Descripción del brote de poliomielitis en la Argentina de 1971 / Description of the 1971 poliomyelitis outbreak in Argentina

La poliomielitis es una enfermedad de antigua data que afecta exclusivamente a los humanos. Sus secuelas de parálisis se encuentran ya documentadas en escritos del antiguo Egipto. Es producida por el poliovirus y se transmite por vía fecal-oral. Uno de cada doscientos niños infectados sufre un ataque vírico a las neuronas motoras del sistema nervioso central, que deja como secuela una parálisis flácida muscular. En la Argentina, las últimas epidemias de poliomielitis ocurrieron entre 1955 y1957, en 1971 y en 1983. La epidemia de 1953 registró 2.700 casos, mientras que en la de 1956 hubo 6.490 casos, con una tasa de mortalidad del 33,7%. Durante 1971, 46 pacientes fueron internados con diagnóstico de poliomielitis en las salas que dependían de la cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, en el predio del Hospital Francisco Javier Muñiz. La cohorte estaba compuesta por 26 varones y 20 mujeres. Hemos realizado una revisión de las historias clínicas de aquellos pacientes, obrantes en el archivo de la cátedra. (AU)

Poliomyelitis is a human disease of ancient origin. Evidence of sequelae of paralysis is documented in ancient Egyptian writings. It is caused by the poliovirus and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. One out of 200 infected children suffers a viral attack on the central nervous system´s motor neurons, which results in flaccid muscle paralysis. In Argentina, the last polio epidemics occurred between 1955 and 1957, in 1971 and in 1983. The 1953 poliomyelitis epidemic reported a total of 2,700 cases, while in the 1956 outbreak 6,490 cases were recorded with a mortality rate of 33.7%. In 1971, 46 patients were diagnosed with poliomyelitis and admitted to the wards of the Department of Infectious Diseases at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, located in the Javier Muñiz Hospital. The cohort consisted of 26 men and 20 women. We reviewed the medical records of those patients, recorded in the Department´s archive. (AU)

Epidemiological investigation and management of the first monkeypox cluster outbreak in Wuhan / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics, investigation and treatment process of the first monkeypox cluster outbreak in Wuhan, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of monkeypox cluster outbreak in the future. Methods Field epidemiological investigation was conducted on the cases, and throat swabs, anal swabs, shingles fluid, whole blood, and serum samples were collected from the cases. Subsequently, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed for the detection of monkeypox virus nucleic acid and subsequent gene sequencing. Results Two cases had a high-risk exposure behavior in a hotel in Wuhan on June 2, 2023. The first case exhibited the emergence of beige papules on June 5 and sought medical treatment at a tertiary hospital in Wuhan on June 11. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted tests on herpes fluid samples, which yielded positive results for the presence of monkeypox virus nucleic acid. Genetic sequencing analysis revealed that the infecting strain of the monkeypox virus in this case belonged to the West African clade B.1. Conclusion Based on epidemiological investigation and laboratory results, this monkeypox cluster outbreak may be caused by latent men with men sexual transmission. Monkeypox has the risk of both overseas importation and local transmission in our country. It is very necessary to detect, report and deal with monkeypox outbreak early.

The molecular epidemiological characteristics of the gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirusin Hainan Province,2020-2022 / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective To understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Norovirus outbreaks and the genome evolution of Norovirus epidemic strains in Hainan Province from 2020 to 2022.Methods The information and samples have been collected from the norovirus outbreaks from 2020 to 2022.Norovirus was detected by using the real-time PCR in these samples,then the detected sequences were amplified the analyzed.The Norovirus se-quences of 8 strains had been amplified and analyzed.Results From 2020 to 2022,39 gastroenteritis outbreaks were reported,and 25 outbreaks caused by Norovirus which mainly occurred in childcare institutions and schools(20/25,80％).The Norovirus outbreaks were mainly concentrated in counties around Haikou(northeast),which including Ding'an(5 cases),Wenchang(4 cases),Chengmai(4 cases),and Lingao(3 cases);following by western regions which included Baisha(2 cases),Ledong(2 cases),and Dongfang(3 cases).1 case was in Wanning in the southeast.Among individuals aged 2-17,the positive proportion of Norovirus in males was higher than that in females.Among individuals aged over 55,the proportion of Norovirus positive in females was higher than that in males.The gender of positive samples among individuals aged 18-40 was related to their profession.According to RT-PCR typing and sequencing,GⅡ group Norovirus were classified in13 outbreaks.There were 4 genotypes detected.GⅡ.2[P1 6]was the main epidemic strain with 60％(9/13),and the other three genotypes were GⅡ.4 Sydney[P31](15.4％,2/13)GⅡ.4 Sydney[P16](7.7％,1/13)and GⅡ.3[P12](7.7％,1/13).Further genic analysis of 8 Norovirus strains showed that all of them were still in the same branch as the previ-ous strain,and all exhibited a certain amount of amino acid variation.Conclusion Norovirus is the main pathogen of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hainan province,and the main epidemic strain is GⅡ.2[P16].It is necessary to continue to strengthen the monitoring that provides scientific evidence for the prevention and control of norovirus out-breaks in Hainan region.

