Effect of Shenfu injection on acute lung injury in hemorrhagic shock rats / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To observe the effect of Shenfu injection on lung injury caused by hemor-rhagic shock(HS)in rats and explore the related potential mechanism.Methods Thirty-six SPF healthy male SD rats,aged 16-17 weeks,weighing 400-600 g,were randomly divided into three groups:sham op-eration group(group SH),HS group(group HS),and Shenfu injection group(group SF),12 rats in each group.In group SH,only the right femoral vein and femoral artery were separated after anesthesia,and ve-nous catheterization was not performed.HS model was established in groups SF and HS.In group HS,liquid resuscitation was performed through an intravenous catheter,and the resuscitation fluid consisted of the auto-blood lost and the compound sodium chloride injection equivalent to 1.5 times the blood loss and 10 ml/kg normal saline.In group SF,the resuscitation fluid consisted of the lost autoblood and the compound sodium chloride injection equivalent to 1.5 times the blood loss and Shenfu injection 10 ml/kg.The whole perfusion time was about 60 minutes.Six rats in the three groups were randomly anesthetized 24 and 48 hours after op-eration.The wet/dry weight ratio(W/D)of lung tissues was detected.The concentrations of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-17,IL-10,and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)were detected by ELISA,the mRNA ex-pression of retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt(RORγt),transcription factor forkhead box pro-tein 3(Foxp3),and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)in lung tissues were detected by PCR.The pro-tein contents of RORγt,Foxp3,HIF-1α,aquaporin 1(AQP1),and AQP5 in lung tissue were detected by Western blot.Pathological changesunder HE staining light microscope and lung injury scores were observed.Results Compared with 24 hours after operation,W/D,the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17,mRNA ex-pression and protein content of RORγt and HIF-1α,and lung injury score were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),the concentrations of IL-10,and TGF-β,Foxp3 mRNA expression and protein content,and AQP1 protein content were significantly increased in group SF 48 hours after operation(P＜0.05).Compared with group SH,W/D,the concentrations of IL-6,IL-17,IL-10,and TGF-β,mRNA expression and protein content of RORγt,Foxp 3,and HIF-1α,and lung injury score were significantly increased(P＜0.05),AQP1 and AQP5 protein contents were significantly decreased in groups HS and SF 24 and 48 hours after operation(P＜0.05),and alveolar structure was damaged under light microscope and alveolar interstitium was filled with a large amount of edematous fluid,during which a large number of inflammatory cells infiltra-ted.Compared with group HS,W/D,the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17,mRNA expression and protein content of RORγt and HIF-1α,and lung injury score were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),the concen-trations of IL-10 and TGF-β,Foxp3 mRNA expression and protein content,AQP1 and AQP5 protein con-tents were significantly increased in group SF 24 and 48 hours after surgery(P＜0.05),and the alveolar structure was improved under light microscope,and edema was reduced,and the number of inflammatory cells was reduced.Conclusion Shenfu injection can regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17,and anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β,increase the protein content of AQP1 and AQP5 in lung tissue,and decrease the W/D and injury score in lung tissue,thus alleviating lung injury in HS rats.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of HIF-1α-RORγt/Foxp3 balance.

Role of ferritinophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications:A review of literature / 实用医学杂志

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a common metabolic disease,and its hyperglycemia can induce many complications and even threaten human health and life.Ferritinophagy,currently a research focus,has been proven to be related to the occurrence and development of DM and its complications.Ferritinophagy,which is cell-selective,is mediated by nuclear receptor coactivator 4(NCOA4),which degrades ferritin in autophagosomes and releases excessive iron ions so that irons are overloaded and ROS are accumulated.This process contributes to the upstream ferroptosis.This article reviews the mechanism of ferritinophagy and its pathogenesis in DM and its complications,and further analyzes the effects of regulated ferritinophagy on DM and its complications,pro-viding new insight into the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications.

