Quality evaluation of Lysimachiae Herba from different habitats based on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with multivariate statistical analysis / 中国中药杂志

A method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 41 bioactive constituents of flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides, and amino acids in Lysimachiae Herba. The content of multiple bioactive constituents was compared among the samples from different habitats. The chromatographic separation was performed in a Waters XBridge®C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) at 30 ℃. The gradient elution was performed with 0.4% methanol(A)-formic acid water(B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), and the multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode was adopted. According to the content of 41 constituents, hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and gray relational analysis(GRA) were perfomed to comprehensively evaluate the samples from different habitats. The results showed that the 41 constituents exhibited good linear relationship within the tested concentration ranges, with the correlation coefficients(r) greater than 0.999 4. The method featured good precision, repeatability, and stability with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 5.0%. The average recoveries of the 41 constituents ranged from 98.06% to 101.9%, with the RSDs of 0.62%-4.6%. HCA and OPLS-DA separated 48 batches of Lysimachiae Herba samples from different habitats into three categories: the producing areas in Sichuan and Chongqing, the producing areas in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi, and the producing areas in Guizhou. The content of 41 constituents varied among the Lysimachiae Herba samples from different habitats. The GRA results revealed that the Lysimachiae Herba sample from Nanchong City, Sichuan Province had the best comprehensive quality. The method developed in this study was accurate and reliable and thus can be used for comprehensive evaluation of Lysimachiae Herba quality and provide basic information for the selection of habitats.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Quality assessment of different forms of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum based on content of free amino acids / 中国中药杂志

In this study, we analyzed the composition and content of 25 free amino acids in 32 batches of different forms of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum(CCP; one-branched, two-branched, and three-branched) from 15 producing areas. The clustering analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were performed based on the content of 25 free amino acids. Potential differential metabolites were identified based on VIP value. The results showed that there were 25 free amino acids in CCP, and the average content of essential, non-essential, and total amino acids was 6.13, 32.99, and 39.12 mg·g~(-1), respectively. The clustering analysis and OPLS-DA demonstrated that 25 free amino acids had different content among the three forms of CCP, of which two-branched CCP samples were separately gathered into a group. Five differential components, including glutamic acid, tryptophan, ornithine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and hydroxylysine, were screened out as potential quality markers for the identification of different forms of CCP. This study provides a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation, processing, and utilization of different forms of CCP.

Addition of synthetic amino acids in sheep semen improves its quality after cryopreservation / Adição de aminoácidos sintéticos no sêmen ovino melhora a qualidade espermática após a criopreservação do sêmen

Some amino acids can protect mammalian sperm cells against oxidation during thermal stress caused by freezing/thawing. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the protective action of the association of the amino acids L-proline (Pro) and L-glutamine (Glu) against the cryoinjury caused to sheep sperm after cryopreservation. Eight ejaculates were collected from four sheep (n=32) and diluted in Tris-Egg Yolk-Glycerol until the final concentration of 200 x106 sptz/mL and kept in a water bath at 32 °C. The amino acids were added as follows: control (without adding amino acids), Pro+Glu 1 (100 M Pro + 500 M Glu), Pro+Glu 2 (300 M Pro + 1000 M Glu), Pro+Glu 3 (500 M Pro + 1500 M Glu) and Pro+Glu 4 (700 M Pro + 2000 M Glu). Afterwards, the semen was cooled to 5 °C for 2 h, after that period, filled in 0.5 mL straws and then placed under liquid nitrogen vapor (N2L), 8 cm from the liquid sheet for 15 min, and then immersed on the N2L. The samples were analyzed for sperm motility, plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and binding test. The variables were subjected to the normality tests (Lilliefors test) and homoscedasticity tests (Cochran and Bartlett test), afterwards the variables of normal distribution were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. The Pro+Glu 3 group exhibited sp