Investigation on a suspected outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infection in an intensive care unit / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate a suspected outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii （CRAB） nosocomial infection in an intensive care unit （ICU） and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of multi-drug resistant nosocomial infection. MethodsClinical and epidemiological data of 4 patients with CRAB infection were retrospectively investigated in the ICU of Renji Hospital in November 2021. Environmental hygiene monitoring and multilocus sequence typing （MLST） were conducted and intervention measures were taken. ResultsA total of 4 cases with CRAB infection were identified， among which 1 case was determined to be community-acquired and3 cases were hospital-acquired. The isolated strains shared the same drug resistance， and were all classified into ST368 type. In the surface and hand samples （n=40）， 2 CRAB strains were detected in the air filter beside the bed of the first case， with a detection rate of 5%. After adopting comprehensive prevention and control strategies， including environmental cleaning and disinfection， hand hygiene， staff management and training， and supervision， no similar case with CRAB infection was found. ConclusionThis suspected outbreak of CRAB nosocomial infection may be induced by inadequate environmental cleaning and disinfection， and inadequate implementation of hand hygiene. Timely identification， investigation， and targeted measures remain crucial to effective control of possible nosocomial infection.

COVID-19 outbreak in an orphanage in the Philippines

Objectives@#Identifying factors that can lead to an outbreak in an orphanage is important. This study describes a COVID-19 outbreak in an orphanage in the Philippines. The clinicodemographic profile of the children and employees, safety protocols implemented and outbreak response are reported.@*Methodology@#This is a descriptive study of the COVID-19 outbreak which occurred at a local orphanage in Metro Manila. The clinicodemographic profile of children and employees were obtained from the orphanage’s health records. Interview of employees and administrators and focused group discussions (FDG) were done. A questionnaire on how the orphanage dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic was administered.@*Results@#A total of 128 children and 34 staff were in the orphanage during the COVID-19 outbreak. Majority (96%) of children were symptomatic and 15% of them have co-morbidities. While 82% of the employees were symptomatic, majority had a positive rapid antigen test or RT-PCR for SARS-CoV2. All the children and employees had mild illness and recovered with no complications. The orphanage implemented strict infection control measures when the COVID-19 pandemic was declared. There was a halt in the adoption processes and in the movement of persons in the orphanage. With the decline of COVID-19 cases in Metro Manila, the orphanage resumed accepting new admissions and processing adoption papers. A few weeks later, a child became symptomatic but was not immediately considered as a case of COVID-19. This was followed by the majority of the children and the employees becoming symptomatic, thus the COVID-19 outbreak was called. Foremost in the response was to attend to the medical needs of the children. Strict lockdown was enforced by the City Health Office until all cases were deemed not contagious.@*Conclusion@#Factors that can lead to an outbreak in an orphanage include missed opportunities for early diagnosis, contact tracing and intervention. Despite strict infection control measures, a single breach undermined all the efforts done to prevent an outbreak in a closed community.

