Perinatal risk factors for the occurrence of singleton apparently stillborn infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To identify the perinatal risk factors for the occurrence of singleton apparently stillborn infants.@*METHODS@#This was a case-control study. A total of 154 singleton neonates with gestational age ≥28 weeks and Apgar score of 0-1 who were subsequently successfully resuscitated in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from January 2006 to December 2015 were enrolled as the case group (apparently stillborn group). A total of 616 singleton infants born from January 2006 to December 2015 (1-minute Apgar score >1) were randomly selected in a 1:4 ratio as the control group. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the perinatal risk factors for the occurrence of apparently stillborn infants.@*RESULTS@#The gestational age and birth weight in the apparently stillborn group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidences of fetal hydrops, cord prolapse, grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid, placental abruption, breech presentation, severe pre-eclampsia, maternal general anesthesia at delivery, abnormal antenatal fetal heart monitoring and decreased fetal movement were significantly higher in the apparently stillborn group than those in the control group (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis showed that the mother had general anesthesia at delivery (OR=34.520), decreased antenatal fetal movement (OR=28.168),placental abruption (OR=15.641), grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid (OR=6.365), abnormal antenatal fetal heart monitoring (OR=5.739), and breech presentation (OR=2.614) were risk factors for the occurrence of apparently stillborn infants (P<0.05), while higher gestational age was a protective factor (OR=0.686, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Attention needs to be paid to mothers with abnormal prenatal fetal heart monitoring, decreased fetal movement, preterm labor, placental abruption, breech presentation, grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and general anesthesia. Preparations for resuscitation should be done to rescue apparently stillborn infants.

Is vaginal breech delivery still a safe option? / Será o parto pélvico vaginal uma opção segura?

Abstract Objective: To determine whether there was any difference in neonatal and maternal outcomes between breech vaginal delivery and cephalic vaginal delivery. Methods: A retrospective, case-control study was conducted between January 2015 and December 2017 in a Portuguese hospital. A total of 26 cases of breech vaginal delivery were considered eligible and 52 pregnant women formed the control group. Results: Induced labor was more frequent in the breech vaginal delivery group (46% versus 21%, p = 0.022). Episiotomy was more common in the breech vaginal delivery group (80% versus 52%, p = 0.014), and one woman had a 3rd degree perineal laceration. Newborns in the study group had a lower birthweight (2,805 g versus 3,177 g, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: The present study showed that breech vaginal delivery at term compared with cephalic presentation was not associated with significant differences in neonatal and maternal morbidity. It also suggests that breech vaginal delivery remains a safe option under strict selection criteria and in the presence of an experienced obstetrician.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar se existem diferenças nos desfechos perinatal e materno entre os partos pélvicos vaginais e eutócicos. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, caso controle, entre janeiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2017 em um hospital terciário em Portugal. Foram incluídos 26 casos de parto pélvico vaginal e o grupo controle foi formado por 52 grávidas. Resultados: A indução do trabalho de parto ocorreu com mais frequência no grupo do parto pélvico vaginal (46% versus 21%, p = 0.022), bem como a realização de episiotomia (80% versus 52%, p = 0.014). Verificou-se um caso de laceração perineal de 3° grau. Os recém-nascidos do grupo de estudo apresentaram um peso inferior ao nascimento (2.805 g versus 3.177 g, p < 0.001). Em relação aos desfechos perinatais, não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que o parto pélvico vaginal no termo quando comparado com o parto eutócico não se associou a diferenças estatisticamente significativas na morbidade perinatal e materna, e sugere ainda que o parto pélvico vaginal parece ser uma opção segura em casos rigorosamente selecionados e na presença de um obstetra experiente.

Height of elevated fetal buttock for prediction of successful external cephalic version

14 cm, and HOB >7.8 cm were 10.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57–74.94), 5.26 (95% CI, 1.06–26.19), and 10.50 (95% CI, 1.03–107.12), respectively. Areas under the curve (AUCs) for AFI, HOB, and parity were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.54–0.78), 0.74 (95% CI, 0.64–0.85), and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.62–0.76), respectively. HOB had the largest AUC, but there were no significant differences among the AUCs of other factors. The cut-off value of HOB was 6 cm.CONCLUSION: This study showed that the AUC of HOB was greater than that of parity and AFI, although it was not statistically significant. As HOB is a noninvasive and comprehensive marker to predict successful ECV, consideration of HOB would be helpful before conducting ECV. Further studies are needed.