Alguns aminoácidos podem proteger as células espermáticas de mamíferos contra a oxidação durante o estresse térmico causado na congelação/descongelação. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a ação protetora da associação dos aminoácidos L-prolina (Pro) e L-glutamina (Glu) contra as crioinjúrias causadas aos espermatozoides de ovino após a criopreservação. Foram coletados oito ejaculados de quatro carneiros (n=32) e diluídos em Tris-Gema de ovo-Glicerol até a concentração final de 200 x106 sptz/mL e, mantidos em banho maria a 32 °C. Os aminoácidos foram adicionados da seguinte forma: controle (sem adição de aminoácidos), Pro+Glu 1 (100 μM Pro + 500 μM Glu), Pro+Glu 2 (300 μM Pro + 1000 μM Glu), Pro+Glu 3 (500 μM Pro + 1500 μM Glu) e Pro+Glu 4 (700 μM Pro + 2000 μM Glu). Depois, o sêmen foi resfriado a 5 °C por 2 h, após esse período, envasado em palhetas de 0,5 mL e então acondicionado sob vapor de nitrogênio líquido (N2L), a 8 cm da lâmina líquida por 15 min, e depois imersos no N2L. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à motilidade espermática, integridade da membrana plasmática e da membrana acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial e teste de ligação. As variáveis foram submetidas aos testes de normalidade (Teste de Lilliefors) e homocedacidade (Teste de Cochran e Bartlett), posteriormente as variáveis de distribuição normal foram submetidas à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. O grupo Pro+Glu 3 exibiu espermatozoides com uma maior (P<0,05) motilidade após o descongelamento. Além disso o maior percentual de integridade da membrana plasmatica e acrossomal foram obtidos utilizando Pro+Glu 1, Pro+Glu 2 e Pro+Glu 3; e Pro+Glu 2 e Pro+Glu 3, respectivamente. Os aminoácidos também mantiveram alta a atividade mitocondrial em comparação com o controle, com Pro+Glu 3 resultando numa maior atividade (P<0,05). A viabilidade dos espermatozoides foi maior (P<0,05) com o uso de Pro+Glu 2 e Pro+Glu 3 do que no controle. O número de espermatozoides que apresentaram à capacidade de ligação a membrana perivitelina da gema de ovo foi maior (P<0,05) no sêmen tratado com aminoácidos.

Effects of delivery and storage conditions on concentrations of amino acids and carnitines in neonatal dried blood spots / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To explore effects of different delivery and storage conditions on concentrations of amino acids and carnitines in neonatal dried blood spots (DBS), so as to provide evidence for improving accurate and reliable detection by tandem mass spectrometry.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 254 616 newborn DBS samples in Newborn Screening Center of Zhejiang Province were delivered and stored at room temperature (group A, @*RESULTS@#The concentrations of amino acids and carnitines in the three groups were skewed, and the differences in amino acid and carnitine concentrations among groups were statistically significant (all @*CONCLUSIONS@#Cold-chain logistics system and storage in low temperature and low humidity can effectively reduce degradation of some amino acids and carnitines in DBS, improve the accuracy and reliability of detection, and thus ensures the quality of screening for neonatal metabolic diseases.

Main nutrients and functional ingredients in flowers of Polygonatum cyrtonema and P. filipes / 中国中药杂志

To reveal the main nutrients and functional ingredients in the flowers of Polygonatum cyrtonema and P. filipes, the content of the polysaccharides, saponins, amino acids, total phenols, mineral elements, and the DPPH free radical scavenging rates were determined. The flowers and rhizomes of P. cyrtonema were collected from Qingyang in Anhui and Qingyuan in Zhejiang, while the flowers and rhizomes of P. filipes were collected from Longyou in Zhejiang, respectively. The results showed that the polysaccharides content in flowers varied from 60.88 to 97.00 mg·g~(-1), about half of that in rhizomes. The saponins content in flowers varied from 32.55 to 40.93 mg·g~(-1), which was close to the content in rhizomes. The content of total phenols ranged from 40.79 to 50.95 mg·g~(-1), approximately 4.5 times of that in rhizomes. The total amino acids content in flowers was 111.85 to 131.03 mg·g~(-1), about 2.3 times of the content in rhizomes. The essential trace element content was abundant in flowers. The contents of heavy metal elements were all within the limits set by the standards. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate IC_(50) varied from 1.77 to 3.25 mg·mL~(-1), less than one-fifth of that in rhizomes, showing a significant superiority of antioxidant activity compared to rhizomes. The results initially revealed the fundamental of "the flowers exceed the rhizomes in effect", the common saying about the traditional Chinese medicinal herbs over the years, indicating a great developing potential of the flowers. Besides, as polysaccharides, saponins, amino acids, total phenols and other nutritive substances in flowers differ widely among species and provenances, it's important to develop variety breeding to improve the quality and yield of flowers.

Assay of 18 amino acids in Chuanmingshen violaceum roots by pre-column derivative HPLC / 中国中药杂志