Investigation and control of a suspected outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection in patients with hematologi-cal tumors / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate a suspected outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)healthcare-associated bloodstream infection(HA-BSI),provide reference for effective control of CRKP in-fection.Methods The characteristics of CRKP infected patients and the risk factors for the event transmission in an adult hematology department of a teaching hospital in June 2022 were obtained by field epidemiological investigation.The specimens of environmental target strains were co-llected by blood nutrient agar inoculation,the removal status of environmental microorganisms and the effect of infection control after implementing control measures were com-pared.Results There were a total of 6 cases of CRKP HA-BSI,with an attacking rate of 1.29％(6/464),which was significantly higher than 0 during the same period in 2021,and difference was statistically significant(P=0.011).In environmental hygiene monitoring,the detection rate of CRKP was 2.27％(1/44),which was from the surface of bed curtain in the living unit of infected patients,homology analysis with CRKP detected from 2 patients revealed that the 16s RNA of 3 CRKP strains was completely identical,with a similarity of 100％.Seven house-keeping genes of 3 CRKP strains were all identical and belonged to the ST11 type.Comprehensive control measures were taken:appropriate closure of the ward,centralized isolation of patients,terminal disinfection of the ward,reg-ular health care workers and relative restriction of their activity areas.After the measures were taken,the qualified rate of microbial colony count in the ward increased compared to before taking the measures(2.27％vs 68.89％,P＜0.001),with a statistically significant difference,there were no more CRKP infected cases after the intervention,indicating that the control measures were effective.Conclusion This outbreak was caused by ST11 type of common CRKP in China,and laminar bed curtains are carriers of pathogen transmission.It is speculated that non-standard cleaning and disinfection,as well as inadequate implementation of hand hygiene are the main causes for transmis-sion.Adopting an appropriate strategy of closing the ward and concentrating patient isolation can quickly and effec-tively prevent the transmission of the event.

Investigation of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak in a welfare institution / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo carry out an epidemiological analysis on an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection at a welfare institution to provide a theoretical basis for the corresponding prevention and control measures. MethodsUsing the method of field epidemiological investigation， special field treatment was carried out in September 2022. Serum samples from cases and close contacts in the same ward area were collected for detection of nine respiratory tract infection pathogens （Mycoplasma pneumoniae， chlamydia， influenza， human metapneumosis， respiratory syncytial， human boca， parainfluenza type 1‒4 virus， and Middle East respiratory syndrome， severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus） by immunofluorescence immunoglobulin M （IgM） antibody test. ResultsA total of 14 Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases were identified， all of whom were residents of the welfare institution. The first case occurred on September 4， while the last case was reported on September 13. The incidence rate of the fifth ward area where the first case reported was 12.82% （10/78）， and it was 3.57% （3/84） in the third ward area and 1.20% （1/83） in the first ward area. There was a significant difference in incidence rates between ward areas （χ2=8.90， P<0.05）， but no significant difference was observed in age distribution and length of hospitalization. Thirty-three samples were collected for detection of nine kinds of IgM antibodies against respiratory pathogens. The results showed that the Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM antibody was weakly positive in the 14 cases. ConclusionBased on the epidemiological history， clinical symptoms and laboratory tests， it was concluded that it was an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection within the welfare institution. Welfare institutions should continue to control the occurrence and outbreak of infection through effective routine hygiene， ventilation， and disinfection so as to ensure the health and safety of their clients.

Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of P1-Ⅱ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a school / 预防医学

Abstract@#On October 13 2023, the Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention recAAAAAeived a report from a school indicating an outbreak of fever among students in Class 2, Grade 4. An on-site epidemiological investigation was immediately conducted. A total of 14 cases were reported, all of whom were students, with an attack rate of 34.15%. The onset of illness was concentrated between October 6 and 15, with the main clinical symptoms being fever, cough and fatigue. There were no cases of hospitalization, severe illness or death. Seven cases tested positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1-Ⅱ. Based on the on-site investigation and laboratory test results, it was an outbreak of influenza-like illness caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The likely cause of the spread was cases infecting other classmates through respiratory droplets while attending class. The outbreak occurred only in one class and did not spread to neighboring classes. Schools should actively carry out health education to raise awareness among parents for reporting infectious diseases, and strengthen morning and afternoon screenings to improve the sensitivity of identification.

Assessment of the level of awareness, knowledge, and risk perception of community members about mpox infection in Nigeria