Breech presentation delivery care: A review of childbirth semiology, mechanism and care / Atención del parto con feto en presentación pelviana: revisión de la semiología, el mecanismo y la atención del parto

RESUMEN Objetivo: revisar los conceptos que subyacen al trabajo de parto con feto en presentación pelviana, su semiología y las maniobras obstétricas que facilitan un resultado materno perinatal exitoso. Materiales y métodos: a partir de un caso hipotético que ambienta de manera práctica el tema, se crea un documento explicativo construido a partir de una revisión narrativa, en donde se examinan los preceptos relacionados con el diagnóstico, el mecanismo del parto en presentación pelviana y el manejo intraparto de la gestante, con énfasis en la adecuada ejecución de las maniobras que facilitan la extracción fetal. Resultados: el parto en presentación pelviana debe ser atendido por vía vaginal cuando se encuentra en periodo expulsivo con encajamiento cumplido. Para su diagnóstico y atención es esencial hacer una adecuada identificación de la presentación, así como conocer su fisiología, la indicación y adecuada ejecución de las maniobras obstétricas que facilitan un parto sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: el mecanismo del parto en presentación pelviana es complejo y requiere, cuando no hay otra alternativa para la atención, que tanto el obstetra como el médico general conozcan su fisiología y las múltiples maniobras obstétricas que facilitan obtener buen resultado materno perinatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the concepts underlying breech presentation delivery as well as the semiology and the obstetric maneuvers contributing to a successful perinatal maternal outcome. Materials and methods: Based on a hypothetical scenario to set the stage for a practical approach to the topic, an explanatory paper built on a narrative review is created in order to examine the principles related to diagnosis, mechanism of delivery and maternal care, emphasizing maneuvers to ease fetal extraction. Results: Breech presentation delivery must be managed through the vaginal canal when already in the expulsion phase with fetal engagement. For diagnosis and care, it is essential to know the unique semiology and physiology of this condition as well as the obstetric maneuvers to facilitate an uncomplicated delivery. Conclusions: The mechanism of childbirth in breech presentation is complex and requires knowledge of its physiology and multiple obstetric maneuvers on the part of the obstetrician as well as the general practitioner, in order to ensure adequate care when there is no other option.

Reviving external cephalic version: a review of its efficacy, safety, and technical aspects

Currently, the rate of cesarean sections being performed in Korea is approximately 40%, with Korea ranking 4th among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries with respect to cesarean deliveries. Breech presentation at term is an important indication for cesarean section among other factors, including medicolegal concerns and pregnancies in women of advanced maternal age. Term breech presentation is associated with a higher fetal mortality rate than that associated with a cephalic presentation. Therefore, in Korea, most of these women deliver by cesarean section to avoid the complications of vaginal breech delivery. However, cesarean section is itself associated with considerable obstetric morbidity and sometimes, mortality. External cephalic version (ECV) is a useful method to reduce the cesarean section rate in women with breech presentation and therefore to reduce the incidence of breech presentation at delivery. Studies have shown that routine use of ECV reduces the cesarean section rate by approximately two-thirds in term pregnancies with breech presentation. ECV is accepted as a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective method and is recommended by both the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in all pregnancies with term breech presentation, if not contraindicated. In Korea, although most clinicians are aware of the option of ECV, their relative lack of experience in performing the procedure and fear of complications render them hesitant to perform ECV. This review is aimed at guiding obstetricians by describing the efficacy, safety concerns, and technical aspects of this procedure.