Exploring the Effects of Quyu Jiedu Formula （祛瘀解毒方） on the Ectopic Tissues of the Rat Uterus in An Endometriosis Model Based on Iron Autophagy Mediated by the NCOA4/NF-κB Signalling Pathway / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of Quyu Jiedu Formula （祛瘀解毒方） in the treatment of endometriosis in terms of iron autophagy mediated by nuclear receptor coactivator 4/nuclear factor κB （NCOA4/NF-κB） signalling pathway. MethodsFifty female SD rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group， model group， mifepristone group， low- and high-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group， with 10 rats in each group. In the sham surgery group， only operation of opening and closing abdomen was performed， and in the remaining groups， the rat with endometriosis was modelled by autotransplantation. On the next day after successful modelling， saline 2 ml/d was given by gavage to the sham surgery group and the model group； mifepristone 1.05 mg/（kg·d） was given by gavage to the mifepristone group； Quyu Jiedu Formula 12.23 g/（kg·d） and 48.92 g/（kg·d） were given to the low- and high-dosage Quyu Jiedu Formula groups， respectively administered for 4 weeks consecutively. In the remaining 4 groups， all ectopic endometrial tissues were removed from the rats. The volume of ectopic lesions was measured in the model group， the mifepristone group， and the low- and high-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula groups， and the pathological changes of endometrial/ectopic tissues were observed by HE staining， and the protein expression and expression of NCOA4， Ferritin Heavy Chain 1 （FTH1）， Panax quinquefolium （P62）， Microtubule-associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3β （LC3B）， and P-NF-κB protein expression and NCOA4， FTH1， LC3B， P62 mRNA expression were detected in the endometrium and ectopic tissues； the co-localisation of NCOA4 and LC3B， free iron content， and levels of interleukin 6 （IL-6） and tumour necrosis factor α （TNF-α） in endometrial/eutopic endometrial tissues were also detected. ResultsNo ectopic lesions were seen in the sham surgery group. The ectopic tissues of rats in the model group showed obvious pathological damage， while the pathological damage of the ectopic tissues of rats in each admi-nistration group was reduced to different degrees. Compared with the model group， the volume of ectopic lesions was reduced in the mifepristone group and the high- and low-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula groups， and the volume of ectopic lesions in the high-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group and the mifepristone group was significantly smaller than that in the low-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group （P＜0.01）. Compared with the sham surgery group， the ectopic tissues of the model group showed up-regulation of LC3BⅡ/LC3B I values， NCOA4， and P-NF-κB protein expression， down-regulation of P62 and FTH1 protein expression， increase in free iron content and IL-6 and TNF-α levels， and increase in the co-localisation positivity rate and co-localised cell density of NCOA4 and LC3B （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the ectopic endothelial tissue LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ values and the expression of NCOA4 and P-NF-κB proteins were down-regulated in the low- and high-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group and mifepristone group， the colocalisation positivity rate of NCOA4 and LC3B significantly reduced， and the content of free iron and the level of IL-6 decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the mifepristone group， P62 more obvious up-regulated and TNF-α level reduced in the high-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group （P＜0.05）. Compared with the low-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group， the free iron content of ectopic tissues and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α reduced in the high-dose Quyu Jiedu Formula group （P＜0.01）. ConclusionThe mechanism of endometriosis treatment by Quyu Jiedu Formula may be related to the inhibition of iron autophagy mediated by the NCOA4/NF-κB signalling pathway in endometriotic tissues， which improves endometrial inflammation.

Expression of nuclear receptor NURR1 in prostate cancer and its effects on the circRNA profile / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the expression profile of circRNA in nuclear receptor NURR1 overexpressed prostate cancer (PCa) cells, so as to provide reference for revealing the mechanism of PCa progression. 【Methods】 The expression of NURR1 in PCa was analyzed with UALCAN and TNMplot. The distinct circRNAs in NURR1 overexpressed PCa cells were screened with RNA-sequencing. The functions and signal pathways of differentially expressed circRNA molecules were analyzed with GO and KEGG. 【Results】 The circ_0000915 was significantly downregulated in DU145, LNCaP and PC3 cells. In NURR1 overexpressed DU145 cells, circ_0005991 was up-regulated, while circ_0001460 and circ_0001315 were down-regulated. In NURR1 overexpressed LNCaP cells, circ_0040729 and circ_0000722 were significantly up-regulated. In NURR1 overexpressed PC3 cells, circ_0001577, circ_0000854 and circ_0018168 were up-regulated, while circ_013035, circ_0003028, circ_0082096 and circ_0005320 were down-regulated. KEGG analysis revealed that the differentially expressed circRNAs were significantly associated with dorsal/ventral neural tube patterns, protein folding chaperones, disordered domain specific binding, positive regulation of BMP signaling pathways, and neural tube patterning functions. 【Conclusion】 CircRNAs play an important role in NURR1 mediated PCa progression, but there are certain differences among different prostate cancer cell types. The regulatory mechanism between NURR1 and circ_0000915 in the progression of PCa needs further investigation.