Background: Since the resurgence of mpox disease in 2017, Nigeria alone has accounted for about 60% of confirmed cases reported in the African region. This study therefore aimed to understand the knowledge and perception of the general public towards the mpox infection. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 958 community members across three states (Oyo, Lagos and Jigawa) in Nigeria. Knowledge of mpox infection was assessed across four domains: (1) general knowledge, (2) transmission, (3) signs and symptoms, and (4) prevention and treatment where we assigned a score of 1 for each correct response. Binary logistic regression was conducted to explore factors associated with knowledge of mpox infection at 5% level of significance. We assessed perception of mpox infection across 5 constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy) from the health belief model, using 3-point Likert scales. We used Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney- U tests to assess factors associated with each construct. Results: Overall, only about one-third (38.3%) of community members were aware of mpox infection. There were variations in perceptions and knowledge across the three states. Knowledge of mpox infection transmission, prevention, and treatment was low across the states. Only 28.9% of respondents knew that sharing utensils with an infected person is a means of contracting the disease, and just 15.9% were aware that mpox infection may resolve spontaneously. The mean of general knowledge scores was higher in Jigawa 14.8 (±3.2) compared to Lagos 12.1 (±4.1) and Oyo states 12.5 (±5.6) (p<0.001).Respondents with tertiary-level education (p=0.001) were significantly more likely to perceive themselves as susceptible to mpox while males (p<0.001) and respondents who live in Jigawa state (p=0.002) were significantly more likely to perceive mpox as severe with 90.5% believing that being infected will stop their daily activity (p<0.001). Perceived barriers to adherence to mpox preventive strategies were higher in Jigawa state (p<0.001), with 68.3% reporting that use of hand sanitizers might be expensive for them. Conclusion: The analysis of our findings revealed significant knowledge gaps and a very low level of public awareness about mpox. Key areas of limited knowledge included the disease's route of transmission, as well as its prevention and treatment. To control the spread of mpox infection, there is need to strengthen public health risk communication focusing on the transmission and preventive actions.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia outbreak in a university hospital: epidemiological investigation and literature review of an emerging healthcare-associated infection

ABSTRACT Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was considered to be a low-virulence organism. But it has emerged as a prominent opportunistic pathogen in patients with certain risk factors. This study aimed to describe an outbreak experienced in our hospital with all dynamics while evaluating previous S. maltophilia outbreak reports. S. maltophilia isolates were obtained from a university hospital in Türkiye in a seven-months period. Antimicrobial resistance, type of infections, predisposing factors of infected patients, antibiotic therapy, outcome of infections, and outbreak source were investigated. Also, S. maltophilia outbreaks in the literature were reviewed. In the 12 months prior to the outbreak, prevalence rate of clinical samples including S. maltophilia was 7/1,000 patient per day, opposed to 113/1,000 patient per day during the outbreak. Although a large number of cases were observed in a short seven-month period, a source of contamination could not be detected. Stable mortality rates (or remaining close to the average) during outbreaks can be attributed to the careful attention paid by laboratory and clinic physicians during procedures. S. maltophilia has potential to spread outbreaks and infect patients in operating rooms and intensive care units during invasive procedures.

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus: an emergent cause of meningoencephalitis in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT This study describes an outbreak of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infections that caused meningoencephalitis and bacteremia related to unpasteurized milk consumption in northeastern Brazil. Epidemiological investigations and a brief literature review were conducted. Strains with possible neurotropism had not been identified in Brazil before these cases; however, in 2023, another case of meningoencephalitis caused by Streptococcus equi sp. zooepidemicus was described, revealing the need to maintain surveillance and highlighting that these neurotropic strains continue to circulate in the environment.

Germenectomía de los terceros molares con cefalometría predictiva de brote / Germenectomy of third molars with predictive cephalometry of abnormal eruption

Introducción: Las complicaciones, asociadas al brote anormal de los terceros molares, es posible evitarlas con la germenectomía de estos dientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución de la germenectomía de terceros molares en pacientes con diagnóstico cefalométrico de brote anormal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Provincial "Saturnino Lora Torres", desde febrero de 2019 hasta marzo de 2021. Se estudiaron 32 pacientes de 13 a 15 años de edad, interviniéndose quirúrgicamente 78 terceros molares. Las variables fueron edad, sexo, color de la piel, localización y posición del tercer molar; así como las complicaciones trans y posoperatorias y la evolución. Resultados: Entre los 32 pacientes incluidos en el estudio predominó el sexo femenino (62,5 por ciento) y la edad de 14 años (40,6 por ciento). Las complicaciones ocurridas durante la germenectomía fueron más frecuentes en la arcada inferior. Aunque no fueron detectadas diferencias estadísticamente significativas según localización (valor de p>0,05); con 30 transoperatorias para un 38,4 por ciento y 75 posoperatorias para un 96,2 por ciento. Conclusiones: Se evidencia una evolución marcadamente favorable posterior a la germenectomía de terceros molares en la población de pacientes con diagnóstico cefalométrico de brote anormal. En ellos el sangrado transoperatorio y el dolor posoperatorio constituyen las complicaciones a considerar en este tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico(AU)

