Investigating the impact of silencing an RNA-binding protein gene SlRBP1 on tomato photosynthesis through RNA-sequencing analysis / 生物工程学报

Photosynthesis in plants directly affects the synthesis and accumulation of organic matter, which directly influences crop yield. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological functions in plants, while the functions of RBPs in photosynthesis have not been clearly elucidated. To investigate the effect of a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (SlRBP1) in tomato on plant photosynthesis, a stably inherited SlRBP1 silenced plant in Alisa Craig was obtained by plant tissue culture using artificial small RNA interference. It turns out that the size of the tomato fruit was reduced and leaves significantly turned yellow. Chlorophyll(Chl) content measurement, Chl fluorescence imaging and chloroplast transmission electron microscopy revealed that the chloroplast morphology and structure of the leaves of tomato amiR-SlRBP1 silenced plants were disrupted, and the chlorophyll content was significantly reduced. Measurement of photosynthesis rate of wild-type and amiR-SlRBP1 silenced plants in the same period demonstrated that the photosynthetic rate of these plants was significantly reduced, and analysis of RNA-seq data indicated that silencing of SlRBP1 significantly reduced the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, such as PsaE, PsaL, and PsbY, and affected the yield of tomato fruits through photosynthesis.

Toxicity evaluation of oxamyl against tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyideae) and two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under greenhouse conditions / Avaliação da toxicidade de oxamil contra o ácaro do tomateiro, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyideae) e o ácaro-aranha, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) sob condições de estufa

Agriculture sector of Saudi Arabia is growing swiftly and tomato is an important crop cultivated mostly under green houses. Unfortunately, it is facing severe infestation due to divers mite species. Present study, relates to evaluation of toxicity of oxamyl against two phytophagous mites; Aculops lycopersici and Tetranychus urticae, isolated from tomato plants suffering from infestation. Simultaneous effect of oxamyl on two predatory mites; Neosiulus cucumeris and Euseius scutalis, was also evaluated. Three concentrations of oxamyl; half of the recommended dose (HRD), recommended dose (RD) and double recommended dose (DRD), were used against each mite specie to observe mortality within seven days as compared to the control. Significant mortality of 97.91% and 93.92% was observed in A. lycopersici and T. urticae, respectively at RD. In case of predatory mites; N. cucumeris and E. scutalis, mortality was 60.61% and 64.48%, respectively, under same conditions. Mortality of mites observed at HRD was insignificant and there was negligible increase in mortality at DRD. Oxamyl being less toxic to predatory mites and significantly mortal to phytophagous mites is recommended as a tool to as a tool to achieve biological control parallel to pesticidal effect.

O setor agrícola da Arábia Saudita está crescendo rapidamente e o tomate é uma cultura importante cultivada principalmente em estufas. Infelizmente, está enfrentando uma infestação severa devido a diversas espécies de ácaros. O presente estudo refere-se à avaliação da toxicidade do oxamil contra dois ácaros fitófagos; Aculops lycopersici e Tetranychus urticae, isolados de tomateiros infestados. Efeito simultâneo de oxamil em dois ácaros predadores; Neosiulus cucumeris e Euseius scutalis, também foi avaliado. Três concentrações de oxamil; metade da dose recomendada (HRD), dose recomendada (RD) e dose dupla recomendada (DRD), foram usados ​​contra cada espécie de ácaro para observar a mortalidade em sete dias em comparação com o controle. Mortalidade significativa de 97,91% e 93,92% foi observada em A. lycopersici e T. urticae, respectivamente no RD. No caso de ácaros predadores; N. cucumeris e E. scutalis, a mortalidade foi de 60,61% e 64,48%, respectivamente, nas mesmas condições. A mortalidade de ácaros observada no HRD foi insignificante e houve um aumento insignificante na mortalidade no DRD. Oxamil sendo menos tóxico para ácaros predadores e significativamente mortal para ácaros fitófagos é recomendado como ferramenta para alcançar o controle biológico paralelo ao efeito pesticida.

