Effect of sitagliptin on depression in male wistar rats

Background: Growing evidence supports relationship between depression and inflammation. The hypothesis of involvement of inflammatory pathways in depression is supported by the findings of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. So, we decided to evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on depression using forced swim test (FST) and possible effects of sitagliptin on serum oxidative stress markers and cytokine gene expression in rat hippocampus.Methods: FST model was used to evaluate antidepressant effect in male wistar rats. Rats in group I (control group) were given normal saline, group II (standard group) were given fluoxetine, group III and IV (test groups) were given sitagliptin 5 mg/kg and sitagliptin 9 mg/kg respectively. All the drugs in all groups were given per orally. At the end, animals were sacrificed and blood was collected. Hippocampus of rat brain was dissected out. Serum oxidative stress markers and hippocampal pro inflammatory cytokine gene expression analysis was carried out.Results: Sitagliptin 5 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg showed reduction in depressive symptoms and hippocampal cytokine gene expression in comparison to control. In case of serum oxidative stress markers, there was statistically significant reduction in nitric oxide levels with stagliptin 9 mg/kg. Although there was a decrease in the levels of catalase and increase in the levels of glutathione with standard and test groups, the results were not statistically significant.Conclusions: The present study showed significant antidepressant effect activity of standard and test groups. Hence, further research should be carried out to substantiate above results.

Oxidative Stress Markers in the Venous Plasma of Women with Preterm Labor and Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the oxidation and antioxidation capacity in the maternal venous plasma of preterm labor with intact membranes, and premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and also to evaluate their roles in the pathophysiology of PPROM. METHODS: Seventy five women in the following categories had venous blood retrieved: (1) Group A, normal pregnancy (n=24). (2) Group B, preterm labor with intact membranes (n=25). (3) Group C, preterm premature rupture of membranes (n=26). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reaction, protein carbonyl content by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction, and total antioxidant capacity by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) were measured. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Lipid peroxide levels in the venous plasma of group B and C were significantly higher than those of group A (group B: 4.59+/-0.30, group C: 5.40+/-0.22 vs. group A: 3.90+/-0.26 nmol/mg protein, P<0.05). Lipid peroxide levels in the venous plasma of group C were significantly higher than those of group B (P<0.05). Protein carbonyl levels in the venous plasma of group C were significantly higher than those of group A (group C: 5.68+/-0.42 vs. group A: 5.43+/-0.41 nmol/mg protein, P<0.05). There was no significant difference of protein carbonyl levels in the venous plasma between group A and B. ORAC levels in the venous plasma of group B and C were significantly lower than those of group A (group B: 117.90+/-0.48, group C: 111.68+/-1.23 vs. group A: 119.14+/-1.12 mM/mL, P<0.05). ORAC levels in the venous plasma of group C were significantly lower than those of group B (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the blood of the women with preterm premature rupture of membranes, the lipid peroxidation was increased and the antioxidant capacity was decreased compared to women with normal pregnancy and preterm labor with intact membranes. These results suggest that oxidative stress was increased in preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Comparison of oxidative stress markers in umbilical cord blood after vaginal and cesarean delivery

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of the mode of delivery on the oxidant and antioxidant system in umbilical cord blood. METHODS: We performed gas analysis of umbilical venous blood and umbilical arterial blood immediately after delivery in 38 women; eighteen women had a vaginal delivery while 20 women delivered via cesarean section at over 37 weeks gestation. We examined lipid peroxide concentration by thiobarbituric acid reaction, protein carbonyl content by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction, and total antioxidant capacity by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. RESULTS: Lipid peroxide levels in umbilical venous blood were significantly higher in patients delivering by planned cesarean section (1.81 +/- 0.06 nmol/mg protein) than those with vaginal delivery (1.24 +/- 0.05 nmol/mg protein) (P < 0.05). Antioxidant capacity in umbilical venous blood was significantly higher in patients delivering by planned cesarean section (119.70 +/- 0.13 microM/microL) than those with a vaginal delivery (118.70 +/- 0.29 microM/microL) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the carbonyl content of umbilical venous blood or in the lipid peroxide, carbonyl content, and total antioxidant capacity of umbilical arterial blood. CONCLUSION: Lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant capacity in umbilical venous blood were higher in patients delivering by planned cesarean section than those with a vaginal delivery. Therefore, we propose that both the mother and neonate are exposed to higher oxidative stress during cesarean section delivery.