The F-box-only protein 44 regulates pregnane X receptor protein level by ubiquitination and degradation

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that transcriptionally upregulates drug-metabolizing enzymes [e.g., cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)] and transporters. Although the regulation of PXR target genes is well-characterized, less is known about the regulation of PXR protein level. By screening an RNAi library, we identified the F-box-only protein 44 (FBXO44) as a novel E3 ligase for PXR. PXR abundance increases upon knockdown of FBXO44, and, inversely, decreases upon overexpression of FBXO44. Further analysis revealed that FBXO44 interacts with PXR, leading to its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, and we determined that the F-box associated domain of FBXO44 and the ligand binding domain of PXR are required for the functional interaction. In summary, FBXO44 regulates PXR protein abundance, which has downstream consequences for CYP3A4 levels and drug-drug interactions. The results of this study provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate PXR protein level and activity and suggest the importance of considering how modulating E3 ubiquitin ligase activities will affect PXR-mediated drug metabolism.

SIRT1 activation synergizes with FXR agonism in hepatoprotection via governing nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and degradation of FXR

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is widely accepted as a promising target for various liver diseases; however, panels of ligands in drug development show limited clinical benefits, without a clear mechanism. Here, we reveal that acetylation initiates and orchestrates FXR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and then enhances degradation by the cytosolic E3 ligase CHIP under conditions of liver injury, which represents the major culprit that limits the clinical benefits of FXR agonists against liver diseases. Upon inflammatory and apoptotic stimulation, enhanced FXR acetylation at K217, closed to the nuclear location signal, blocks its recognition by importin KPNA3, thereby preventing its nuclear import. Concomitantly, reduced phosphorylation at T442 within the nuclear export signals promotes its recognition by exportin CRM1, and thereby facilitating FXR export to the cytosol. Acetylation governs nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of FXR, resulting in enhanced cytosolic retention of FXR that is amenable to degradation by CHIP. SIRT1 activators reduce FXR acetylation and prevent its cytosolic degradation. More importantly, SIRT1 activators synergize with FXR agonists in combating acute and chronic liver injuries. In conclusion, these findings innovate a promising strategy to develop therapeutics against liver diseases by combining SIRT1 activators and FXR agonists.

Role of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 in tunicamycin-induced injury to hippocampal neurons of mice: relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 in tunicamycin(TM)-induced injury to hippocampal neurons and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice.Methods:Mouse HT22 cells were divided into 4 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), Nur77 specific agonist Csn-B group (Csn-B group), endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer TM group (TM group), and TM+ Csn-B group. Cells in C group were cultured for 24 h under normal condition. In Csn-B group, Csn-B at a final concentration of 10 μg/ml was added to the culture medium, and the cells were incubated for 24 h. In TM group, TM at a final concentration of 200 ng/ml was added to the culture medium and the cells were incubated for 24 h to induce cell endoplasmic reticulum stress injury. Cells in TM+ Csn-B group were pretreated with Csn-B at a final concentration of 10 μg/ml for 15 min, then TM at a final concentration of 200 ng/ml was added, and the cells were co-incubated for 24 h. The cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay kit after treatment in each group. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78)and apoptosis-associated protein Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-3 was detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with C group, the cell viability was significantly decreased, and the expression of CHOP, GRP78, Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 was up-regulated, and the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was down-regulated in TM group ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with TM group, the cell viability was significantly increased, the expression of CHOP, GRP78, Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 was down-regulated, and the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was up-regulated in TM+ Csn-B group ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusions:Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 is involved in TM-induced injury to hippocampal neurons, which is related to activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice.

One case of developmental epileptic encephalopathy caused by NR4A2 gene variation and literature review / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of a child with developmental epileptic encephalopathy caused by NR4A2 gene mutation, and to summarize the clinical phenotypes and genotypes to improve the clinician′s understanding of this disease. Methods:The clinical data of a child with developmental epileptic encephalopathy admitted to Linyi People′s Hospital in August 2022 were collected, video electroencephalogram, craniocerebral magnetic resonance imaging and family whole exon sequencing were improved, and the suspected mutation sites were verified by Sanger sequencing. Relevant literature was consulted to summarize the clinical phenotypes and genetic characteristics of nervous system diseases caused by NR4A2 gene. Results:It was found that there was a heterozygous missense mutation at the locus c.866G>A (p.A289H) of NR4A2 gene in the child, which was a de novo mutation, and both parents were wild type. According to the American Society of Medical Genetics and Genomics variation classification, it was assessed as a suspected pathogenic variation. Through literature review, there were 16 related cases reported internationally, with clinical phenotypes including mental retardation/mental retardation, language disorders, seizures, muscle tone changes and different psychological and behavioral problems. Conclusions:The NR4A2 gene is not only associated with dopa responsive disorders, but also with neurological development, intellectual impairment, language development delay, and epilepsy. The mutation of NR42A gene c.866G>A (p.A289H) is the genetic cause of the patient, and the detection of this locus expands the NR4A2 gene spectrum. NR4A2 gene is one of the pathogenic genes of developmental epileptic encephalopathy.