Efficacy of Purpureocillium lilacinum AUMC 10149 as biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plant

Abstract Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the biotic factors which has greatly affected both the yield and the quality of the tomato crop. The egg parasitic nematode, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) is considered as one of the most promising agents in controlling and overcoming this plant pathogen. The nematicidal effect of the native isolate Pl AUMC 10149 on second stage juveniles survival and egg hatching of M. incognita at different times of exposure was tested in vitro. The obtained data showed that Pl gave a maximum percentage of J2 mortality (97.6%) and egg hatching inhibition (79.8%) after 72 hours of exposure. The potentiality of Pl as well as Bio-Nematon to control M. incognita infecting tomato was conducted using different times of application in vivo. Nine treatments with five replicates were used for such bioagents compared with the nematicide Oxamyl. Each seedling was inoculated with 1000 J2s of nematode/pot and 10 mL of Pl (1x1010 CFU/mL) or Bio-Nematon spore suspension (1x108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. The results indicated that the most effective treatments in reducing nematode population, number of galls and egg masses of M. incognita in plant roots was performed with treatment by Pl pre-planting and post-infection with Pl (Rf 1.9) giving a significant enhancement in plant length (64.9%), fresh weight (72.52%) and shoot dry weight (163.41%) without negatively impacting environment. Therefore, the present study confirmed that using P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 can be used as a practical supplement to environmentally friendly disease management of root-knot nematodes in Egypt.

Resumo O nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne incognita está entre os fatores bióticos que afetaram enormemente a produção e a qualidade da cultura do tomate. O nematoide parasita de ovos, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl), é considerado um dos mais promissores agentes no controle e superação desse fitopatógeno. O efeito nematicida do isolado nativo Pl AUMC 10149 na sobrevivência de juvenis de segundo estágio e na eclosão dos ovos de M. incognita em diferentes momentos de exposição foi testado in vitro. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o Pl deu um percentual máximo de mortalidade de J2 (97.6%) e inibição da eclosão dos ovos (79.8%) após 72 horas de exposição. A potencialidade de Pl e de Bio-Nematon para controlar M. incognita infectando tomate foi conduzida em diferentes tempos de aplicação in vivo. Nove tratamentos com cinco repetições foram usados para tais bioagentes em comparação com o nematicida Oxamyl. Cada muda foi inoculada com 1.000 J2s de nematoide / vaso e 10 mL de Pl (1×1010 CFU/mL). Ou suspensão de esporos Bio-Nematon (1×108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos mais eficazes na redução da população de nematoides, número de galhas e desovas de M. incognita nas raízes das plantas foram realizados com Pl pré-plantio e pós-infecção com Pl (Rf 1.9), dando um aumento significativo no comprimento da planta (64.9%), massa fresca (72.52%) e massa seca da parte aérea (163.41%) sem impactar negativamente o meio ambiente. Portanto, o presente estudo confirmou que o uso de P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 pode ser usado como um suplemento prático para o manejo ecologicamente correto de nematoides-das-galhas no Egito.

Responses of tomato hybrid cultivars to soil application of humic acid under greenhouse conditions

Abstract Responses of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hybrids viz. 'Luanova', 'Savarona' and 'Tessera' to various doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1) of soil application of humic acid (HA) were evaluated in terms of plant growth, productivity and quality of fruits, under greenhouse conditions, during 2011-12 and 2012-13. In addition to improved quality characteristics, higher values for yield and yield components were recorded for tomato fruits harvested from plants of 'Tessera' cultivar compared to those harvested from other hybrids tested, regardless of growing seasons. Plants from 'Luanova' cultivar were, however, earlier in fruiting with higher number of fruits per plant. Soil application of HA presented positive effects on yield and physicochemical quality of tomato fruits irrespective of the dose of HA and the cultivar investigated, in both seasons. Soil application of HA at higher dose 1.5 g L-1 exhibited better results in all the three tomato cultivars tested, in terms of their vegetative and reproductive growth, and significantly improved the physicochemical quality of their fruits. Conclusively, the tomato hybrid 'Tessera' was found suitable for cultivation under greenhouse conditions while soil application of aqueous solution of HA @ 1.5 g L-1 substantially resulted in higher production of quality tomato fruits.

