depth or pupal emergence, but there was a strong effect of the interaction of soil texture and moisture on the pupal viability, with an increase in emergence with higher moisture in the clay loam and sandy clay loam soils.

Effect of oviposition by Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice / Efeito da oviposição de Bactrocera dorsalis na atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja

Abstract Among fruits and fruit products, oranges and orange juice are the most widely consumed worldwide. However, the effects of pest infestation of oranges on the quality of orange juice are not yet known. To evaluate the effect of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice, we measured changes in the vitamin C (Vc) concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after the introduction of fruit fly eggs. Ten days after the eggs were introduced (larvae removed), the concentration of Vc in orange juice was 18.65 µg/mL, which was 9.16 µg/mL lower than that measured in healthy orange juice. In addition, the total phenol content decreased by 46.519 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g to 9.748 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging activity decreased from 22.297% to 5.393%. Correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between Vc concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after B. dorsalis infestation. The decrease in Vc concentration, total phenol content and free-radical scavenging activity indicated that B. dorsalis changed the quality of orange juice by affecting the antioxidant activity of the juice after the oranges were infested.

Resumo Entre frutas e produtos de frutas, as laranjas e suco de laranja são os mais consumidos em todo o mundo. No entanto, os efeitos da infestação de laranjas sobre a qualidade do suco de laranja ainda não são conhecidos. Para avaliar o efeito da mosca-das-frutas oriental, Bactrocera dorsalis, sobre a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja, foram medidas as mudanças na concentração de vitamina C (Vc), no teor de fenol total e na atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a introdução de ovos da mosca-das-frutas oriental. Dez dias após a introdução dos ovos (larvas removidas), a concentração de Vc no suco de laranja foi de 18,65 µg/mL, que foi 9,16 µg/mL menor do que a medida em suco de laranja saudável. Além disso, o teor total de fenol diminuiu de 46,519 mg em equivalente de ácido gípico (GAE)/g para 9,748 mg de GAE/g. Ademais, a atividade de eliminação de radicais livres diminuiu de 22,297% para 5,393%. A análise de correlação indicou correlações significativas dentre a concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a infestação por B. dorsalis. A diminuição na concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade sequestradora de radicais livres indicaram que B. dorsalis alterou a qualidade do suco de laranja, afetando a atividade antioxidante do suco após a infestação das laranjas.

New occurrence and potential distribution of Anastrepha zacharyi (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Eastern Amazon

Abstract The species Anastrepha zacharyi Norrbom has recently been recorded in the Amazon, however the species is subsampling in the biome. In this research, we report a new occurrence of A. zacharyi in the state of Pará and, through climate suitability modelling, present new possible distribution areas of the species in the Brazilian eastern Amazon.

Transgenesis of Drosophila melanogaster with an Elovl5 gene enables the production of longer-chain fatty acids / 生物工程学报

In most insects, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids with a carbon-chain length less than 18 carbon atoms, hardly any long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C20 and C22 that are more valuable and bioactive. This study, by using Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) as a model organism, optimized the Δ6-fatty acid elongase enzyme Elovl5 gene from mice and transferred it to fruit flies for expression. Vectors containing Elovl5 gene were successfully injected into drosophila embryo through the microscopic injection. There were enhanced green fluorescent proteins expressed in the whole developmental stage of Drosophila be means of fluorescence microscope. At the same time, expression of Elovl5 gene significantly contributed to the transformation of fruit flies C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids in the body towards the biosynthesis of longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The transgenic fruit fly model rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C20 and C22 were obtained, providing a basis for further research on biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fruit flies.