Introduction: Complications associated with the abnormal eruption of third molars can be avoided with germenectomy of these teeth. Objective: To characterize the evolution of third molar germenectomy in patients with a cephalometric diagnosis of abnormal bud. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service at Saturnino Lora Torres Provincial Hospital, from February 2019 to March 2021. Thirty two patients aged 13 to 15 years were studied, with 78 third molars undergoing surgery. The variables were age, sex, skin color, location and position of the third molar; as well as trans and postoperative complications and evolution. Results: Among the 32 patients included in the study, the female sex (62.5 percent) and the age of 14 years (40.6 percent) predominated. Complications that occurred during germenectomy were more frequent in the lower arch. Although no statistically significant differences were perceived according to location (p value > 0.05); with 30 intraoperative for 38.4 percent and 75 postoperative for 96.2 percent. Conclusions: There is evidence of a markedly favorable evolution after germenectomy of third molars in the population of patients with cephalometric diagnosis of abnormal bud. In them, transoperative bleeding and postoperative pain are the complications to consider in this type of surgical procedure(AU)

Asociación entre las tendencias de búsqueda en internet con el número de casos confirmados por la viruela símica: estudio multinacional en diez países / Association between internet search trends and the number of confirmed monkeypox cases: a multinational study in ten countries

INTRODUCCIÓN: La viruela símica es una infección zoonótica que se ha distribuido por todo el mundo. La búsqueda de información en internet refleja el interés y concientización de la población acerca de salud. OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el volumen relativo de búsquedas en internet con el número de casos confirmados por la viruela símica en diez países. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio obser- vacional, analítico, retrospectivo, utilizando la herramienta Google Trends (GT™) para encontrar el volumen relativo búsqueda (VRB) sobre viruela símica desde 01 de enero al 31 de agosto del 2022 usando términos de búsqueda en el idioma oficial de los 10 países con mayor número de casos en dichas fechas, registrado por Our World in Data. Para establecer la relación lineal entre el VRB con los nuevos de casos por día se usó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson con un nivel de significancia (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADOS: Se encontró un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson fuerte en Brasil (Rp = 0,562,p = 0,001), y débil en países como Alemania (Rp = 0,281, p = 0,004), Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (Rp = 0,255, p = 0,008), España (Rp = 0,122, p = 0,213), Perú (Rp = 0,120, p = 0,333), Canadá (Rp = 0,116, p = 0,238), Francia (Rp = 0,095, p = 0,335), Reino Unido (Rp = 0,085, p = 0,362), Portugal (Rp = 0,024, p = 0,805) y Países Bajos (Rp = 0,067, p = 0,497). CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestro estudio evidencio que el VRB presento una relación positiva con el número de nuevos casos de viruela símica. Asimismo, se observo un coeficiente de correlación fuerte en Brasil, y en el resto de países fue débil.

BACKGROUND: Smallpox is a zoonotic infection that has been distributed worldwide. The search for information on the Internet reflects the interest and awareness of the population about health. AIM: To determine the correlation between the relative volume of internet searches and the number of confirmed cases of smallpox in ten countries. METHODS: An observational, analytical, retrospective study was conducted using the Google Trends (GT™) tool to find the relative search volume (RSV) on monkeypox from January 1 to August 31, 2022 using search terms in the official language of the 10 countries with the highest number of cases on those dates, as recorded by Our World in Data. To establish the relationship between RSV and new cases per day, Spearman's correlation was used with a significance level (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: A. strong Pearson correlation coefficient was found in Brazil (Rp = 0.562, p = 0.001), and weak in countries like Germany (Rp = 0.281, p = 0.004), United States (Rp = 0.255, p = 0.008), Spain (Rp = 0. 122, p = 0.213), Peru (Rp = 0.120, p = 0.333), Canada (Rp = 0.116, p = 0.238), France (Rp = 0.095, p = 0.335), United Kingdom (Rp = 0.085, p = 0.362), Portugal (Rp = 0.024, p = 0.805) and Netherlands (Rp = 0.067, p = 0.497). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that RSV had a positive relationship with the number of new cases of smallpox. Also, a strong correlation coefficient was observed in Brazil, while the rest of the countries showed a weak correlation coefficient.