The roots of Chuanmingshen violaceum is a commonly used Chinese herb and food, which contains rich amino acids. However, the kinds and amounts of amino acids are variety in this herb among the geographical location and ecological environment. Therefore, this study firstly developed a new pre-column derived HPLC method to quantify the levels of 18 amino acids in Ch. violaceum roots. Then 24 Ch. violaceum samples were harvested from its main cultivating areas in Sichuan, China. These samples were divided into 4 producing areas based on their geographical sites. The 18 kinds of amino acids were quantified in these sample by the developed method. The differences of these amino acids were further analyzed among these herbal samples and the 4 producing areas by t-test and principal component analysis(PCA). The result indicated the peaks of the 18 kinds of amino acids were separated well in 70 min.The correlation coefficients between peak areas and concentration of these amino acids were more than 0.999 1(n=6). All of their recoveries were in the range of 97.38%-101.3%(n=6).Their detection limit was in the range of 0.003-0.379 μg·mL~(-1).It demonstrates that the developed HPLC method can accurately quantify the amounts of multi-amino acids in this herb. The results of t-test analysis showed the contents of histidine, cystine, leucine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and threonine were significantly different(P<0.05) among the 4 producing areas. But the differences of other amino acids were not significant.The first five factors were extracted by PCA to calculate the comprehensive score. The order of comprehensive score for the 4 producing areas was B(0.603, n=10), C(0.206, n=3), A(-0.283, n=7) and D(-1.167, n=4). The total content of amino acids in Ch. violaceum collected in B producing area was largest(12.5 mg·g~(-1)). It is concluded the Ch. violaceum contains multi-kinds of amino acids. On the basis of amino acid amount, Langzhong city and Cangxi county in Sichuan province(producing area B) is the suitable areas for cultivating Ch. violaceum.

Estratégias para identificação e quantificação de aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) em cianobactérias e outros organismos para aplicação em cosmética e farmacêutica / Identification and quantification methods of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in cyanobacteria and other microorganisms for cosmetic and pharmaceutical application

Os aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) são compostos, produzidos por algumas espécies de cianobactérias e outros microorganismos, principalmente quando são expostos a radiação ultravioleta (UVR). Estes compostos, que vêm demonstrando funções fotoprotetoras e antioxidantes, têm sido pesquisados para aplicação em protetores solares e em produtos antienvelhecimento. O presente estudo focou na caracterização de cianobactérias e outros organismos quanto à produção de MAAs com potencial aplicação em cosméticos. Neste estudo foram desenvolvidos diversos métodos para identificação (via HPLC-DAD-MS/HRMS), purificação (via HPLC-DAD) e quantificação de MAAs (via LC-MS/MS). Pelo método de identificação de MAAs verificou-se que, das 75 cianobactérias estudadas, 27 cepas (38%) sintetizam MAAs. A cepa Oscilatoria sp. CMMA 1600 produziu a maior diversidade de MAAs. 10 MAAs diferentes foram identificados incluindo um MAA de massa molecular 316 Da. Através de dados espectroscópicos obtidos via HPLC-DAD-HRMS e RMN 1D e 2D confirmou-se que se tratava da micosporina-glicina-alanina. A biossíntese natural deste composto por cianobactérias foi relatada pela primeira vez neste estudo. Quanto à quantificação de MAAs, o protocolo de extração otimizado possibilitou uma excelente recuperação dos compostos de interesse, além de ser bastante simples e não utilizar solventes poluentes. As análises via LC-MS/MS foram realizadas através de experimentos de MRM em modo positivo usando uma coluna de fase reversa. O método validado permitiu determinar e quantificar com precisão os MAAs porphyra-334, shinorina e micosporina-glicina-alanina em corridas de apenas 6 minutos, com limites de deteção inferiores a 0,005 µg.mg -1. Aplicando o método de LC-MS/MS realizaram experimentos de indução de MAAs através de exposição à UVR tendo-se observado um aumento da concentração de MAAs nas cepas que já sintetizam estes compostos e, outras cepas começaram a produzir pelo menos um MAA. As cepas de S. torques-reginae (ITEP-024 e ITEP-026) produziram a maior concentração de MAAs. A cepa ITEP-024 foi ainda exposta a diferentes radiações tendo-se observado que a UVB é que mais influencia a produção de MAAs. Neste estudo foi demonstrado o potencial das cianobactérias como produtores de MAAs que podem ser utilizados como fotoprotores em protetores solares

Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing compounds produced by cyanobacteria and other organisms, especially upon exposer to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). These compounds are photoprotective and some have additional antioxidant functíons useful to the natural cosmetics market. This study aims to identify MAAs-producing cyanobacteria with potential applicatíons in cosmetics. A HPLC-DAD-MS/HRMS method for the identification of MAAs was developed. Out of the 75 cyanobacteria studied, 27 strains (38%) synthesized MAAs. Oscilatoria sp. CMMA 1600, from homocyte type, produced the greatest diversity of MAAs. 10 different MAAs were identified including a MAA with molecular weight of 316 Da. The chemical structure of mycosporine-glycine-alanine was confirmed by 1D/2D NMR and HRMS analyses. This compound has never been reported from a natural source. In this study, a validated LC-MS/MS quantification method for MAAs is also presented. An easy-to-handle and rapid extraction procedure was developed which uses only water and volatile additives as the extractor solvents. The LC-MS/MS method was performed using multiple reaction monitoring in positive mode with a reverse-phase column. The method enabled the accurate determination and quantification of the MAAs porphyra-334, shinorine and mycosporine-glycine-alanine in a 6 minutes running time, with limits of detection < 0.005 µg.mg-1. MAAs induction experiments were performed through UVR exposure. MAAs are constitutively produced by some cyanobacteria and production was further enhanced following UVirradiance. Other strains start to produce at least one MAA after UV-irradiance. Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae strain (ITEP-024 and ITEP-026) produced the highest concentration of these photoprotective compounds. S. torques-reginae ITEP 024 strain was further exposed to different radiation compositíons. MAAs were significantly influenced by UVB. In this study, the potential of cyanobacteria as MAA producers, that can be used as photoprotectors in sunscreens, has been demonstrated