Pupal parasitoids associated with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a semiarid environment in Brazil

Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests that affect the fruit-growing worldwide. In the northeastern Brazil, where a semiarid climate predominates and the production of tropical fruits for export is concentrated, some fruit flies, including Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are considered pests due to economic damage and quarantine restrictions. In several parts of the world, fruit fly population regulation is carried out with the support of hymenopteran parasitoids. In Brazil, some information exists about larval parasitoids of fruit flies, but little is known about pupal parasitoids of these tephritids, especially in Brazilian semiarid environments. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the pupal parasitoids associated with C. capitata in a semiarid environment in Brazil. The parasitoid survey was carried out in a semiarid region in the states of Rio do Norte and Ceará. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae (sentinels) of C. capitata from the laboratory, Applied Entomology Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. Six parasitoid (Hymenoptera) species were obtained: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia simplex Perkins, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia leiopleura Gibson, and Spalangia impunctata Howard (Pteromalidae); Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae). These are the first records of pupal parasitoids associated with the fruit fly C. capitata in Brazil.

Biology of Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae) on four hosts

ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae is a quarantine pest found in Brazil, restricted to the states of Amapá, Pará and Roraima. This fruit fly can potentially cause extensive socioeconomic and environmental damage in the country, if it disperse into areas where fruit is grown for exporting. The objective of this work was to study the biology of B. carambolae on fruits of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) and Eugenia stipitata McVaugh (Myrtaceae). The following parameters were investigated: duration of egg-larva, pupal, egg-adult, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods, pupal weight and viability, sex ratio, fecundity, fertility and longevity. All parameters except pupal weight, oviposition and post-oviposition period, egg fertility and sex ratio were influenced by the host plant on which the larvae were reared. The carambola fruit fly completes its development on all those hosts studied here, with the highest fecundities on A. carambola and P. guajava.

AMAZONIAN ISOLATES OF Metarhizium ARE EFFECTIVE FOR KILLING Bactrocera carambolae (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) / Aislados Amazónicos de Metarhizium son efectivos para matar Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock is a quarantine pest present in Brazil and is the main phytosanitary barrier for the export of fresh fruits from that country. In this work, we evaluated the effect of Amazonian isolates of Metarhizium on kill larvae, pupae, and adults of B. carambolae in soil applications. The mortality of larvae and pupae in sterile soil treated with Metarhizium anisopliae was 70 %. In addition, 100 % of the adults that emerged from this substrate died up to five days later. This isolate caused the mortality of larvae and pupae in non-sterile soil, but its effect was more evident after adult emergence (70 % mortality up to ten days after emergence). Metarhizium robertsii was effective in killing larvae and pupae of the pest, especially in non-sterile soil, and caused a 60 % reduction in adult survival 50 days after emergence. These results indicated the possible use of these isolates for the control of B. carambolae, suggesting the possibility of using this biocontrol mode as another alternative in controlling this quarantine pest.

RESUMEN Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock es una plaga cuarentenaria presente en Brasil y es la principal barrera fitosanitaria para la exportación de frutas frescas de este país. En este trabajo, evaluamos el efecto de los aislados amazónicos de Metarhizium para matar larvas, pupas y adultos de B. carambolae en aplicaciones de suelo. La mortalidad de larvas y pupas en suelo estéril tratado con Metarhizium anisopliae fue del 70 %. Además, el 100 % de los adultos que emergieron de este sustrato murieron hasta cinco días después. Este aislado causó la mortalidad de larvas y pupas en suelo no estéril, pero su efecto fue más evidente después de la emergencia del adulto (70 % de mortalidad hasta diez días después de la emergencia). Metarhizium robertsii fue eficaz para matar larvas y pupas de la plaga, especialmente en suelos no estériles, y causó una reducción del 60 % en la supervivencia de los adultos 50 días después de la emergencia. Estos resultados indican que es posible el uso de estos aislados para el control de B. carambolae, lo que sugiere la posibilidad de utilizar este modo de control biológico como otra alternativa para controlar esta plaga cuarentenaria.