First nosocomial outbreak of SME-4-producing Serratia marcescens in South America / Primer brote nosocomial por Serratia marcescens productora de SME-4en Sudamérica

Abstract Carbapenemase-producing-Serratia marcescens isolates, although infrequent, are considered important nosocomial pathogens due to their intrinsic resistance to polymyxins, which limits therapeutic options. We describe a nosocomial outbreak of SME-4-producing S. marcescens in Buenos Aires city which, in our knowledge, represents the first one in South America.

Resumen Los aislamientos de origen nosocomial de Serratia marcescens productores de car-bapenemasa, si bien son infrecuentes, son considerados importantes patógenos debido a su resistencia intrínseca a las polimixinas, lo cual limita aún más las opciones terapéuticas. En este trabajo se describe un brote nosocomial causado por S. marcescens portadora de car-bapenemasa de tipo SME-4 en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, el cual representaría el primero en Sudamérica.

La viruela símica, alcances sobre lo que se conoce / Monkeypox, insights into what is known / Monkeypox, escopo do que é conhecido

La viruela símica es una enfermedad zoonótica endémica de África occidental y central, pero el actual brote está presentado una inusual propagación por el mundo a pesar de su limitada capacidad para trasmitirse de humano a humano, situación que ha generado una preocupación sanitaria a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Identificar la viruela símica, descripción del monkeypox virus, brote actual de la viruela símica, etiología, trasmisión, signos y síntomas, diagnóstico, vacunación y tratamiento antiviral. Metodología. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en PubMed, Ovid y LILACS, empleando operadores booleanos como, "monkeypox" OR "MPXV" OR "human monkeypox" OR "virus monkeypox", en total se identificaron 986 registros, en inglés y español. La fase de cribado recabo 59 registros entre artículos científicos y literatura gris publicados entre el 2010 y el 2022. El proceso de revisión se desarrolló bajo los estándares del método PRISMA; la elegibilidad, incluyó valoración de la calidad científica por listas de comprobación, y la inclusión contempló los criterios de calidad de la evidencia y graduación de la fuerza de recomendación. Resultados. Se encontraron 287 registros en PubMed, 699 en Ovid Medline®, se localizaron en total 986 registros electrónicos. Conclusión. El incremento de la trasmisión de humano a humano pone en peligro al entorno familiar y a quienes brindan el cuidado de salud. Las erupciones cutáneas son el signo patognomónico durante la valoración clínica. La inmunidad colectiva alcanzada durante la vacunación contra la viruela humana se ha reducido, contribuyendo en el aumento de casos y la propagación.

Smallpox is a zoonotic disease endemic to West and Central Africa, but the current outbreak is showing an unusual spread throughout the world despite its limited ability to transmit from human to human, a situation that has raised global health concern. Objective. To identify monkeypox, description of monkeypox virus, current outbreak of monkeypox, etiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, vaccination and antiviral treatment. Methodology. A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Ovid and LILACS, using Boolean operators such as, "monkeypox" OR "MPXV" OR "human monkeypox" OR "monkeypox virus", a total of 986 records were identified, in English and Spanish. The screening phase collected 59 records between scientific articles and grey literature published between 2010 and 2022. The review process was developed under the standards of the PRISMA method; eligibility included assessment of scientific quality by checklists, and inclusion contemplated the criteria of quality of evidence and grading of the strength of recommendation. Results. A total of 287 records were found in PubMed, 699 in Ovid Medline®, and 986 electronic records were located. Conclusion. The increase in human-to-human transmission endangers the family environment and health care providers. Skin rashes are the pathognomonic sign during clinical assessment. The herd immunity achieved during human smallpox vaccination has been reduced, contributing to the increase in cases and spread.

A varíola é uma doença zoonótica endêmica da África Ocidental e Central, mas o surto atual está mostrando uma disseminação global incomum, apesar de sua capacidade limitada de transmissão de pessoa para pessoa, uma situação que levantou preocupações com a saúde global. Objetivo. Identificar a varíola do macaco, a descrição do vírus da varíola do macaco, o atual surto de varíola do macaco, a etiologia, a transmissão, os sinais e sintomas, o diagnóstico, a vacinação e o tratamento antiviral. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática no PubMed, Ovid e LILACS, usando operadores booleanos como "monkeypox" OR "MPXV" OR "human monkeypox" OR "monkeypox virus", no total foram identificados 986 registros, em inglês e espanhol. A fase de triagem coletou 59 registros de artigos científicos e literatura cinzenta publicados entre 2010 e 2022. O processo de revisão foi desenvolvido de acordo com os padrões do método PRISMA; a elegibilidade incluiu a avaliação da qualidade científica por meio de listas de verificação, e a inclusão contemplou os critérios de qualidade de evidência e graduação da força de recomendação. Resultados. Foram encontrados 287 registros no PubMed, 699 no Ovid Medline® e um total de 986 registros eletrônicos. Conclusões. O aumento da transmissão de pessoa para pessoa coloca em risco o ambiente doméstico e os prestadores de serviços de saúde. Erupções cutâneas são o sinal patognomônico durante a avaliação clínica. A imunidade de rebanho obtida durante a vacinação contra a varíola humana foi reduzida, contribuindo para o aumento dos casos e da disseminação.