NR4A1 suppresses cisplatin-induced ferroptosis in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells by up-regulating the expression of NRF2 / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To explore the role and mechanism of nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 ( NR4A1) in suppressing cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Methods:The expression of NR4A1 gene in renal cell subpopulations was analyzed using the "Tabula-muris" single cell transcriptome sequencing database. NR4A1 gene was over-expressed by lentivirus infection in HK-2 cell line and primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. The cell death ratio was analyzed using propidium iodide (PI) staining by flow cytometry. The expression of NR4A1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( NRF2) was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Ferroptosis was analyzed by detecting the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results:The single cell transcriptome sequencing database showed that NR4A1 gene was the lowest expression in renal proximal tubular epithelial cell subsets. Cisplatin (50 μmol/L or 100 μmol/L) could significantly induce MDA, GSSG and lipid ROS production in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (all P<0.01), and higher cisplatin concentration accompanied with a more increase of MDA, GSSG and lipid ROS. Compared with the control HK-2 cells, the lipid ROS content and iron ion content of HK-2 cells over-expressing NR4A1 were significantly lower (all P<0.01), and the over-expression of NR4A1 inhibited cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and ferroptosis in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Mechanistically, NR4A1 up-regulated the expression of anti-ferroptosis gene NRF2 in proximal renal tubular epithelial cells ( P<0.01). Furthermore, single cell data analysis showed that, similar to the expression of NR4A1 in renal tissue subsets, NRF2 was also the lowest in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Conclusions:Cisplatin can induce ferroptosis of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. NR4A1 can inhibit cisplatin-induced ferroptosis by up-regulating NRF2 in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, thereby alleviating the cytotoxicity of cisplatin.

Role of STAT3/NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in salidroside-induced attenuation of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice: relationship with ferroptosis / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy in salidroside-induced attenuation of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice and the relationship with ferroptosis.Methods:Thirty-six SPF-grade healthy male C57BL mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 6 groups ( n=6 each) by a random number table method: sham operation group (S group), sham operation+ salidroside group (SS group), intestinal I/R group (IR group), intestinal I/R+ salidroside group (IS group), intestinal I/R+ salidroside+ autophagy activator rapamycin group (ISR group) and intestinal I/R+ salidroside+ STAT3 activator colivelin group (ISC group). The intestinal I/R injury model was established by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 45 min followed by 30-min reperfusion in IR, IS, ISR and ISC groups, while the superior mesenteric artery was only isolated without clipping in S and SS groups. At 1 week before developing the model, salidroside 40 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once a day for 7 consecutive days in SS, IS, ISC and ISR groups, rapamycin 4 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once a day for 7 consecutive days in group ISR, colivelin 1 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected once a day for 7 consecutive days in group ISC, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in the rest two groups. The mice were sacrificed at 30 min of reperfusion, and intestinal tissues were obtained for examination of the pathological changes after HE staining (with a optical microscope) which were scored according to Chiu and for determination of contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), Fe 2+, glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and expression of p-STAT3, STAT3, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), NCOA4 and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) in intestinal tissues (by Western blot). Results:Compared with group S, the Chiu′s score and contents of MDA, Fe 2+ and ROS were significantly increased, the content of GSH was decreased, the activity of SOD was decreased, the expression of p-STAT3 and NCOA4 was up-regulated, the expression of GPX4 and FTH1 was down-regulated, the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio was increased ( P<0.05), pathological injury was found in intestinal tissues, and no significant change was found in the aforementioned indexes in group IR( P>0.05). Compared with group IR, the Chiu′s score and contents of MDA, Fe 2+ and ROS were significantly decreased, GSH content was increased, SOD activity was increased, the expression of p-STAT3 and NCOA4 was down-regulated, the expression of GPX4 and FTH1 was up-regulated, p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio was decreased ( P<0.05), and the pathological injury was significantly alleviated in intestinal tissues in group IS. Compared with group IS, the Chiu′s score and contents of MDA, Fe 2+ and ROS were significantly increased, GSH content was decreased, SOD activity was decreased, the expression of p-STAT3 and NCOA4 was up-regulated, the expression of GPX4 and FTH1 was down-regulated, p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio was increased ( P<0.05), and the pathological injury was aggravated in intestinal tissues in ISR and ISC groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of STAT3 among the five groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:STAT3/NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy is involved in the process of salidroside-induced reduction of intestinal I/R injury in mice, which may be related to inhibiting ferroptosis.