Record of Neosilba zadolicha Mcalpine & Steyskal (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in Mandacaru fruits / Registro de Neosilba zadolicha Mcalpine & Steyskal (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) em frutos de Mandacaru

For the first time, the presence of Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal is being recorded in mandacaru fruits [Cereus jamacaru DC.], in the municipality of Alvorada do Gurgueia, in the south-central region of the State of Piauí, Brazil (8º22'35.63" S, 43º51'25,96" W). Eleven specimens were obtained from mandacaru fruits in an area of native forest between February and May of 2016. This is the first record of N. zadolicha in a Cactaceae species.(AU)

Registra-se a ocorrência de Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal pela primeira vez em frutos de mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.), no município de Alvorada do Gurgueia, centro-sul do estado do Piauí (8º22'35.63" S, 43º51'25,96" W). Foram obtidos 11 exemplares de frutos de mandacaru, em área de mata nativa, de fevereiro de 2016 a maio de 2016. Este é o primeiro registro de N. zadolicha em uma espécie de Cactaceae.(AU)

Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes in an apple orchard in Southern Brazil and its virulence to Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae, under laboratory conditions / Isolamento de nematoides entomopatogênicos em pomar de macieira no sul do Brasil e virulência em larvas de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) em condições de laboratório

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising alternative to integrated control in many fruit pests. Few studies were made on the relationship of Anastrepha fraterculus natural population with native EPNs population and other biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work was to verify the occurrence of endemic nematodes in an apple orchard, concerning environmental conditions and technical procedure, and access isolates virulence to A. fraterculus larvae. The experiment was conducted during a year taking monthly soil samples from an apple orchard, with and without fallen fruits just above the soil. Samples were baited with Tenebrium molitor and A. fraterculus larvae in laboratory. Canopy and fallen fruits were sampled to access the pest infestation. Seventy three EPN isolates were captured, in 23.2% soil samples, more with T. molitor than with A. fraterculus baits. From the 20 isolates tested against A. fraterculus, only five were pathogenic, and they were identified as Oscheius sp. The nematodes were captured during all seasons in a similar frequency. Soil and weather conditions, presence of fruit over the orchard soil, and A. fraterculus pupae in the fruits had no significant influence on the capture. As a conclusion, nematodes of the genera Oscheius are found in an apple orchard of Porto Amazonas constantly along the year, independently of fluctuations in A. fraterculus population, climate conditions and presence of fruit over the soil. Some of the isolates are pathogenic to A. fraterculus.

Resumo Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são alternativa promissora para o controle integrado de várias pragas de frutíferas. Foram feitos poucos estudos ecológicos sobre a relação de populações naturais de Anastrepha fraterculus com a de NEPs nativos e outros fatores bióticos e abióticos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de nematoides endêmicos de um pomar de macieira, considerando condições ambientais e procedimentos técnicos, e testar a virulência de isolados para larvas de A. fraterculus. O experimento foi conduzido durante um ano coletando mensalmente amostras de solo de um pomar de macieira com e sem frutos acima do solo. Foram feitas armadilhas com larvas de Tenebrium molitor e de A. fraterculus em laboratório. Frutos na copa e caídos no solo foram amostrados para quantificar a infestação da praga. Setenta e três isolados de NEPs foram capturados em 23,2% das amostras de solo, mais em armadilhas de T. molitor do que em A. fraterculus. Dos 20 isolados testados contra A. fraterculus, apenas cinco foram patogênicos, e eles foram identificados como Oscheius sp. Os nematoides foram capturados durante todas as estações e em frequência similar. Condições edáficas e climáticas, presença do fruto acima do solo amostrado e de pupas de A. fraterculus nos frutos não tiveram influência significativa na captura. Como conclusão, nematoides do gênero Oscheius ocorrem em pomar de macieira de Porto Amazonas de forma constante ao longo do ano, independentemente de flutuações na população de A. fraterculus, condições climáticas e presença de fruto sobre a superfície do solo. Alguns isolados são patogênicos para A. fraterculus.