Primer reporte de un brote de dengue en balsas, Amazonas, Perú, durante 2021 y 2022

Introducción: El aumento de casos de dengue en Amazonas es un riesgo para la salud pública. En el 2021, Balsas reportó por primera vez un brote de dengue. Métodos: La población incluyó a pacientes que cumplían con la definición de caso entre diciembre 2021 y febrero 2022. La identificación de los serotipos se determinó mediante una qRT-PCR múltiplex. Resultados: Se identificaron 72 pacientes de los cuales 53 (74%) se confirmaron por serología (Ag NS1). El serotipo prevalente fue DENV-2 (94%), y el 6% fue DENV-1. Los pacientes de 19 a 45 años presentaron el mayor porcentaje de casos (59%). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron cefalea, mialgias, fiebre y artralgias; el 23 % presentó dolor abdominal intenso. Conclusión: Este fue el primer brote de dengue confirmado en el distrito de Balsas, siendo DENV-2 el principal causante, destacando la necesidad de mejorar la vigilancia en zonas sin transmisión autóctona de la enfermedad.

Introduction: The increase in dengue cases in Amazonas represents a public health risk. In 2021, Balsas reported a dengue outbreak for the first time. Methods: The population included patients who met the case definition between December 2021 and February 2022. Serotype identification was determined using a multiplex qRT-PCR. Results: A total of 72 patients were identified, of which 53 (74%) were confirmed by serology (NS1 Ag). The prevalent serotype was DENV-2 (94%), and 6% were DENV-1. Patients aged 19 to 45 years had the highest percentage of cases (59%). The most frequent symptoms were headache, myalgia, fever, and arthralgia; 23% had intense abdominal pain. Conclusion: This was the first confirmed dengue outbreak in the Balsas district, with DENV-2 being the main cause of the outbreak, highlighting the need to improve surveillance in areas without autochthonous transmission of the disease.

Dealing with Outbreak of Monkey Pox Virus in Iran

Iran has raised concerns about the new outbreak of monkeypox (MV), it’s a serious issue for our 85 million population. Iran has identified its first case of monkeypox reported 16, Aug, woman aged 34, in the city of Ahvaz. The outbreak of the Monkeypox virus increasing daily in many areas, and causes deaths are reported. This article deals with the ongoing outbreak of monkeypox virus (zoonotic) that belongs to the genus orthopoxvirus, which was confirmed in May, 2022 and has similar symptoms as of smallpox but is less contagious and less severe illness than smallpox. The article also deals with its signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Dengue como fenómeno epidemiológico emergente: dinámica de los brotes en la provincia de Buenos Aires en 2016 Y 2020 / Dengue as an emergent epidemiological phenomenon: dynamics of the outbreaks of 2016 and 2020 in Buenos Aires province