Resumo Respostas de três híbridos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) viz. 'Luanova', 'Savarona' e 'Tessera' para várias doses (0, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 g L-1) de aplicação de ácido húmico (AH) no solo foram avaliadas em termos de crescimento da planta, produtividade e qualidade de frutas, em casa de vegetação, durante 2011-12 e 2012-13. Além das características de qualidade melhoradas, valores mais elevados para o rendimento e os componentes do rendimento foram registrados para frutos de tomate colhidos de plantas do cultivar 'Tessera' em comparação com aqueles colhidos de outros híbridos testados, independentemente das estações de cultivo. As plantas do cultivar 'Luanova', no entanto, frutificaram mais cedo com maior número de frutos por planta. A aplicação de AH no solo apresentou efeitos positivos sobre a produtividade e a qualidade físico-química dos frutos de tomate, independentemente da dose de AH e do cultivar investigado, nas duas safras. A aplicação de HA no solo na dose maior de 1,5 g L-1 apresentou melhores resultados nos três cultivares de tomate testados, quanto ao crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, e melhorou significativamente a qualidade físico-química dos frutos. Conclusivamente, o híbrido de tomate 'Tessera' foi considerado adequado para cultivo em casa de vegetação, enquanto a aplicação no solo de solução aquosa de HA @ 1,5 g L-1 resultou substancialmente em maior produção de frutos de tomate de qualidade.

Toxicity evaluation of oxamyl against tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyideae) and two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under greenhouse conditions

Abstract Agriculture sector of Saudi Arabia is growing swiftly and tomato is an important crop cultivated mostly under green houses. Unfortunately, it is facing severe infestation due to divers mite species. Present study, relates to evaluation of toxicity of oxamyl against two phytophagous mites; Aculops lycopersici and Tetranychus urticae, isolated from tomato plants suffering from infestation. Simultaneous effect of oxamyl on two predatory mites; Neosiulus cucumeris and Euseius scutalis, was also evaluated. Three concentrations of oxamyl; half of the recommended dose (HRD), recommended dose (RD) and double recommended dose (DRD), were used against each mite specie to observe mortality within seven days as compared to the control. Significant mortality of 97.91% and 93.92% was observed in A. lycopersici and T. urticae, respectively at RD. In case of predatory mites; N. cucumeris and E. scutalis, mortality was 60.61% and 64.48%, respectively, under same conditions. Mortality of mites observed at HRD was insignificant and there was negligible increase in mortality at DRD. Oxamyl being less toxic to predatory mites and significantly mortal to phytophagous mites is recommended as a tool to as a tool to achieve biological control parallel to pesticidal effect.

Resumo O setor agrícola da Arábia Saudita está crescendo rapidamente e o tomate é uma cultura importante cultivada principalmente em estufas. Infelizmente, está enfrentando uma infestação severa devido a diversas espécies de ácaros. O presente estudo refere-se à avaliação da toxicidade do oxamil contra dois ácaros fitófagos; Aculops lycopersici e Tetranychus urticae, isolados de tomateiros infestados. Efeito simultâneo de oxamil em dois ácaros predadores; Neosiulus cucumeris e Euseius scutalis, também foi avaliado. Três concentrações de oxamil; metade da dose recomendada (HRD), dose recomendada (RD) e dose dupla recomendada (DRD), foram usados contra cada espécie de ácaro para observar a mortalidade em sete dias em comparação com o controle. Mortalidade significativa de 97,91% e 93,92% foi observada em A. lycopersici e T. urticae, respectivamente no RD. No caso de ácaros predadores; N. cucumeris e E. scutalis, a mortalidade foi de 60,61% e 64,48%, respectivamente, nas mesmas condições. A mortalidade de ácaros observada no HRD foi insignificante e houve um aumento insignificante na mortalidade no DRD. Oxamil sendo menos tóxico para ácaros predadores e significativamente mortal para ácaros fitófagos é recomendado como ferramenta para alcançar o controle biológico paralelo ao efeito pesticida.