Estudo químico-biológico do óleo essencial de Lantana montevidensis (chumbinho) (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) contra Drosophila melanogaster / Estudio químico-biológico del aceite esencial de Lantana montevidensis (Chumbinho) (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) contra Drosophila melanogaster / Chemical-biological study of the essential oil of Lantana montevidensis (chumbinho) (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) against Drosophila melanogaster

Introdução: O uso de plantas como inseticidas podem substituir muitos produtos sintéticos por apresentarem baixa toxicidade para os animais e biodegradação no ambiente. A espécie Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae), chumbinho, é um vegetal subarbustivo rico de compostos secundários para a sua defesa. O modelo experimental com Drosophila melanogaster tem sido usada para estudos, por apresentar vantagens, pois tem fácil manuseio e rápida taxa de reprodução. Objetivo: Avaliar a composição química e efeito inseticida do óleo essencial (OE) de L. montevidensis contra D. melanogaster. Metodos: O OE das folhas secas provenientes do Crato-CE, Brasil, foi extraído por hidrodestilação e foi analisado por CG/EMS para identificação dos constituintes. No ensaio foi avaliada a mortalidade e geotaxia negativa das moscas, em que elas foram expostas a diferentes concentrações do OE (3-30,5 µg/mL do óleo essencial/ar). Um total de vinte moscas adultas foram submetidas à diapausa por meio de resfriamento e em seguidas foram colocadas em frascos de 300 mL, cuja parte inferior havia papel filtro impregnado com 1 mL de sacarose a 20 por cento em água destilada. Na parte superior (tampa) foi afixado um papel filtro para a aplicação do produto a ser testado, nesse caso o OELM. As leituras foram realizadas a cada 3, 6, 12 e 24 h. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o OE apresentou o ß-Cariofileno (34,96 por cento), o Germacreno D (25,49 por cento) e o Biciclogermacreno (9, 78 por cento) como componentes majoritários, no ensaio inseticida houve uma CL50 na concentração de 15,14 µg/mL em 3 h de exposição, e houve um efeito significativo nos danos do aparelho locomotor das moscas.mConclusão: Este estudo fornece evidências que esse OE apresenta-se como um potencial bioinseticida(AU)

Introducción: el uso de plantas como insecticidas puede sustituir muchos productos sintéticos porque tienen baja toxicidad para los animales y son fácilmente biodegradables en el medio ambiente. La especie Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae), Chumbinho, es una planta sub-arbustiva rica en metabolitos secundarios para su defensa. El modelo experimental en Drosophila melanogaster se ha utilizado para varios tipos de estudios, presenta algunas ventajas como: fácil manejo y tasa de reproducción rápida. Objetivo: evaluar la composición química y el efecto insecticida de aceite esencial (OE) de L. montevidensis contra las D. melanogaster. Métodos: el OE de hojas secas del Crato-CE, Brasil, se extrajo por hidrodestilación y se analizó por GC/EMS para identificar los constituyentes. En el test se evaluó la mortalidad y geotaxia negativas de las moscas, donde fueron expuestos a diferentes concentraciones de OE (3-30,5 µg/mL de aceite esencial/aire). Un total de veinte moscas adultas se sometieron a diapausa por enfriamiento y seguido se colocaron en botellas de 300 mL, la parte inferior contenido papel de filtro impregnado con 1 mL de 20 por ciento de sacarosa en agua destilada. En la parte superior (tapa) se haya colocado un papel de filtro para la aplicación del producto a ensayar, la OELM. Las lecturas se realizaron cada 3, 6, 12 y 24 h. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el OE presenta la ß-cariofileno (34,96 por ciento), el germacreno D (25,49 por ciento) y bicyclogermacrene (9,78 por ciento) como componentes principales en el ensayo insecticida había una CL50 de la concentración de 15,14 µg/mL en 3 h de exposición, y había un un efecto significativo en el daño del aparato locomotor de las moscas. Conclusión: este estudio proporciona evidencia de que este OE o se presenta como un biopesticida potencial(AU