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El dengue constituye un problema emergente en Argentina. En la provincia de Buenos Aires se inició un primer brote en 2016, y el de 2020 registró un 82% más de casos y afectó municipios sin antecedentes previos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la dinámica de los brotes bonaerenses de 2016 y 2020 . MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal. Los casos fueron registrados en el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud. Fueron calculadas las distribuciones de frecuencia de los casos notificados, considerando también el origen: importados o autóctonos. Las tasas de incidencia y las razones de tasas se calcularon por Región Sanitaria. La difusión de la onda epidémica para ambos brotes fue obtenida mediante el cálculo de métricas adimensionales . RESULTADOS: Ambos brotes manifestaron ondas de similar comportamiento, pero con diferente expansión temporal y velocidades de difusión que se distanciaron en el inicio y luego hacia el final, presentando el último brote una mayor incidencia pero con una tasa de propagación de menor variación . DISCUSIÓN: La investigación realizada permitió caracterizar los brotes ocurridos en 2016 y 2020, y focalizar regionalmente la incidencia del fenómeno reemergente de la infección por arbovirus dengue (principalmente DEN-1 circulante) en la provincia de Buenos Aires, con cifras de incidencia que superaron lo conocido en la historia de la enfermedad en Argentina.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an emerging problem in Argentina. In the province of Buenos Aires, the first outbreak was in 2016, and the one occurred during 2020 caused 82% more cases and affected districts with no previous cases. The objective of this study was to characterize the outbreak dynamics in the province of Buenos Aires in 2016 and 2020 . METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective and crosssectional study was conducted. The cases were registered in the National Health Surveillance System. The frequency distributions of the reported cases were calculated, considering also the origin: imported or autochthonous. Incidence rates and rate ratios were calculated for each Health Region. The diffusion of the epidemic wave for both outbreaks was obtained by calculating dimensionless metrics . RESULTS: Both outbreaks showed waves with similar behavior, but with different temporal expansion and diffusion speeds that distanced from each other at the beginning and then towards the end. The last outbreak had a higher incidence, but a propagation rate with less variation . DISCUSSION: This research allowed to characterize the two outbreaks occurred in 2016 and 2020, and to focus regionally on the incidence of the re-emerging phenomenon of dengue arbovirus infection (mainly circulating DEN-1) in the province of Buenos Aires, with incidence figures that exceeded those known in the history of the disease in Argentina.

Viruela símica grave en un paciente con infección por VIH, Ecuador / Severe mpox in a HIV patient, Ecuador. A case report

En mayo de 2022 se reportó un aumento de casos de viruela símica (mpox en inglés) en el mundo, cuyo comportamiento epidemiológico y clínico, particularmente en pacientes con infección por VIH, condujo a la declaración del brote de mpox 2022 como emergencia de salud pública internacional. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con infección por VIH que cursó con mpox grave y fulminante, con placas necróticas en párpado y membrana inflamatoria sobre la superficie ocular; mucosa oral con lesiones blanquecinas y úlceras en lengua; induración de tejidos blandos y lesiones necróticas en los pies. Tras múltiples complicaciones, se convirtió en la primera víctima fatal reportada en Ecuador en 2022. En pacientes con infección por VIH, mpox puede presentarse como un agente oportunista, causando lesiones cutáneas graves, con o sin manifestaciones sistémicas.

In May 2022 several cases of mpox were reported worldwide, whose epidemiological and clinical outcome, particularly in patients seropositive for HIV, led to declaring the 2022 mpox outbreak as a public health emergency. We describe a case of a patient with HIV infection and severe and fulminant mpox, with necrotic plaques on the eyelid and an inflammatory membrane on the ocular surface; oral mucosa with whitish lesions and ulcers on the tongue; soft tissues induration, and necrotic lesions on the feet. After multiple complications, he became the first fatality reported in Ecuador in 2022. In HIV-infected patients mpox can be considered an opportunistic agent, with severe skin lesions with or without systemic manifestations.

Brote de histoplasmosis en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Histoplasmosis outbreak in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

La histoplasmosis es una micosis profunda de distribución mundial causada por el Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. Se caracteriza por una variabilidad clínica que depende principalmente de la carga fúngica, del estado inmunológico del paciente y de la virulencia del germen. Se describe un brote de histoplasmosis pulmonar aguda en militares, producido en el contexto epidemiológico de la COVID-19. El episodio tuvo lugar a partir de actividad laboral en cuevas donde participaron cuatro militares, tres de los cuales desarrollaron síntomas y fueron admitidos en el Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos en enero de 2022. La información fue obtenida a través de la entrevista médica y la historia clínica. Se evidenció que en el contexto epidemiológico de la pandemia por COVID-19 no se debe subestimar el diagnóstico de otras enfermedades respiratorias, incluidas las micosis endémicas(AU)

Histoplasmosis is a deep mycotic infection of worldwide distribution caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. It is characterized by clinical variability that depends mainly on the fungal load, the patient's immune status and the virulence of the germ. We describe an outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis among military officers, which occurred in the epidemiological context of COVID-19. The episode occurred during work activities in caves in which four soldiers participated, three of whom developed symptoms and were admitted to the "Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima" Hospital in Cienfuegos in January 2022. The information was obtained through medical interviews and clinical records. It was evidenced that in the epidemiological context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the diagnosis of other respiratory diseases, including endemic mycoses, should not be underestimated(AU)