Development and optimization of a cell screening system for farnesoid X receptor agonist / 生物工程学报

This study aims to develop an improved cell screening system for farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists based on a dual luciferase reporter gene system. FXR response element (FXRE) fragments from FXR target genes were cloned and inserted into upstream of firefly luciferase (Luc) gene in the plasmid pGL4-luc2P-Hygro. In combination with the internal reference plasmid containing renilla luciferase, a dual luciferase reporter gene system was developed and used for high throughput screening of FXR agonists. After studying the effects of over-expression of RXR, mouse or human FXR, various FXRE fragments, and different ratio of FXR plasmid amount to reporter gene plasmid, induction efficiency of the screening system was optimized by the known FXR agonist GW4064, and Z factor for the system reached 0.83 under optimized conditions. In summary, an improved cell screening system based on double luciferase reporter gene detection system was developed to facilitate the discovery of FXR agonists, where a new enhanced FXRE element was formed by a superposition of multiple FXRE fragments from FXR target genes, instead of a superposition of traditional IR-1 (inverted repeats-1) fragments.

Expression and clinical significance of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 and miR-129-5p in glioma / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To detect the expression level of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2-antisense RNA 1 (NR2F2-AS1) and microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) in glioma tissues and to explore its clinical significance.Methods:The glioma tissues of 103 patients with glioma who underwent surgical treatment in the neurosurgery department of Shanxi Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2015 to September 2016 and 50 normal brain tissues removed due to craniocerebral surgery in the same period were selected as the research objects. Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 and miR-129-5p in tissue samples. The correlation between the two indexes and the relationship between the expression changes of the two and clinicopathological parameters of glioma patients were analyzed. Kaplan Meier curve was used to analyze the 5-year cumulative survival rate of glioma patients with different expression levels of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 and miR-129-5p. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the poor prognosis of glioma patients.Results:Compared with normal brain tissue, the relative expression of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 in glioma was higher and the relative expression of miR-129-5p was lower (all P<0.05). There was significant negative relationship between the relative expression of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 and miR-129-5p in glioma ( r=-0.756, P<0.05). The expression of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 and miR-129-5p in glioma was related to World Health Organization (WHO) grade and tumor length (all P<0.05). The 5-year cumulative survival rate of patients in lncRNA NR2F2-AS1<2.89 group was higher than that in lncRNA NR2F2-AS1≥2.89 group, and the 5-year cumulative survival rate of patients in miR-129-5p<0.55 group was lower than that in miR-129-5p≥0.55 group (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that high expression of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1, low expression of miR-129-5p, WHO grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ and tumor length were the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with glioma (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The increased expression of lncRNA NR2F2-AS1 and the decreased expression of miR-129-5p in glioma tissues are involved in the clinical biological progress of glioma and are closely related to the prognosis of patients.

Relationship between Rev-erbα and NLRP3 inflammasome during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in diabetic rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (Rev-erbα) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods:SPF-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 210-240 g, in which 1% streptozotocin 60 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected to develop the model of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Eighteen non-diabetic rats were divided into 2 groups by the random number table method: non-diabetic sham operation group (NS group, n=6) and non-diabetic myocardial I/R group (NIR group, n=12). Thirty diabetic rats were divided into 3 groups by the random number table method: diabetic sham operation group (DS group, n=6), diabetic myocardial I/R group (DIR group, n=12), and diabetic myocardial I/R + Rev-erbα inhibitor SR8278 group (DIR+ SR group, n=12). Myocardial I/R model was developed by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min.In DIR+ SR group, SR8278 2 mg/kg was injected via the femoral vein at 1 h before ischemia.At the end of reperfusion, blood samples from the right carotid artery were collected for determination of serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Then the rats were sacrificed, hearts were removed and myocardial tissues were obtained for determination of the percentage of myocardial infarct size (by TTC method) and expression of Rev-erbα, NLRP3 and IL-1β (by Western blot) and for microscopic examination of pathologic changes (by HE staining). Results:Compared with sham-operated rats, the serum concentrations of CK-MB, LDH and cTnI were significantly increased, the expression of Rev-erbα, NLRP3 and IL-1β in myocardial tissues was up-regulated ( P<0.05), and the pathological injury of myocardial tissues was obvious in myocardial I/R rats.Compared with NIR group, the percentage of myocardial infarct size and levels of serum CK-MB, LDH and cTnI were significantly increased, the expression of Rev-erb α, NLRP3 and IL-1β was up-regulated ( P<0.05), and the pathological injury of myocardial tissues was aggravated in DIR group.Compared with DIR group, the percentage of myocardial infarct size and serum CK-MB, LDH and cTnI levels were significantly decreased, the expression of Rev-erbα, NLRP3 and IL-1β was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and the pathological injury of myocardial tissues was reduced in DIR+ SR group. Conclusions:Rev-erbα can promote activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and is involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of myocardial I/R injury in diabetic rats.