Efficacy of Purpureocillium lilacinum AUMC 10149 as biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plant / Eficácia de Purpureocillium lilacinum AUMC 10149 como agente de biocontrole contra o nematoide Meloidogyne incógnita que infecta plantas de tomate

Abstract Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the biotic factors which has greatly affected both the yield and the quality of the tomato crop. The egg parasitic nematode, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) is considered as one of the most promising agents in controlling and overcoming this plant pathogen. The nematicidal effect of the native isolate Pl AUMC 10149 on second stage juvenile's survival and egg hatching of M. incognita at different times of exposure was tested in vitro. The obtained data showed that Pl gave a maximum percentage of J2 mortality (97.6%) and egg hatching inhibition (79.8%) after 72 hours of exposure. The potentiality of Pl as well as Bio-Nematon to control M. incognita infecting tomato was conducted using different times of application in vivo. Nine treatments with five replicates were used for such bioagents compared with the nematicide Oxamyl. Each seedling was inoculated with 1000 J2s of nematode/pot and 10 mL of Pl (1x1010 CFU/mL) or Bio-Nematon spore suspension (1x108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. The results indicated that the most effective treatments in reducing nematode population, number of galls and egg masses of M. incognita in plant roots was performed with treatment by Pl pre-planting and post-infection with Pl (Rf 1.9) giving a significant enhancement in plant length (64.9%), fresh weight (72.52%) and shoot dry weight (163.41%) without negatively impacting environment. Therefore, the present study confirmed that using P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 can be used as a practical supplement to environmentally friendly disease management of root-knot nematodes in Egypt.

Resumo O nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne incognita está entre os fatores bióticos que afetaram enormemente a produção e a qualidade da cultura do tomate. O nematoide parasita de ovos, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl), é considerado um dos mais promissores agentes no controle e superação desse fitopatógeno. O efeito nematicida do isolado nativo Pl AUMC 10149 na sobrevivência de juvenis de segundo estágio e na eclosão dos ovos de M. incognita em diferentes momentos de exposição foi testado in vitro. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o Pl deu um percentual máximo de mortalidade de J2 (97.6%) e inibição da eclosão dos ovos (79.8%) após 72 horas de exposição. A potencialidade de Pl e de Bio-Nematon para controlar M. incognita infectando tomate foi conduzida em diferentes tempos de aplicação in vivo. Nove tratamentos com cinco repetições foram usados ​​para tais bioagentes em comparação com o nematicida Oxamyl. Cada muda foi inoculada com 1.000 J2s de nematoide / vaso e 10 mL de Pl (1×1010 CFU/mL). Ou suspensão de esporos Bio-Nematon (1×108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos mais eficazes na redução da população de nematoides, número de galhas e desovas de M. incognita nas raízes das plantas foram realizados com Pl pré-plantio e pós-infecção com Pl (Rf 1.9), dando um aumento significativo no comprimento da planta (64.9%), massa fresca (72.52%) e massa seca da parte aérea (163.41%) sem impactar negativamente o meio ambiente. Portanto, o presente estudo confirmou que o uso de P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 pode ser usado como um suplemento prático para o manejo ecologicamente correto de nematoides-das-galhas no Egito.

Response of Tomato Quality and Yield to Elevated Temperatures under Controlled Environment

The experiment was carried out during 2020-2021 at the Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University. The experiment was carried out with the aim of characterization of contrasting tomato genotypes for high temperature tolerance under high temperature condition and control condition to identify key quality and yield traits controlling high temperature tolerance in tomato. The experiment was designed in completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 treatment levels- control and high temperature conditions (36+/-2oC) wherein 3 tolerant and 3 susceptible genotypes were selected for the study. These genotypes were selected from the summer varietal screening experiment performed during the summer months of 2021 from March to May. The best performing genotypes were selected in terms of pollen viability, leaf membrane thermo-stability, chlorophyll fluorescence, number of fruits, fruit set %. One set of treatment was maintained under ambient condition and the other set with high temperature stress was maintained under polyhouse facility from transplanting stage to the harvesting stage. The quality parameters and yield traits were analysed at the harvesting stage of the crop. From this study it can be understood that many of the quality parameters like lycopene content, total sugars, flavanol content was found decreasing in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes but the extend of this reduction was considerate in tolerant ones. In case of ascorbic acid content and firmness of fruit at the time of ripening these were found to be improved in heat stress (HS) conditions. Yield related qualities like number of fruits, yield per plant, and root-shoot ratio was found decreasing whereas root dry weight, total dry weight and intensity of fruit drop and flower drop was increased under HS. Therefore, this study focused on tomato genotypes reported to be resilient to high-temperature stress, and comparing them to the susceptible cultivars under stress and control settings for analyzing the variations in terms of quality and yield traits in tropical hot climate regions of India. The study performed here highlights the possibility for future breeding programs utilizing the key quality and yield traits enhancing thermo-tolerance in tomato and to develop new genotypes that can combine good yield performances and fruit nutritional quality at high temperatures.