Clinical factors in patients with congenital muscular torticollis treated with surgical resection

BACKGROUND: Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is characterized by persistent head tilt toward the affected side. No consensus exists regarding the cause of this disorder. In this study, we analyzed various clinical factors in patients with CMT who were treated with surgical release. This analysis enabled us to identify potential causative factors of CMT and to establish a basis for surgical interventions. METHODS: In total, 584 patients who underwent surgical intervention for CMT from October 2007 to December 2016 were included in this study. Their demographic characteristics, birth-related factors, and clinical features were analyzed. RESULTS: Data from 525 patients were analyzed in this study after exclusion of those with insufficient information. Before birth, 31 patients (5.9%) were diagnosed with oligohydramnios, and 87 (16.6%) had a breech presentation. Seven (1.3%) cases of clavicle fracture and two (0.4%) cases of cephalohematoma were noted at birth. Before surgery, 397 patients (75.6%) underwent physiotherapy and 128 patients (24.4%) did not. The duration of physiotherapy ranged from 1 to 50 months (average, 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that 16.6% of the CMT patients presented in the breech position, which is a much higher rate than that observed in the general population (3%–4%). We hypothesize that being in the breech position as a fetus appears to exert a significant influence on shortening and fibrosis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Applying the newman-peacock prognostic system to a portuguese obstetrical population - A useful tool? / Utilização do modelo de prognóstico Newman-Peacock numa população obstétrica portuguesa - uma ferramenta útil?

Abstract Background External cephalic version (ECV) is a maneuver that enables the rotation of the non-cephalic fetus to a cephalic presentation. The Newman-Peacock (NP) index, which was proposed by Newman et al. in a study published in 1993, was described as a prediction tool of the success of this procedure; it was validated in a North-American population, and three prognostic groups were identified. Purpose To evaluate the value of the NP score for the prediction of a successful ECV in a Portuguese obstetrical population, and to evaluate maternal and fetal safety. Methods We present an observational study conducted from 1997-2016 with pregnant women at 36-38 weeks of pregnancy who were candidates for external cephalic version in our department. Demographic and obstetrical data were collected, including the parameters included in the NP index (parity, cervical dilatation, estimated fetal weight, placental location and fetal station). The calculation of the NP score was performed, and the percentages of success were compared among the three prognostic groups and with the original study by Newman et al. The performance of the score was determined using the Student t-test, the Chi-squared test, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results In total, 337 women were included. The overall success rate was of 43.6%. The univariate analysis revealed that multiparity, posterior placentation and a less engaged fetus were factors that favored a successful maneuver (p < 0.05). Moreover, a higher amniotic fluid index was also a relevant predictive factor (p < 0.05). The Newman-Peacock score had a poorer performance in our population compared with that of the sample of the original study, but we still found a positive relationship between higher scores and higher prediction of success (p < 0.001). No fetal or maternal morbidities were registered. Conclusions The Newman-Peacock score had a poorer performance among our population compared to its performance in the original study, but the results suggest that this score is still a useful tool to guide our clinical practice and counsel the candidate regarding ECV.

Resumo Âmbito A versão cefálica externa (VCE) é uma manobra que permite a obtenção de uma apresentação cefálica em fetos não-cefálicos. O índice de Newman-Peacock (NP), proposto por Newman et al em um estudo publicado em 1993, foi descrito como preditivo do sucesso desta manobra; ele foi validado numa população norte-americana, e três grupos de prognóstico diferentes foram identificados. Objectivo Avaliação do valor preditivo do índice de NP para o sucesso da VCE numa população obstétrica portuguesa, bem como da segurança materno-fetal. Métodos Foi realizado no nosso departamento umestudo observacional entre 1997- 2016 em grávidas candidatas a VCE entre as 36 e as 38 semanas de gravidez. Foram colhidos dados demográficos e obstétricos, incluindo os parâmetros incluídos no índice de NP (a paridade, a dilatação cervical, a estimativa do peso fetal, a localização placentária e a altura da apresentação fetal). A pontuação das candidatas de acordo como índice de NP e a percentagemde sucesso da VCE foramcomparadas entre os três grupos de prognóstico, e também com o estudo original de Newman et al. O desempenho deste índice foi avaliado recorrendo aos testes t de Student, qui-quadrado e curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Resultados Foram incluídas 337 mulheres. A taxa de sucesso da manobra foi de 43,6%. A análise univariada mostrou que a multiparidade, a placentação posterior e uma apresentação não encravada foram favoráveis para o sucesso do procedimento (p < 0,05). Adicionalmente, um maior índice de líquido amniótico revelou-se também como um fator preditivo significativo (p < 0,05). O índice de Newman-Peacock apresentou um desempenho inferior na nossa população comparativamente à sua descrição original, porém continuou a verificar-se uma relação positiva entre pontuações mais elevadas e uma maior percentagem de sucesso (p < 0,001). Conclusão No nosso trabalho, o índice de Newman-Peacock apresentou um valor preditivo inferior comparativamente ao estudo original, porém os resultados mostram que se mantém uma ferramenta com utilidade para a prática clínica e para o aconselhamento das candidatas a versão cefálica externa.