Role of hippocampal REV-ERBα in postoperative cognitive dysfunction in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of hippocampal REV-ERBα in postoperative cognitive dysfunction in rats.Methods:Thirty-two SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 12-14 weeks, weighing 360-380 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), surgery group (group S), surgery + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (group SD), and surgery + SR9009 group (group SS). Exploratory laparotomy was performed under sevoflurane anesthesia in S, SD and SS groups.Normal saline containing 0.1% DMSO was injected into hippocampal CA1 area at 1 h before laparotomy, with 2 μl on each side in group SD, and REV-ERBα agonist SR9009 (in normal saline containing 0.1% DMSO) was injected into hippocampal CA1 area at 1 h before laparotomy, with 2 μl on each side in group S+ SR9009.Morris water maze test was performed at 1 and 3 days after operation.Rats were sacrificed at 1 h after the end of Morris water maze test on day 3 after surgery, and the hippocampal tissues were obtained for determination of the expression of REV-ERBα, Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like 1 (BMAL1) protein, synaptophysin (SYN), postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 protein and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (GRIN2B) (by Western blot) and microscopic examination of the morphology of hippocampal neurons and Nissl bodies (by Nissl staining), and the viable neurons were counted. Results:Compared with group C, the percentage of time of staying at the target quadrant was significantly decreased, and the number of crossing platform was reduced on days 1 and 3 after exploratory laparotomy, the expression of REV-ERBα, BMAL1, PSD95, SYN and GRIN2B was down-regulated, and the number of viable neurons was decreased in group S and group SD ( P<0.05). Compared with group S and group SD, the percentage of time of staying at the target quadrant and the number of crossing platform were significantly increased on days 1 and 3 after exploratory laparotomy, the expression of REV-ERBα and PSD95 was up-regulated, the number of viable neurons was increased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of BMAL1, SYN and GRIN2B in group SS ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the indexes mentioned above between group S and group SD ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Activation of REV-ERBα can improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and the mechanism may be related to up-regulation of PSD95 expression in hippocampus and reduction of neuronal damage in rats.

Three cases of congenital adrenal hypoplasia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to novel NR0B1 mutation / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To advance the understanding of X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita(XL-AHC)through genetic analysis.Methods:Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of three patients with XL-AHC and their family members as well. Pathogenic genes were screened with whole exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing and pedigree verification.Results:All three probands were diagnosed as primary adrenal insufficiency at early age and developed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adolescence. The proband 1 was hemizygous for c. 420delG(p.R141Gfs*123)mutation in exon 1 of NR0B1 gene. His mother was a heterozygous mutation carrier while his brother did not carry the mutation, which was consistent with the X-linked recessive inheritance. A hemizygous mutation c. 212_213delAA(p.K71Rfs*41)of NR0B1 gene was detected in both proband 2 and proband 3. These two novel mutations were not reported in HGMD database.Conclusions:In this study, two novel NR0B1 mutations, c. 420delG and c. 212_213delAA were identified in 3 patients with XL-AHC. For men with early onset of adrenocortical hypofunction, XL-AHC should be considered. Early genetic screening of NR0B1 gene is helpful for early diagnosis.