The influence of ultra-high diluted compounds on the growth and the metabolites of Oryza sativa L

The ultra-high dilutions (UHDs) have been widely used in the field of human, animal and plant treatment. In the present research, the effects of the potentized ultra-high dilutions (UHDs) on physiological and biochemical variations in Oryza sativaL. (rice) were investigated. Methods: To study the effect of UHDs (Calendula officinalisCalen. and Arnica montanaArn.) on the physiological and biochemical variations of the Oryza sativaL. (rice), 28 experiments were designed and statistically analyzed using the Design Expert 7.0.1 software over the general factorial design methodology. Three qualitative factors were studied including the UHDs/placebo usage, sterile/non-sterile experimental condition and the type and timing of the UHDs usage. The validated analysis was subjected to more extended studies on the variations in physiological growth, carbohydrate, protein content, pigment production, and amino acid patterns. To evaluate the effects of UHDs on rice, a desirable response percentage was formed from a number of healthy seedling productions, and the height percentage of the aerial parts and main roots were studied. Results: The statistical analysis resulted in a prediction model which was more than 97% correlates with experimental results. The results showed that the UHDs increased the pH variations, carbohydrate, protein and pigment levels each by ~2.5, ~1.5, ~1.4, and ~1.4 folds, respectively. Also compared to placebo, the amount and proportionof amino acids has significantly varied, showing a statistical effect on the germination and seedling growth of the rice, as well as the stress conditions caused by the sterilization process, seedlings entrance into the light and their transition into hydroponic culture medium.Conclusion: The use of UHDs leads to an increase in the production of chlorophyll, as well as carbohydrate and protein content. Moreover, it causes significant variations in the amino acid profile and the production of amino acids along with the photosynthesis, germination, and metabolism processes.(AU)

Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita maxima): a review of functional attributes and by-products / Semillas de calabaza (Cucurbita máxima): una revisión de sus propiedades funcionales y sub-productos

ABSTRACT The need to obtain nutritious foods from new sources and lower waste in industry has created a high interest in studying different parts of plants or foods that today are considered waste, but could be considered by-products with high nutritional value with potential use in human diets. Pumpkin seeds are commonly considered as waste but they have a high content of fatty and amino acids, which when used as a by-product or ingredient can add value to food products. The aim of this work was to perform a wide review of the nutritional and functional properties of Cucurbita maxima seeds and their potential medicinal influence.

RESUMEN La necesidad de obtener alimentos nutritivos de nuevas fuentes y menores desperdicios en la industria ha generado un gran interés en el estudio de diferentes partes de plantas o alimentos que hoy en día se consideran desechos, pero que podrían considerarse subproductos con alto valor nutricional y uso potencial en alimentación humana. Las semillas de calabaza se consideran comúnmente como desechos, pero tienen un alto e importante contenido de ácidos grasos y aminoácidos, que cuando se utilizan como subproducto o ingrediente pueden aportar un alto valor agregado a los productos alimenticios. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una amplia revisión de las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales de las semillas de Cucurbita maxima y su potencial influencia medicinal asociada a ellas.

Harvesting Season and Botanical Origin Interferes in Production and Nutritional Composition of Bee Pollen

ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the frequency of bee pollen production, its botanical origin and chemical composition when collected in different seasons. Our results indicate that higher proteins (22.80 ± 3.09%) and flavonoids (2789.87 ± 1396.00 μg 100g-1) levels were obtained in the winter season, which also showed greater pollen production (134.50 ± 35.70 grams) and predominance of the Myrtaceae family. As for spring we found high concentrations of lipids (4.62 ± 2.26%) and low ash content (2.22 ± 0.39%). Regarding the amino acid composition and vitamin C content, we found no differences between the averages throughout the seasons. Our results highlight the importance of understanding not only the botanical origin and the chemical composition of bee pollen, but also the harvesting frequency of this product by bees, so that it becomes possible to supplement the colonies in times of natural food resources shortage.