Introduction: The use of plants as insecticides may be an alternative to many synthetic products because their toxicity to animals is low and they are easily biodegradable in the environment. The species Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae), chumbinho, is a subshrub rich in secondary metabolites it uses for its own defence. The experimental model for Drosophila melanogaster has been used in several types of studies. Some of its advantages are its easy management and its fast rate of reproduction. Objective: Evaluate the chemical composition and insecticidal effect of the essential oil (EO) of L. montevidensis against D. melanogaster. Method: EO of dry leaves from Crato-CE, Brazil, was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/EMS to identify its constituents. As part of the test, evaluation was conducted or the mortality and negative geotaxis of the flies, to attain which they were exposed to different concentrations of the EO (3-30.5 µg/mL essential oil/air). A total 20 adult flies were subjected to cold diapause and placed in 300 mL bottles with filter paper in their lower section impregnated with 1 mL of 20 percent saccharose in distilled water. Filter paper was also attached to the upper section (lid) to apply the test product OELM. Readings were taken every 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Results: Results showed that the principal components of the EO are ?-caryophyllene (34.96 percent), germacrene D (25.49 percent) and bicyclogermacrene (9.78 percent). In the insecticide test there was a CL50 for the concentration of 15.14 µg/ml in 3 h exposure, and significant damage to the locomotor system of the flies. Conclusion: The study provides evidence that the EO analyzed is a potential biopesticide(AU)

A case report of human thelaziasis and its epidemiology in China / 中国人兽共患病学报

A case of Thelazia callipaeda infection in a 7 months old infant in Dalian was reported.The epidemiology of human thelaziasis in China was investigated in this report.China is the nation with the most reported human Thelazia callipaeda cases in the world,up to 626 case reports of human Thelazia callipaeda infection that were distributed in 28 provinces from 1917 to 2016.We analyzed more than 400 Chinese thelaziosis cases with clinical data from 1917 to 2016.Ages of the patients are from 2 months to 88 years old.Male and female cases are 60.22％ and 39.78％ relatively.The occupation of patients was analyzed,that the preschool children occupied 55.38 ％,farmers occupied 32.27 ％;workers occupied 4.78 ％,and the others occupied the rest 7.57％.This study showed that it is of great significance to strengthen the research on the biology and epidemiology of the sucking nematode,to prevent the spread and epidemic of the disease.

Flutuação populacional e estimativa do número de gerações de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) em pomar de macieira em Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Population fluctuation and estimate of generations number of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in apple orchard in Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a flutuação populacional e estimar o número de gerações por ano de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), com base nas variáveis meteorológicas de Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido em pomar orgânico de macieira, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2012. O número de moscas-das-frutas foi aferido semanalmente, com quatro armadilhas do tipo McPhail iscadas com Torula®. A associação entre o número de adultos capturados e as variáveis meteorológicas (temperaturas máxima, mínima e média, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar) foi feita pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (p < 0,05). Para o período de entressafra (maio a setembro), os valores médios diários das variáveis meteorológicas foram calculados pelos testes F ou de Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). O número de gerações/ano foi estimado utilizando-se os dados de temperatura mínima de 2009 até 2012, constante térmica e temperatura basal estabelecidos para A. fraterculus. Verificou-se que a mosca-das-frutas sul-americana ocorreu de novembro a abril, com picos populacionais em janeiro ou fevereiro. Apenas na safra 2010/2011 houve correlação entre o número médio de adultos capturados e as temperaturas máxima, média e mínima. Estimou-se que podem ocorrer em torno de oito gerações de A. fraterculus por ano em Caçador, Santa Catarina.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluated the population fluctuation and estimate the number of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) generations per year, based on meteorological variables in Caçador, SC, Brazil. The work was carried out in an organic apple orchard from October/2009 to April/2012. The fruit flies numbers were weekly recorded with four McPhail traps baited with Torula®. The association between the number of adults captured and meteorological variables (maximum, average and minimum temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity) was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). In off-season crop (May to September), the daily average of the meteorological variables were evaluated calculated by F or Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The number of generations per year was estimated based on minimum temperature from 2009 to 2012, thermal constant and basal temperature, established for A. fraterculus. The South American fruit fly occurred from November to April, with population peaks in January or February. We observed, only in 2010/2011 crop season, correlation between average number of adults captured and maximum, average and minimum temperatures. It was estimated that may occur about eight A. fraterculus generations per year in Caçador, Santa Catarina.(AU)