Effects of Gelsemium elegans Combined with Mussaenda pubescens on Transporter BCRP and Drug-metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A11 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Gelsemium elegans combined with Mussaenda pubescens on efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein （BCRP） and cytochrome P450 3A11 （CYP3A11） and their attenuation mechanism， and to investigate whether the nuclear receptors were involved in such regulation by intervening it with nuclear receptor activators. MethodC57BL/6 mice were divided into the blank group， G. elegans （GE， 0.25 g·kg-1）group， GE + M. pubescens （MP） （0.25 g·kg-1+10 g·kg-1） group， GE + pregnane X receptor （PXR） activator （rifampicin）（GE + Rif，0.25 g·kg-1+50 mg·kg-1） group， GE + MP + Rif （0.25 g·kg-1+10 g·kg-1+50 mg·kg-1） group， GE + constitutive androstane receptor （CAR） activator （1，4-Bis ［2-（3，5-Dichloropyridyloxy）］ benzene， TCPOBOP）（GE + TCP， 0.25 g·kg-1+0.5 mg·kg-1） group， and GE + MP + TCP （0.25 g·kg-1+10 g·kg-1+0.5 mg·kg-1） group. The medication lasted for 14 successive days. One hour after the last administration， the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the liver tissue was harvested. The left liver tissue was stained with hematoxylin- eosin （HE） for observing the pathological changes. The right liver tissue was used for BCRP and CYP3A11 mRNA and protein expression detection by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultThe survival rates of mice in the GE + Rif group， GE group， and GE + MP group were 25% （the lowest）， 40%， and 80%， respectively， and no death was observed in the other groups. Compared with the obvious lesions in the liver cells of the GE group， the pathological changes in liver cells of the GE + MP group were alleviated， while those in the GE + Rif group were worsened. Compared with the GE + Rif group， the GE + MP + Rif group exhibited relieved pathological changes in liver cells. Both the GE + TCP group and the GE + MP + TCP group showed mild liver lesions. The comparison with the GE + MP group revealed that the pathological changes in the GE + MP + TCP group were slightly relieved. Compared with the blank group， the expression of BCRP protein and mRNA in GE group were significantly decreased （P<0.05，P<0.01）.The expression of CYP3A11 protein in GE group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the GE group， the GE + MP group displayed remarkably up-regulated BCRP protein and mRNA expression （P<0.05，P<0.01） and CYP3A11 protein expression （P<0.05）， but slightly up-regulated CYP3A11 mRNA expression. Compared with the GE group， the GE + Rif group exhibited down-regulated BCRP protein expression （P < 0.05）. The protein and mRNA expression levels of BCRP were lower in the GE + MP + Rif group than in the GE + MP group （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The PXR activator rifampicin regulated BCRP before and after the combination of G. elegans with M. pubescens. The CYP3A11 protein and mRNA expression levels in the GE + TCP group were higher than those in the GE group （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Compared with the GE + MP group， the GE + MP + TCP group showed up-regulated CYP3A11 protein and mRNA expression （P<0.05，P<0.01）. CAR activator TCPOBOP also had a regulatory effect on CYP3A11 before and after the compatibility of G. elegans with M. pubescens. ConclusionThe attenuated toxin after the combination of G. elegans with M. pubescens is closely related to the efflux transporter BCRP and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A11.

The Research on Ferritinophagy, Ferroptosis and Related Diseases / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Iron, an important cofactor for heme, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and various biologically important enzymes, participates in biological processes including oxygen transport, redox reactions, and metabolite synthesis. Ferritin is an iron storage protein that maintains iron homeostasis in the body by sequestering and releasing iron. Ferritinophagy is a selective type of autophagy that mediates ferritin degradation, releasing free iron when increased intracellular iron level is needed. Moderate rates of iron autophagy maintain intracellular iron content homeostasis. Excessive ferritinophagy will release a large amount of free iron, causing lipid peroxidation and cell damage via reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the Fenton reaction. Therefore, ferritinophagy plays a vital role in maintaining cellular iron homeostasis. Nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4) acts as a key regulator of ferritinophagy by targeting ferritin binding and delivery to lysosomes for degradation, leading to release of free iron. Thus, NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy is an important contributor to iron metabolism. Recent research reveals that NCOA4 is regulated by factors including iron content, autophagy, lysosomes, and hypoxia. NCOA4-mediated ferritin degradation is related to ferroptosis (an autophagic cell death process) . Ferritinophagy acts as an upstream mechanism driving ferroptosis by regulating cellular iron homeostasis and ROS production, which are closely correlated with the occurrence and development of anemia, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, ischemia / reperfusion injury, and other diseases. In this study, the functional characteristics of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in ferroptosis and the role of NCOA4 in these diseases were reviewed, which may provide new avenues for the treatment of related diseases.