10-3Effects of essential oil from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis on salivary stress markers and mood profile / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<b>Objectives:</b> To investigate the stress-relief and mood-change effects of extractives from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis<BR><b>Methods: </b>The essential oil was steam-distilled from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis (Todomatsu) and it was a generous gift from Japan Aroma Laboratory. Ten healthy university students (male 8, female 2) participated in the present study.After informed consent was obtained, the subject sat on a chair in a climatic chamber in which temperature and relative humidity were kept at 24°C and 50%, respectively. After ten min rest in a room, first salivary collection for cortisol, amylase and questionnaire with mood check list short form 2 (MCL-S.2) were performed.Second measurement was done after 20 min rest without aroma and then further 20 min later with aroma, third measurement was done. None felt discomfort during the experiment.Differences between the three measurements were examined using Friedman test, then if there is any significant differences, Scheffe’ test was performed.<BR><b>Results and Conclusion:</b> Regarding the emotional changes, higher “relaxation” score and lower “anxiety” score were observed in the cases with aroma (third measurement) than those without aroma (second measurement, p<0.05). “Pleasantness” score did not show significant changes.No significant differences between first and second measurements.<BR>  Salivary stress parameter such as cortisol decreased significantly in the subjects with aroma (first vs. third, p=0.001). There was also significant difference between second and third measurements (p<0.05). Salivary amylase activity showed lower value with aroma than the resting value (first vs. third, p<0.05).<BR>  From these findings, essential oil from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis (Todomatsu) assumed to improve mood status and have a stress-relief activity.

Anti-arteriosclerosis Effects of Spa Treatment in Diabetes Patients / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  We examined the anti-arteriosclerosis effects of spa treatment in diabetes. We also conducted a comparative study which included non-diabetes patients and diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment.<BR><b>Methods:</b> Subjects were 104 spa-treated diabetes inpatients at this hospital (Group 1), 60 spa-treated non-diabetes inpatients at this hospital (Group 2), and 28 diabetes patients at other facilities who did not receive spa treatment (Group 3). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) tests were conducted upon admittance and discharge.<BR><b>Results:</b> ABI for diabetes patients (Group 1) showed significant improvement from 1.10±0.01 to 1.12±0.01 on the right side (p<0.01). The left side also showed significant improvement from 1.06±0.02 to 1.09±0.01 (p<0.01). However, non-diabetes patients (Group 2) showed no change on the right side (1.09±0.01 to 1.07±0.02) or left side (1.08±0.01 to 1.06±0.02). Diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment (Group 3) also showed no change on the right side (1.07±0.03 to 1.05±0.03) or the left side (1.05±0.03 to 1.06±0.03). <BR><b>Discussion:</b> We measured the patients in Group 1, before and after spa treatment, for arteriosclerosis markers Total PAI-1 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidative stress marker TNF-α, and good adipocytokine adiponectin. Total PAI-1 showed a decrease, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein and TNF-α showed a significant decrease, while adiponectin showed a significant increase. Spa treatment was shown to effectively fight arteriosclerosis and inflammation, and to improve endothelial functions.<BR><b>Conclusion:</b> The changes shown in this study were not seen in non-diabetes patients and diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment. Therefore, we believe that spa treatment is beneficial for pathological changes caused by diabetes that are particularly skewed towards arteriosclerosis.

Anti-arteriosclerosis Effects of Spa Treatment in Diabetes Patients / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  We examined the anti-arteriosclerosis effects of spa treatment in diabetes. We also conducted a comparative study which included non-diabetes patients and diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment. Methods: Subjects were 104 spa-treated diabetes inpatients at this hospital (Group 1), 60 spa-treated non-diabetes inpatients at this hospital (Group 2), and 28 diabetes patients at other facilities who did not receive spa treatment (Group 3). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) tests were conducted upon admittance and discharge. Results: ABI for diabetes patients (Group 1) showed significant improvement from 1.10±0.01 to 1.12±0.01 on the right side (p<0.01). The left side also showed significant improvement from 1.06±0.02 to 1.09±0.01 (p<0.01). However, non-diabetes patients (Group 2) showed no change on the right side (1.09±0.01 to 1.07±0.02) or left side (1.08±0.01 to 1.06±0.02). Diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment (Group 3) also showed no change on the right side (1.07±0.03 to 1.05±0.03) or the left side (1.05±0.03 to 1.06±0.03). Discussion: We measured the patients in Group 1, before and after spa treatment, for arteriosclerosis markers Total PAI-1 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidative stress marker TNF-α, and good adipocytokine adiponectin. Total PAI-1 showed a decrease, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein and TNF-α showed a significant decrease, while adiponectin showed a significant increase. Spa treatment was shown to effectively fight arteriosclerosis and inflammation, and to improve endothelial functions. Conclusion: The changes shown in this study were not seen in non-diabetes patients and diabetes patients who did not receive spa treatment. Therefore, we believe that spa treatment is beneficial for pathological changes caused by diabetes that are particularly skewed towards arteriosclerosis.