Flutuação populacional e estimativa do número de gerações de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) em pomar de macieira em Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Population fluctuation and estimate of generations number of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in apple orchard in Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluated the population fluctuation and estimate the number of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) generations per year, based on meteorological variables in Caçador, SC, Brazil. The work was carried out in an organic apple orchard from October/2009 to April/2012. The fruit flies numbers were weekly recorded with four McPhail traps baited with Torula®. The association between the number of adults captured and meteorological variables (maximum, average and minimum temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity) was calculated using Pearsons correlation coefficient (p 0.05). In off-season crop (May to September), the daily average of the meteorological variables were evaluated calculated by F or Kruskal-Wallis tests (p 0.05). The number of generations per year was estimated based on minimum temperature from 2009 to 2012, thermal constant and basal temperature, established for A. fraterculus. The South American fruit fly occurred from November to April, with population peaks in January or February. We observed, only in 2010/2011 crop season, correlation between average number of adults captured and maximum, average and minimum temperatures. It was estimated that may occur about eight A. fraterculus generations per year in Caçador, Santa Catarina.

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a flutuação populacional e estimar o número de gerações por ano de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), com base nas variáveis meteorológicas de Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido em pomar orgânico de macieira, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2012. O número de moscas-das-frutas foi aferido semanalmente, com quatro armadilhas do tipo McPhail iscadas com Torula®. A associação entre o número de adultos capturados e as variáveis meteorológicas (temperaturas máxima, mínima e média, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar) foi feita pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (p 0,05). Para o período de entressafra (maio a setembro), os valores médios diários das variáveis meteorológicas foram calculados pelos testes F ou de Kruskal-Wallis (p 0,05). O número de gerações/ano foi estimado utilizando-se os dados de temperatura mínima de 2009 até 2012, constante térmica e temperatura basal estabelecidos para A. fraterculus. Verificou-se que a mosca-das-frutas sul-americana ocorreu de novembro a abril, com picos populacionais em janeiro ou fevereiro. Apenas na safra 2010/2011 houve correlação entre o número médio de adultos capturados e as temperaturas máxima, média e mínima. Estimou-se que podem ocorrer em torno de oito gerações de A. fraterculus por ano em Caçador, Santa Catarina.

Effect of oviposition by Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice

Abstract Among fruits and fruit products, oranges and orange juice are the most widely consumed worldwide. However, the effects of pest infestation of oranges on the quality of orange juice are not yet known. To evaluate the effect of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice, we measured changes in the vitamin C (Vc) concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after the introduction of fruit fly eggs. Ten days after the eggs were introduced (larvae removed), the concentration of Vc in orange juice was 18.65 µg/mL, which was 9.16 µg/mL lower than that measured in healthy orange juice. In addition, the total phenol content decreased by 46.519 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g to 9.748 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging activity decreased from 22.297% to 5.393%. Correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between Vc concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after B. dorsalis infestation. The decrease in Vc concentration, total phenol content and free-radical scavenging activity indicated that B. dorsalis changed the quality of orange juice by affecting the antioxidant activity of the juice after the oranges were infested.