Crosstalk between CYP2E1 and PPARα substrates and agonists modulate adipose browning and obesity

Although the functions of metabolic enzymes and nuclear receptors in controlling physiological homeostasis have been established, their crosstalk in modulating metabolic disease has not been explored. Genetic ablation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 in mice markedly induced adipose browning and increased energy expenditure to improve obesity. CYP2E1 deficiency activated the expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, that upon release from the liver, enhanced adipose browning and energy expenditure to decrease obesity. Nineteen metabolites were increased in Cyp2e1-null mice as revealed by global untargeted metabolomics, among which four compounds, lysophosphatidylcholine and three polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be directly metabolized by CYP2E1 and to serve as PPARα agonists, thus explaining how CYP2E1 deficiency causes hepatic PPARα activation through increasing cellular levels of endogenous PPARα agonists. Translationally, a CYP2E1 inhibitor was found to activate the PPARα-FGF21-beige adipose axis and decrease obesity in wild-type mice, but not in liver-specific Ppara-null mice. The present results establish a metabolic crosstalk between PPARα and CYP2E1 that supports the potential for a novel anti-obesity strategy of activating adipose tissue browning by targeting the CYP2E1 to modulate endogenous metabolites beyond its canonical role in xenobiotic-metabolism.

Effect of Acupuncture-rehabilitation Therapy on Neural Function and Expression of Forkhead Box P3 and Retinoic Acid-related Orphan Receptor γt in Mice with Cerebral Ischemia / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the effect of acupuncture-rehabilitation therapy on the expression of transcription factor forkheadbox P3 (Foxp3) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) protein in cerebral ischemic mice. Methods Forty-five female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to sham operation group, model group, acupuncture group, rehabilitation group, and acupuncture-rehabilitation group, with nine mice in each group. Subsequently, each group was divided into three days, seven days and 14 days subgroups. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established by the suture method, except the sham operation group. The sham operation group and the model group received no treatment. The acupuncture group received scalp cluster acupuncture, the rehabilitation group received treadmill training, and the acupuncture-rehabilitation group received scalp cluster acupuncture combined with treadmill training. Three days, seven days and 14 days after modeling, the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) was obtained, and the expression of Foxp3 and RORγt in brain tissue of ischemic side was analyzed by Western blotting. Results The mNSS in the sham operation group was 0, and was higher in the model group than in the sham operation group at each postoperative time point. Three days after operation, the mNSS decreased in the rehabilitation group and the acupuncture-rehabilitation group, compared to the model group (P < 0.05). Fourteen days after operation, the mNSS decreased in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group, compared to the model group and acupuncture group (P < 0.05). The expression of Foxp3 protein was significantly lower in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group than in other groups at all time points after surgery( P < 0.05). Three days after operation, the expression of RORγt was higher in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group than in other groups (P < 0.05). Seven days after operation, the expression of RORγt was higher in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group than in the acupuncture group and sham operation group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture-rehabilitation therapy may improve the tissue injury of cerebral ischemia mice, and promote the recovery of neural function, possibly by regulating Foxp3 and RORγT expression to reduce the level of inflammation, and then exert neuroprotective effects.

Effect of Acupuncture-rehabilitation Therapy on Neural Function and Expression of Forkhead Box P3 and Retinoic Acid-related Orphan Receptor γt in Mice with Cerebral Ischemia / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the effect of acupuncture-rehabilitation therapy on the expression of transcription factor forkheadbox P3 (Foxp3) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) protein in cerebral ischemic mice. Methods Forty-five female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to sham operation group, model group, acupuncture group, rehabilitation group, and acupuncture-rehabilitation group, with nine mice in each group. Subsequently, each group was divided into three days, seven days and 14 days subgroups. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established by the suture method, except the sham operation group. The sham operation group and the model group received no treatment. The acupuncture group received scalp cluster acupuncture, the rehabilitation group received treadmill training, and the acupuncture-rehabilitation group received scalp cluster acupuncture combined with treadmill training. Three days, seven days and 14 days after modeling, the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) was obtained, and the expression of Foxp3 and RORγt in brain tissue of ischemic side was analyzed by Western blotting. Results The mNSS in the sham operation group was 0, and was higher in the model group than in the sham operation group at each postoperative time point. Three days after operation, the mNSS decreased in the rehabilitation group and the acupuncture-rehabilitation group, compared to the model group (P < 0.05). Fourteen days after operation, the mNSS decreased in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group, compared to the model group and acupuncture group (P < 0.05). The expression of Foxp3 protein was significantly lower in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group than in other groups at all time points after surgery( P < 0.05). Three days after operation, the expression of RORγt was higher in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group than in other groups (P < 0.05). Seven days after operation, the expression of RORγt was higher in the acupuncture-rehabilitation group than in the acupuncture group and sham operation group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture-rehabilitation therapy may improve the tissue injury of cerebral ischemia mice, and promote the recovery of neural function, possibly by regulating Foxp3 and RORγT expression to reduce the level of inflammation, and then exert neuroprotective effects.