Construction and application of a novel genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae for expressing proteases

Background: We aimed to test the possibility of improving polypeptide production from soybean meal fermentation by engineered Aspergillus oryzae strains. Four different protease genes were cloned and transformed into wild-type A. oryzae, and the engineered A. oryzae strains were then used for soybean meal fermentation. Results: The results showed different degrees of improvement in the protease activity of the four transformants when compared with wild-type A. oryzae. A major improvement in the polypeptide yield was achieved when these strains were used in soybean meal fermentation. The polypeptide conversion rate of one of the four transformants, A. oryzae pep, reached 35.9%, which was approximately twofold higher than that exhibited by wild-type A. oryzae. Amino acid content analysis showed that the essential amino acid content and amino acid composition of the fermentation product significantly improved when engineered A. oryzae strains were used for soybean meal fermentation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cloning of microbial protease genes with good physicochemical properties and expressing them in an ideal host such as A. oryzae is a novel strategy to enhance the value of soybean meal.

Soluble amino acid profile, mineral nutrient and carbohydrate content of maize kernels harvested from plants submitted to ascorbic acid seed priming

ABSTRACT Both the scientific community and society have shown interest in improving the content of amino acids, carbohydrates and mineral nutrients in maize because it represents an important staple food in many developing countries. Earlier studies demonstrated that the treatment of seeds using ascorbic acid (AsA-seed priming) enhanced soluble carbohydrates, proteins and soluble amino acids for other species. AsA seed priming in maize showed the potential for reducing abiotic stresses. The effects on grain quality have not been previously demonstrated. This study investigated the impacts of AsA seed priming on maize kernel quality of seeds produced by the plants generated from the primed seeds, based on the amino acid profile and carbohydrate and mineral nutrient contents. AsA seed priming improved the maize kernel quality with respect to the ascorbate content, boron allocation, total carbohydrate content and increased soluble amino acid levels, including serine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, glutamate, arginine, proline, aspartate, lysine and isoleucine, whereas soluble methionine was decreased. Therefore, AsA seed priming can represent a potential technique for improving maize grain quality.

Avaliação nutricional e energética da soja integral tostada para frangos de corte / Nutritional and energetic evaluation of toasted full-fat soybean for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira de aminoácidos de sojas integrais tostadas de cinco regiões. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 13 dias de idade e peso médio de 420,0±5,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração referência) e oito repetições de seis aves. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 288 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 24 dias de idade e peso médio de 865,0±20,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração isenta de proteína à base de amido) e oito repetições de seis aves. Não houve diferença em relação aos teores de EMAn e de CEMAn (P>0,05) entre as sojas integrais. Os valores médios de EMAn, CEMAn situaram-se entre 3152 e 3399kcal/kg e 61,15 e 65,08%, respectivamente. No entanto, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os CAE, CANE e CPB das sojas integrais, e a amostra cinco obteve os menores valores. Os valores médios para os CAE e CANE da soja integral são de 88,96% e 87,53%, respectivamente.(AU)

The goal of this paper was to determine the chemical composition, the energy values and the amino acid true ileal digestibility coefficients of toasted full-fat soybeans from 5 regions. In the first experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 13 days old and average weight of 420.0±5.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 basal diet) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. In the second experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 24 days old and average weight of 865.0±20.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 protein-free diet based on starch) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. There was no difference regarding the AMEn and AMECn contents (P>0.05) among the full-fat soybeans. The average values of AMEn, AMECn were between 3152-3399 kcal/kg and 61.15 to 65.08%, respectively. However, there were differences (P<0.05) between CEA, CENA and CPC of full-fat soybeans, and sample 5 obtained the lowest values. The average values for CEA and CENA of the full-fat soybean are 88.96% and 87.53%, respectively.(AU)

Study of immune system following use of different expression methods of energy and amino acids requirements in Arian broilers

Background: Despite the fact that immune responses are influenced by dietary nutrients, feed formulation is mainly based on the productive responses, so the immunity indexes were ignored

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the effects of diets formulation based on different expression systems of energy and amino acids of feeds and requirements on performance and immune responses of Arian chicks

Methods: A total of 1440 Arian chicks were fed eight diets arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial design with 2 systems of energy expression [AMEn and TMEn], 2 methods of amino acids content of feeds [TAA[f] and DAA[f] and 2 methods of amino acids requirement [TAA[r] and DAAr[r] from 1 to 42 days of age. Each treatment was replicated six times with each replicate consisting of 15 males and 15 females

Results: The results showed that when the Feed formulation was based on TMEn and DAA, the productive parameters increased compared with AMEn and TAA [p<0.05]