Assessing the Effects of Biostimulant on Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality in Open Field Condition

Aim: This study, conducted at "C" Block Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, during the period of 2022–23, explores the impact of biostimulants on the growth, yield, and quality of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The primary objectives include investigating the significant effects of biostimulants and determining the optimal stage for their application, given the current emphasis on sustainable farming practices.Study Design: The experimental design employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatments. Results indicate that biostimulant application, particularly as a foliar spray, significantly enhances crop growth and stimulates reproductive growth in later stages compared to control plants. Notably, the application of Biostimulant (Kazuki Gold)topically at 500 ml/acre during pre-flowering stage and during fruit development stage (T5) significantly registered the highest yield of 751.89 q/ha.Place and Duration of Study: The farm, situated near the Tropic of Cancer, exhibits coordinates of approximately 22.89°N latitude and 88.45°E longitude, with an altitude of around 9.75 m above sea level.Results: The highest lycopene content of 5.08 mg/100gm, which was significantly superior over all the treatments was obtained with the application of Kazuki gold during the two stages of application (i.e. at pre- flowering stages and during fruit development stage). The study also observed substantial impacts on other quality parameters with the application of seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates, and N-fixing growth promoters during various stages of plant growth.Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Applying KAZUKI GOLD/YOSHI GOLD through foliar spray at a rate of 500ml per acre during the pre-flowering and fruit development stages has demonstrated profitability and advantages, leading to increased yields of high-quality tomato fruits.

Assessment of Correlation Analysis for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits among Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically valuable crops worldwide, making it imperative to understand the complex interplay of various factors influencing tomato yield. During the research, we investigate Correlation analysis enhances our understanding of the relationships between the variables. We employ Pearson correlation coefficients to assess the strength and direction of linear associations. The results indicate strong positive correlations between morphological traits of diverse genotypes of tomato. This research article contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive assessment of the correlations among key factors influencing tomato yield. Our findings have practical implications for tomato growers, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding selection of different tomato genotypes strategies to optimize yield.

In-vivo Screening of Cherry Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Dunnal) A. Gray] Genotypes and Hybrids against Fusarium Wilt in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Cherry tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Dunnal) A. Gray] is becoming popular among various tribes of Arunachal Pradesh due to its unique taste, flavor and appearance. Owing high rainfall and high humidity, successful cultivation of cherry tomato is becoming restricted in this state due to various biotic factors like infection of wilt complexes as well as pests like root-knot nematodes. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate eighteen cherry tomato genotypes (nine) and hybrids (nine) against Fungal wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici resistance in the Pasighat condition of Arunachal Pradesh, India. For screening purpose, artificial pathogen inoculation method was applied through pin-prick method in the 35 days old cherry tomato seedlings that were grown in pot culture containing sterile soil and data for the pathogen infection was recorded by following Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in 60 days and 120 days after pathogen inoculation. Among 18 genotypes and hybrids, G4xG6 (DI:0.00%, PDI:0.00%), G9 (DI:0.00%, PDI:0.00%) and G5 (DI:0.00%, PDI:0.00%) showed highest resistance towards Fusarium wilt, while genotype G3 (DI:65.56%, PDI:63.60%) exhibited susceptible system. The disease incidence was ranged from 0.00%-65.56%. The use of resistant genotypes and hybrids to manage the population of fungus is a very cost effective method and can be exploited commercially in breeding programmes and for vegetable grafting.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance among Different Characters in Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Mill.) Wettsd]