Resumo Entre frutas e produtos de frutas, as laranjas e suco de laranja são os mais consumidos em todo o mundo. No entanto, os efeitos da infestação de laranjas sobre a qualidade do suco de laranja ainda não são conhecidos. Para avaliar o efeito da mosca-das-frutas oriental, Bactrocera dorsalis, sobre a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja, foram medidas as mudanças na concentração de vitamina C (Vc), no teor de fenol total e na atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a introdução de ovos da mosca-das-frutas oriental. Dez dias após a introdução dos ovos (larvas removidas), a concentração de Vc no suco de laranja foi de 18,65 µg/mL, que foi 9,16 µg/mL menor do que a medida em suco de laranja saudável. Além disso, o teor total de fenol diminuiu de 46,519 mg em equivalente de ácido gípico (GAE)/g para 9,748 mg de GAE/g. Ademais, a atividade de eliminação de radicais livres diminuiu de 22,297% para 5,393%. A análise de correlação indicou correlações significativas dentre a concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade antioxidante do suco de laranja após a infestação por B. dorsalis. A diminuição na concentração de Vc, o conteúdo total de fenol e a atividade sequestradora de radicais livres indicaram que B. dorsalis alterou a qualidade do suco de laranja, afetando a atividade antioxidante do suco após a infestação das laranjas.

Anastrepha aczeli Blanchard and Anastrepha similisGreene (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Anastrepha aczeli Blanchard e Anastrepha similis Greene (Diptera: Tephritidae) em Minas Gerais, Brasil

The occurrence of Anastrepha aczeliBlanchard and Anastrepha similisGreene (Diptera: Tephritidae) is recorded in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specimens of A. aczeliwere found in traps placed in orchards of acerola, Malpighia emarginataDC (Malpighiaceae), and citrus, Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), and A. similiswas obtained in traps placed in citrus orchards located in the county of Bambuí, MG, Brazil.

As ocorrências de Anastrepha aczeliBlanchard e Anastrepha similisGreene (Diptera: Tephritidae) são registradas pela primeira vez no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os espécimes de A. aczeliforam encontrados em armadilhas montadas em pomares de acerola, Malpighia emarginataDC (Malpighiaceae), e citros, Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), e os de A. similisobtidos em armadilhas montadas em pomares de citros, em pomares instalados no município de Bambuí, MG, Brasil.

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.(AU)

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Information on frugivorous flies in cultivated or wild host plants and their parasitoids in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul is presented and discussed. Fruit fly samples were collected weekly in specific fruit trees, and McPhail® traps were installed in the same trees for a period of two years. The fruit flies infested ripe and unripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola L., Schoepfia sp., Psidium guajava L. and Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk and mature fruits of Anacardium occidentale L. and Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. Nineteen fruit fly species were obtained with the combination of sampling methods (collecting fruits and trapping), nine of them obtained with both methods, five found only in fruits and five only in traps. This is the first record of Anastrepha striata Schiner in a species of Sapotaceae, as well as for A. castanea Norrbom and A. daciformes Bezzi in Schoepfia sp. (Olacaceae), and for A. distincta Greene in fruits of P. guajava in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fruit collections simultaneously associated with capture of fruit flies by McPhail traps in the same host plants are essential to understand the diversity of fruit flies and their relationship with hosts and parasitoids. Species of Braconidae and Pteromalidae were recovered, where Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was the most abundant parasitoid in larvae of tephritids infesting both cultivated and wild host fruits.

New protein sources in adults diet for mass-rearing of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera:Tephritidae)

The aim of this study was to find alternatives to reduce the cost of mass production of the South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus) by looking for locally available products as protein source in the diet of adults to replace the imported product without changing the quality parameters. Two yeast from a Brazilian company were evaluated. The quality parameters showed that the imported hydrolyzed yeast used in the adult diet could be perfectly replaced by the local products tested, with a reduction of over 80% of the cost of the diet. The quality of the produced insects remained the same and there were improvements in some quality parameters such as the volume of eggs produced, number of adults flying and longevity under the stress.