10-3 Effects of essential oil from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis on salivary stress markers and mood profile / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Objectives: To investigate the stress-relief and mood-change effects of extractives from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis Methods: The essential oil was steam-distilled from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis (Todomatsu) and it was a generous gift from Japan Aroma Laboratory. Ten healthy university students (male 8, female 2) participated in the present study. After informed consent was obtained, the subject sat on a chair in a climatic chamber in which temperature and relative humidity were kept at 24°C and 50%, respectively. After ten min rest in a room, first salivary collection for cortisol, amylase and questionnaire with mood check list short form 2 (MCL-S.2) were performed. Second measurement was done after 20 min rest without aroma and then further 20 min later with aroma, third measurement was done. None felt discomfort during the experiment. Differences between the three measurements were examined using Friedman test, then if there is any significant differences, Scheffe’ test was performed. Results and Conclusion: Regarding the emotional changes, higher “relaxation” score and lower “anxiety” score were observed in the cases with aroma (third measurement) than those without aroma (second measurement, p<0.05). “Pleasantness” score did not show significant changes. No significant differences between first and second measurements.   Salivary stress parameter such as cortisol decreased significantly in the subjects with aroma (first vs. third, p=0.001). There was also significant difference between second and third measurements (p<0.05). Salivary amylase activity showed lower value with aroma than the resting value (first vs. third, p<0.05).   From these findings, essential oil from the leaves of Abies sachalinensis (Todomatsu) assumed to improve mood status and have a stress-relief activity.

Effect of snack eating on sensitive salivary stress markers cortisol and chromogranin A

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the effect of snack eating on salivary cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 14∶00 to 18∶00, starting two hours after consumption of a midday meal, saliva samples were collected every 30 minutes from 15 healthy males, 7 of whom (snack group) ate a snack immediately after the sampling at 15∶00. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were determined by ELISA. Samples were controlled according to salivary flow rates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For the snack group, after snack consumption, salivary cortisol increased to exceed significance (p<0.05) at 15∶30 and rose even higher at 16∶00. In the control group, there was no such change. There was no significant change in salivary CgA in either the snack group or the control groups during the sampling period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings suggest that no food should be consumed for at least 90 mins before saliva sampling for cortisol determination and that salivary CgA is probably not affected by snack eating.</p>

Effect of Snack Eating on Sensitive Salivary Stress Markers Cortisol and Chromogranin A

Objectives: To investigate the effect of snack eating on salivary cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). Methods: From 14:00 to 18:00, starting two hours after consumption of a midday meal, saliva samples were collected every 30 minutes from 15 healthy males, 7 of whom (snack group) ate a snack immediately after the sampling at 15:00. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were determined by ELISA. Samples were controlled according to salivary flow rates. Results: For the snack group, after snack consumption, salivary cortisol increased to exceed significance (p<0.05) at 15:30 and rose even higher at 16:00. In the control group, there was no such change. There was no significant change in salivary CgA in either the snack group or the control groups during the sampling period. Conclusions: These findings suggest that no food should be consumed for at least 90 mins before saliva sampling for cortisol determination and that salivary CgA is probably not affected by snack eating.

The Effects of General , Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia on Maternal and Umbilical Cord Plasma beta- endorphin Level / 대한마취과학회지

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of induction of general, spinal and epidural anesthesia on maternal and cord plasma beta-endorphin level in order to determine which mode of anesthesia is more stressful to the pregnant women and fetus. Immunoreactive beta-endorphin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 56 maternal and /or cord plasma obtained from 40 pregnant women underwent cesarean section(15 under general anesthesia, 13 under spinal anesthesia, 12 under epidural anesthesia) and 16 normal pregnant women at term. The results were as follows: 1) The maternal plasma beta-endorphin level immediately prior to induction of general anesthesia was significantly higher than that in normal term pregnant women and before induction of epidural anesthesia. 2) No significant difference in maternal plasma beta-endorphin level between normal pregnant women at term and women before induction of spinal or epidural anesthesia was noted. 3) The maternal plasma endorphin level increased significantly after induction regardless of mode of anesthesia. The percent rise in maternal plasma beta-endorphin level with general anesthesia was significantly higher than that with epidural anesthesia. 4) The umbilical plasma beta-endorphin level was not affected by the mode of anesthesia. These data suggest that cesarean section under general anesthesia may be more stressful to the pregnant women than that under epidural anesthesia when circulating plasma endorphin is utilized as a maker of stress.