The field experiment was carried out at Horticulture Research Farm No.1, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow during Rabi season 2021-22. In this, twenty genotypes including check cultivars were evaluated to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for different characters. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Characters viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, polar diameter of fruit, equatorial diameter of fruit, total soluble solids, number of fruits per cluster, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, marketable fruit yield per plant, unmarketable fruit yield per plant and total fruit yield per plant were studied during the experiment. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study during the investigation. The Phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of the variation (GCV) for the characters studied. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for unmarketable fruit yield per plant. The moderate GCV was reported for total fruit yield per plant followed by plant height and average fruit weight, polar diameter of fruit, no. of primary branches per plant, marketable fruit yield per plant and equatorial diameter of fruit whereas it was least for TSS followed by days to 50% flowering and number of fruits per cluster. Therefore these characters exhibited high heritability coupled with genetic advance thus show some scope for improvement through selection.

Assessing the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Different Varieties of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. Var. Cerasiforme) Under Polyhouse

Aim: Cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. var. cerasiforme) are highly favored for their delectable flavor and plentiful small-sized fruits that form clusters on the plant's stems and branches. This study focused on examining the “Assessing the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Different Varieties of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. var. cerasiforme) under Polyhouse”.Study Design: In the first and second years of varietal evaluation, the experiment was set up using a Complete Randomized Block Design (C.R.B.D.) with nine treatments (varieties) and three replications Nine cherry tomato are collected from different sources and the varieties are BSS-834, Nagmani, Nagmoti, Rosa, Sheeja, Laila, Darjeeling Local, Ken and Red Cherry.Place and Duration of Study: The current study was carried out in the naturally ventilated arched sawtooth polyhouse at the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya in Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal) in the years 2021–2022 and 2022–2023.Methodology: The dimensions of the experimental plot were 2.5 m x 1 m2, with a row spacing of 50 cm and a plant spacing of 50 cm. The tests used the ridge bed approach, with two rows per bed. During the two years of the experiment, a number of significant characteristics were noted, such as the number of primary branches and the plant height (in centimeters) related to vegetative development. For every replication, a statistical analysis of the mean values was performed.Results: Out of all the cultivars evaluated, BSS-834 and Laila showed the best yield and yield-related attributes.Conclusion: It is therefore advised to cultivate these two excellent kinds, "BSS-834" and "Laila," in light of the findings.

Trend Analysis of Area, Production and Productivity of Tomato in Uttar Pradesh, India

India has access to several natural resources because of its diverse Agro-climatic conditions and a wide-ranging and large raw material base suitable for vegetable cultivation. This study was purely based on secondary data as collected from reports from Horticulture at a Glance, Agriculture at a glance and the Indiastat site. The trends of area, production, and productivity were estimated from the period 2001–2002 to 2021–2022, under tomato cultivation. The Study period was further divided into three subperiods: period I (2001–2011), period II (2011–2022), and the overall period (2001–2022). The compound growth rates of area, production, and productivity computed at the national level was 2.93 percent, 4.89 percent, and 1.90 percent, respectively and in Uttar Pradesh it was found 3.81, 13.22 and 9.11 percent. This study showed that the percentage share of Uttar Pradesh under Tomato cultivation was higher than in the whole of India.

Specialised Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT-Tuta): Novel Approach for the Management of Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyr.)

The second most popular and widely cultivated vegetable in the world after potatoes is the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum M.). Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the major invasive pests of tomato which is a destructive pest of tomato in field as well as greenhouse condition. Novel SPLAT (Specialized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology) for Tuta absoluta is a proprietary base matrix formulation of biologically inert materials used to control the release of semiochemicals and/or odors with or without pesticides. To check the efficiency of SPLAT technique three treatments were taken. When comparing the SPLAT field and conventional farmers practices field, SPLAT applied field (32.80 tonnes per ha) performed far superior than conventional field (21.50 tonnes per ha) in respective of leaf minor infestation and yield. Specialised Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT) adoption favours sustainable pest management and reduces plant protection cost to the farmers.