Conclusions: Selection for increase the growth rate in poultry, improve metabolic and physiological processes in order to use the feed. Therefore, lower proportions of nutrients will be allocated to other vital systems. However, the most suitable immune responses were observed in chicks that were fed diets which were set based on AMEn and received high level of amino acids. There is a negative correlation between immune responses and productive parameters. It is recommended that in normal conditions TMEn and DAA be used and in stress conditions AMEn and DAA[p]xTAA[r] be added to feed formulation

Clinical and systemic effects of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics: a pilot study / Efectos clínicos y sistémicos de la ortodoncia osteogénica periodontalmente acelerada: un estudio piloto

The aim of this study was to describe periodontal effects and treatment time of Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) and to determine if Deoxypyridinoline could be used as a biochemical marker of bone turnover in patients undergoing PAOO. We compared 5 patients undergoing PAOO (5 males, mean age: 29.6±9.8 years) with 5 control patients undergoing self-ligating orthodontics (5 males, mean age: 28.5±6.3 years). All patients were evaluated using panoramic and lateral x-rays and CBCT and randomly selected in experimental and control groups. Both groups underwent self-ligating orthodontics using Damon Q braces. Only the experimental group underwent PAOO. The patients were evaluated periodontally at T1 (before surgery and orthodontic movement) and T2 (after orthodontic treatment). The total treatment time for the experimental group was 8.2±3.3 months and for the control group was 13.4±7.3 months. There were no differences between T2-T1 periodontal variables in either of the groups. Gingival recession was 0.49±0.26 mm at T1 and 0.42±0.3 mm at T2 in the experimental group. Gingival recession was 0.55±0.31 mm at T1 and 1.19±0.24 mm at T2 in the control group. Deoxypyridinoline urine levels showed great variance between individuals and between groups. There is a reduction in treatment time for patients undergoing PAOO with DAMON Q braces. There is no difference in the periodontal condition between PAOO and conventional orthodontics.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los efectos periodontales y el tiempo de tratamiento de ortodoncia osteogénica periodontalmente acelerada (OOPA) y para determinar si desoxipiridinolina podría ser utilizado como un marcador bioquímico de recambio óseo en pacientes sometidos a OOPA. Se estudiaron 5 pacientes sometidos a OOPA (hombres, edad media de 29,6±9,8 años) y 5 pacientes control sometidos a ortodoncia de autoligado (hombres, edad media de 28,5±6,3 años). Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados utilizando radiografías panorámicas y laterales, tomografía computadorizada de haz cónico, y luego distribuidos aleatoriamente en grupos experimentales y de control. Ambos grupos fueron sometidos a la ortodoncia de autoligado utilizando dispositivos ortodónticos Damon Q. Sólo el grupo experimental fue sometido a OOPA. Los pacientes fueron evaluados periodontalmente en T1 (antes de la cirugía y el movimiento de ortodoncia) y T2 (después de un tratamiento de ortodoncia). El tiempo total de tratamiento para el grupo experimental fue de 8,2±3,3 meses y para el grupo control 13,4±7,3 meses. No hubo diferencias entre las variables periodontales T2-T1 en cualquiera de los grupos. La recesión gingival en el grupo experimental fue de 0,49±0,26 mm en T1 y 0,42±0,3 mm en T2. En el grupo control, la recesión gingival fue 0,55±0,31 mm en T1 y 1,19±0,24 mm en T2. Los niveles de desoxipiridinolina en orina mostraron gran variación entre individuos y entre grupos. Hubo una reducción en el tiempo de tratamiento para los pacientes sometidos OOPA con dispositivos ortodónticos Damon Q. No hubo diferencia en la condición periodontal entre pacientes sometidos a OOPA y ortodoncia convencional.

Exigência de lisina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas de 50 a 66 semanas de idade / Digestible lysine requirement for laying hens from 50 to 66 weeks of age

Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas no período de 50 a 66 semanas de idade, foi realizado experimento utilizando-se 150 poedeiras Shaver Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de lisina digestível: 0,79; 0,82; 0,85; 0,88 e 0,91%), seis repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados a produção de ovos, peso médio e a massa de ovos, consumo de ração e de lisina, conversão alimentar por massa e por dúzia de ovos, gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, o índice de gema e albúmen, porcentagem de albúmen, gema e casca. O consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar por massa e dúzia de ovos, a produção, o peso e a massa de ovos não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de lisina digestível. Houve aumento linear no consumo de lisina (P<0,01) com o incremento dos níveis desse aminoácido nas rações. As porcentagens de albúmen, gema e casca não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de lisina digestível estudados. Os níveis de lisina influenciaram de forma quadrática (P>0,05) a unidade Haugh e o índice de albúmen, sendo estimados os níveis de 0,884 e 0,868% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Para o índice de gema, a associação do modelo quadrático ao Linear Response Plateau (LRP) estimou o nível de 0,903% de lisina digestível. Quando o objetivo é maximizar a qualidade interna dos ovos, recomenda-se o nível dietético de 0,884%, 0,868% e 0,903% de lisina digestível para unidade Haugh, índice de albúmen e índice de gema, respectivamente.