Unraveling the Potential of Household Electrolytes on Extricating Imidacloprid Residues from Tomatoes: Toxicity Assessment

Farmers that cultivate tomatoes use imidacloprid to combat sucking bugs even while the fruits are being harvested so that they can maintain a five- to six-time harvest. Decontaminating tomato fruits before eating is absolutely necessary due to the insecticide's slow dissipation rate and the fact that residues last in vegetables for 15–25 days. The quality of fruit has been compromised and cannot be used in salads, despite the fact that various heat procedures are effective in removing imidacloprid residue. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of common electrolytes, namely NaCl and NaHCO3, and their combinations, on imidacloprid removal from tomato fruits. Fruits and washing solutions were extracted for imidacloprid residue and determined using the UFLC-PDA besides optimizing the concentration and period of decontamination or washing without dietary risk. Results indicates that the washing of the fruits with NaCl @ 1, 2 and 3% solutions for 10 minutes are efficient (98-100% removal) in decontaminating to below hazard quotient when sprayed with recommended 20 g ai/ha. Whereas, the NaHCO3 or its combination with NaCl 1% for 10 minutes was found to be efficient (92-100%) in decontaminating the fruits when sprayed with 40 g ai/ha. Increasing the decontamination period beyond 10 minutes increased the residue load on fruits to above hazard quotient and was above 1.0 when NaCl was used. Study suggests the washing of tomato fruits with 2%NaHCO3 or 1%NaCl+2% NaHCO3 for 10 minutes is the efficient decontamination way and to ensure safety to the consumers.

Revolutionizing Tomato Cultivation through Panchgavya Enriched NFT Hydroponics

Due to various man-made factors, including industrialization and urbanization, soil-based agriculture is currently experiencing difficulties. Additionally, unforeseen natural disasters, climate change, and the uncontrolled use of chemicals in agriculture reduce soil fertility and quality. Because of this, scientists have created a new alternative method of cultivation known as hydroponics or soilless cultivation. One such type of soilless growing is known as "hydroponics," and it uses less water than a typical system. Because it produces high-quality food and manages resources very effectively, hydroponic farming is currently gaining appeal on a global scale. Various hydroponic systems, including wick, ebb and flow, drip, deep water culture, and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) systems, are discussed in this article. In general, hydroponically grown produce has superior nutritional value, flavor, and yield quality than naturally grown produce on the soil [1]. This method of farming is economical, free of diseases, environmentally benign, and gaining appeal both in developed and developing nations worldwide. Crops can be grown in a variety of hydroponic systems. Commercially, the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) has been applied around the world for the cultivation of leafy and other exotic vegetables. In hydroponic systems, which use a variety of non-soil growing media, mineral fertilizer solutions are used to feed the plants in water. When compared to traditional farming techniques, hydroponics technology offers a wide range of advantages whilst having few drawbacks.

Assessing the Suitability of Tomato Products as a Functional Ingredient in Paneer

This research involved the selection of suitable tomato products from amongst the puree, paste and powder for manufacture of tomato flavoured paneer. Paneer was prepared from milk standardized to 3% fat and 8.5% MSNF. The first part of the study was conducted to select the optimum level of tomato puree, paste and powder. From amongst different rate of addition (w/w of milk) of tomato products studied viz. 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% in case of puree and paste and 4, 5, 6 and 7% in case of powder, it was found that samples containing puree, paste and powder @ 10, 10 and 5 % were liked the most. In the next part of the study three batches of paneer viz. T1, T2 and T3 were prepared in which tomato puree, paste and powder were incorporated at 10, 10 and 5% respectively. Control (C) paneer was prepared from standardized milk. It was found that the fat, FDM and pH of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of C, whereas moisture content of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than C. The recovery of fat, protein and TS in T1, T2 and T3 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than C, while no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in yield of paneer. All the textural properties viz. hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess of samples containing tomato products were significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to control. The overall acceptability score of T1 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of T2 and T3 but was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to C. The Vitamin C, total dietary fiber and antioxidant capacity of T1 was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to C. Hence, it was concluded that good quality tomato flavoured paneer can be prepared incorporating tomato puree @ 10% w/w of milk with better functional properties compared to control.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulator (GA3 and NAA) on Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