With the objective of determining the requirement of digestible lysine for brown-egg laying hens in the period from 50 to 66 weeks of age, an experiment was carried out using 150 Shaver Brown laying hens, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (digestible lysine levels: 0.79, 0.82, 0.85, 0.88 and 0.91%), six replications and five birds per experimental unit. The production of eggs, weight and the egg mass, feed intake and lysine, feed mass and dozen eggs, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk and albumen index, percentage of albumen, yolk and bark were analyzed. Feed intake, feed conversion per dozen of eggs s and per egg mass, egg production, egg weight and egg mass were not influenced (P>0.05) by digestible lysine levels. There was a linear increase in lysine intake (P<0.01) with increasing levels of this amino acid in the diets. The albumen, yolk and shell percentages were not influenced (P>0.05) by studied digestible lysine levels. Lysine levels had a quadratic effect (P>0.05) Haugh unit and albumen index being estimated as 0.884 and 0.868% digestible lysine levels, respectively. For yolk index, the association of the quadratic model to Linear Response Plateau (LRP) estimated the level of 0.903% digestible lysine. When the aim is to maximize the internal egg quality, a dietary level of 0.884%, 0.868% and 0.903% digestible lysine for Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index, respectively is recommended.

Hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) decreases food efficiency and the bioavailability of high-quality protein in rats / Colágeno hidrolisado (gelatina) reduz a eficiência alimentar e a biodisponibilidade de proteína de alta qualidade em ratos

Objective Although deficient in all indispensable amino acids, gelatin is used in protein-restricted diets. Food efficiency and protein quality of casein and gelatin mixtures in low protein diets in Wistar rats were investigated. Methods The rats were treated with protein-restricted diets (10.0 and 12.5%) containing casein (control diets), casein with gelatin mixtures (4:1 of protein content), and gelatin as sources of protein. The food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, relative and corrected protein efficiency ratio, true protein digestibility, and hepatic parameters were estimated. Results After 28 days of the experiment, food efficiency of 10.0% casein/gelatin diet decreased when compared to that of 10.0% casein diet, and the protein efficiency ratio of the casein/gelatin mixtures (10.0%=2.41 and 12.5%=2.03) were lower than those of the casein (10.0%=2.90 and 12.5%=2.32). After 42 days of the experiment, the weight of the liver of the animals treated with 10.0 and 12.5% casein/gelatin diets, and the liver protein retention of the 12.5% casein/gelatin diet group of animals were lower than those of the control group. Conclusion Gelatin decreases food efficiency and high-quality protein bioavailability in protein-restricted diets. .

Objetivo A gelatina é deficiente em todos os aminoácidos indispensáveis, mas é usada em dietas com restrição de proteína. A eficiência alimentar e a qualidade da proteína de misturas de caseína com gelatina em dietas com baixo teor de proteína foram investigadas em ratos Wistar. Métodos Ratos foram tratados com dietas restritas em proteína (10,0 e 12,5%), contendo, como fonte de proteína: caseína (dieta controle), misturas de caseína com gelatina (4:1 do teor de proteína) e gelatina. Foram estimados os seguintes índices: taxa de conversão alimentar, quociente de eficiência proteica, quociente de eficiência proteica relativo e corrigido, digestibilidade verdadeira da proteína e parâmetros hepáticos. Resultados Após 28 dias de experimento, a eficiência alimentar da dieta caseína:gelatina a 10,0% diminuiu em comparação com a dieta de caseína a 10,0%, e o quociente de eficiência proteica das misturas caseína: gelatina (10,0%=2,41 e 12,5%=2,03) foi menor do que aqueles da caseína (10,0%=2,90 e 12,5%=2,32). Após 42 dias de experimento, o peso do fígado dos animais tratados com mistura caseína:gelatina a 10,0 e 12,5% e a retenção proteica no fígado dos animais do grupo caseína: gelatina a 12,5% diminuíram em comparação ao grupo-controle. Conclusão Gelatina reduz a eficiência alimentar e a biodisponibilidade de proteína de alta qualidade em dietas restritas em proteínas. .

Necessidades e preocupações dos pais em diferentes etapas do ciclo vital / Parents' needs and concerns at different stages of the life cycle / Necesidades y preocupaciones de los padres en diferentes etapas del ciclo vital

Objetivo: identificar as necessidades e as preocupações prioritárias, manifestadas pelos pais no desempenho do seu papel, em três etapas do ciclo vital: adolescência, idade produtiva e idade madura. Metodologia: estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com quatorze pais residentes em um município no extremo sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre maio e agosto de 2011, por meio de entrevista em profundidade. Através da técnica da análise textual discursiva e da matriz construída com base na teoria bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner, foram construídas três categorias: Necessidades/preocupações do pai, geradas em sua relação com o mundo do trabalho; Necessidades/preocupações que emergem da relação de cuidado com os filhos e Preocupações dos pais com relação ao futuro dos filhos. Conclusão: identificou-se que a preocupação com o futuro dos filhos foi apontada por pais de todas as faixas-etárias investigadas. .

Objective: this study aimed to identify priority needs and concerns expressed by fathers in the performance of their role in three stages of the life cycle: adolescence, productive age, and mature age. Methodology: this is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, conducted with fourteen fathers residing in a municipality in the extreme south of Brazil. The data were collected between May and August 2011 by means of the in-depth interview. Through the technique of written discourse analysis and the array built upon Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, we obtained three categories: fathers' needs/concerns, generated in their relationship with the world of work; needs/concerns that emerged from the relationship of care with the children; and fathers' concerns about the future of the children. Conclusions: we identified that the concern with the future of the children was pointed out by fathers of all age groups investigated. .

Objetivo: identificar las necesidades y preocupaciones prioritarias, manifestadas por los padres en el desempeño de su función, en tres etapas del ciclo de vida: adolescencia, edad productiva y edad madura. Metodología: estudio exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, desarrollado con catorce padres residentes en un municipio en el extremo sur de Brasil. Los datos fueran colectados entre mayo y agosto de 2011, a través de entrevistas en profundidad. A través de la técnica de análisis textual y discursiva e de la matriz construida basada en la teoria bioecologica de Bronfenbrenner, fueran construidas tres categorías: Necesidades/ preocupaciones de lo padre, generado en suya relación con el mundo de lo trabajo; Necesidades/preocupaciones que emergen de la relación de cuidado con hijos e preocupaciones de los padres con lo futuro de los hijos. Conclusión: Se identifico que la preocupación con el futuro de los hijos fue apuntado por los padres de todas las edades averiguadas. .

Redução da proteína bruta em rações sobre os balanços metabólicos de suínos mantidos em diferentes condições térmicas / Reducing crude protein in diets on the metabolic balances for pigs kept in different thermal conditions

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a redução da proteína bruta em rações sobre o balanço de nitrogênio, pH urinário e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos na fase inicial. O peso médio inicial dos animais foi de 18,5 ± 0,73kg. Foram realizados dois experimentos de digestibilidade, sendo um em condições de ambiente de estresse (28,77˚C) e outro conforto térmico (18,13˚C). Em ambos os experimentos os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro níveis de proteína bruta (20,5;19,4; 18,3 e 17,2%) e quatro repetições, totalizando 16 unidades experimentais em cada experimento, sendo cada uma representada por um animal, totalizando 32 animais. A metodologia utilizada foi a coleta total de fezes, e a urina coletada e filtrada diariamente. Para avaliar os parâmetros sanguíneos, as amostras foram obtidas mediante punção na veia jugular. Os parâmetros avaliados foram nitrogênio ingerido, excretado nas fezes e na urina, absorvido, retido, retido/absorvido, excreção total, utilização líquida de proteína, pH da urina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, uréia e creatinina no plasma sanguíneo. Conclui-se que a redução do nível de proteína da dieta, de 20,5 a 17,2%; é uma alternativa eficiente para reduzir a quantidade de nitrogênio excretado pelos suínos em condição de estresse térmico. Para condição de conforto térmico os suínos apresentaram maiores concentrações de creatinina e colesterol plasmático.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction of crude protein diets on nitrogen balance, urinarypH and blood parameters of starter pigs. The average initial weight of the animals was 18.5 ± 0.73 kg. Two digestibility experiments were conducted, one in environmental conditions of stress (28.77 ˚ C) and another in thermal comfort condition (18.13 ˚ C). In both experiments, the animals were distributed in randomized blockswith four decreasing levels of crude protein (20.5, 19.4, 18.3 and 17.2%) and four replications, totaling 16experimental units in each experiment, each represented by an animal, totaling 32 animals. The methodology used was the total collection of feces and urine was collected and filtered daily. To assess blood parameters, samples were obtained by jugular vein puncture. The parameters evaluated were ingested nitrogen, excreted in feces and urine, absorbed, retained, retained/absorbed, total excretion, net protein utilization, urine pH,cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, urea and creatinine in blood plasma. It is concluded that reducing the levelof protein in the diet, 20.5 to 17.2%; is an efficient alternative to reduce the amount of nitrogen excreted bypigs in heat stress condition. In thermal comfort condition pigs showed higher concentration of creatinine and serum cholesterol.