A trial was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences,Prayagraj (UP) during 2022. This study investigates the “Effect of Plant Growth Regulators (GA3 and NAA) on growth, yield and quality of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.).” The purpose of the study is to evaluate the plants in terms of various parameters such as plant height, survival percentage, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, number of flower clusters per plant, number of fruit set per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, and benefit-cost ratio. The results of thestudy indicate that the application of increased percentage of NAA and GA3 significantly improvedthe growth and yield tomatoes. The highest fruit yield, fruit weight, TSS, and ascorbic acid contentwere observed in the plants treated with GA3 @60ppm + NAA @60ppm. The benefit- cost ratio wasalso found to be higher in the treated plants compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests thatthe application of GA3 @60ppm + NAA @60ppm can be an effective and sustainable method for enhancing the growth, yield, and quality of Tomatoes.

Improving Yield of Tomatoes Grown in Greenhouses Using IoT Based Nutrient Management System

Nutrient management, fertigation scheduling, IoT, sensors, tomatoAims: This paper discuss, a study conducted to evaluate the developed automated IoT based fertigation control system for greenhouse for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop.Study Design: Different nutrient and irrigation water levels were used to evaluate developed system using three replications in a factorial randomized block design (RBD).Methodology: An automated fertigation scheduling system was implemented in a greenhouse with soil moisture sensors at three depths (15, 30, and 45 cm) within the tomato root zone. R2, RMSE, NSE and MAE values were used to establish the correlation between sensor values and actual soil moisture. Tomato crop biometric parameters were collected and analyzed to evaluate the system's performance.Results: The results indicated strong correlation between sensor and observed soil moisture with R2 (0.8642 to 0.9528), RMSE (1.0786 to 1.8328), NSE (0.8438 to 0.9463), and MAE (0.9729 to 1.7043) values. Highest plant height (255 cm), girth (2.29 cm), number of leaves (21), number of flowers (23.1), fruit length (8.05 cm), fruit weight (110 g), yield/plant (2.75 kg), yield (68.77 t/ha) and sugar (5.1°Brix) were observed with drip irrigation at the rate of 100% ETc and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), while minimum values of these parameters were noted in the control treatment.Conclusion: Using sensor-based drip irrigation at 100% ETc and 100% RDF led to a 62.92% increase in tomato yield and water saving of 14.84% compared to the control treatment. For tomato crop, the system required 2.27 l/plant/day water at 100% ETc. The developed automated fertigation system found suitable for greenhouse vegetable crops with the use of sensor based drip irrigation at 100% ETc and 100% RDF.

Biology of Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Tomato under Laboratory Conditions

The experiment on biology of fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) was carried out in the Bio-control Laboratory, Department of Entomology, S.V.P.U.A.&T., Meerut. Results showed that the mean pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of fruit borer on tomato lasted for 2.46 ± 0.29, 6.33 ± 0.14 and 1.67 ± 0.14 days, respectively. A female laid on an average 329.40 ± 68.17 eggs. The incubation period was observed to be 3.08 ± 0.32 days on tomato. The first instar larva was very active with body length of 1.54 ± 0.81 mm and body breadth of 0.46 ± 0.05 mm. The larval development completed within 22.45 ± 0.44 days. The duration of each instar on tomato was found to be 2.58 ± 0.26, 3.50 ± 0.14, 3.42 ± 0.26, 3.71 ± 0.28, 4.38 ± 0.16 and 4.83 ± 0.14 days, respectively. The mean pre-pupal period lasted for 2.00 ± 0.24 days on tomato. The mean pupal period lasted for 12.33 ± 0.62 days. Longevity of adult ranged from 8 to 11 days with an average of 9.30 ± 1.25 days in males, while the longevity of female moths ranged from 10 to 14 days with an average of 11.30 ± 1.34 days. The male moth measured 17.79 ± 0.41 mm in length, 35.55 ± 0.92 mm in breadth and the female moth measured 19.76 ± 0.58 mm in length, 40.08 ± 0.99 mm in breadth on tomato. The sex ratio for male and female was 1: 0.76 on tomato. The generation from egg to death of male and female i.e., total life cycle was found to be completed within 39 to 60 days with an average of 50.3 ± 7.51 days and 41 to 63 days with an average of 53.5 ± 7.93 days, respectively.