Evaluation of the learning curve for external cephalic version using cumulative sum analysis

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the learning curve for external cephalic version (ECV) using learning curve-cumulative sum (LC-CUSUM) analysis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study involving 290 consecutive cases between October 2013 and March 2017. We evaluated the learning curve for ECV on nulli and over para 1 group using LC-CUSUM analysis on the assumption that 50% and 70% of ECV procedures succeeded by description a trend-line of quadratic function with reliable R² values. RESULTS: The overall success rate for ECV was 64.8% (188/290), while the success rate for nullipara and over para 1 groups was 56.2% (100/178) and 78.6% (88/112), respectively. ‘H’ value, that the actual failure rate does not differ from the acceptable failure rate, was −3.27 and −1.635 when considering ECV success rates of 50% and 70%, respectively. Consequently, in order to obtain a consistent 50% success rate, we would require 57 nullipara cases, and in order to obtain a consistent 70% success rate, we would require 130 nullipara cases. In contrast, 8 to 10 over para 1 cases would be required for an expected success rate of 50% and 70% on over para 1 group. CONCLUSION: Even a relatively inexperienced physician can experience success with multipara and after accumulating experience, they will manage nullipara cases. Further research is required for LC-CUSUM involving several practitioners instead of a single practitioner. This will lead to the gradual implementation of standard learning curve guidelines for ECV.

External cephalic version experiences in Korea

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate obstetric outcomes of external cephalic version (ECV) performed at or near term. METHODS: Single pregnant woman with breech presentation at or near term (n=145), who experienced ECV by one obstetrician from November 2009 to July 2014 in our institution were included in the study. Maternal baseline characteristic and fetal ultrasonographic variables were checked before the procedure. After ECV, the delivery outcomes of the women were gathered. Variables affecting the success or failure of ECV were evaluated. RESULTS: Success rate of ECV was 71.0% (n=103). Four variables (parity, amniotic fluid index, fetal spine position and rotational direction) were observed to be in correlation with success or failure of ECV. In contactable 83 individuals experienced successful ECV, cesarean delivery rates were 18.1%, 28.9%, and 5.3% in total, nulliparas, and multiparas, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, ECV is proposed to be safe for both mother and her fetus. In addition, it is a valuable procedure that increases probability of vaginal delivery for women with breech presentation.

Two hearts, one rhythm: A case report on thoracoomphalopagus twins / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

A 21-year old woman, G1P0, was referred for further prenatal check-up with sonographic examination revealing conjoined twins at 29 weeks age of gestation. The fetuses were in breech presentation positioned face-to-face with fusion at the level of the thoraces and gastric bubble suggestive of thoracoomphalopagus twins. There was a definite communication between the two fetal circulations at the ventricular level as seen on fetal echocardiogram with a single cardiac rhythm shared between the two hearts. Close antenatal and fetal surveillance was done during the entire pregnancy duration. The patient was counseled about therapeutic options and explained of the complexity of their cardiac anatomy. The twins were delivered by cesarean section at 35 weeks due to preterm labor and a neonatal 2D-echocardiogram was done shortly after to re-assess their cardiac anatomy. Since the results revealed a shared ventricle, the twins were considered inseparable. The family was apprised of their poor prognosis and opted for natural death to occur.

Evaluation of the Success Rate Following Amnioinfusion in Pregnant Women Undergoing External Cephalic Version after Initial Failure

PURPOSE: To evaluate the success rate following amnioinfusion in pregnant women undergoing external cephalic version (ECV) after initial failure. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 17 consecutive pregnant women from October 2013 to May 2015. ECV was performed with amnioinfusion after initial failure. The success rates of ECV and vaginal delivery, including pregnancy outcomes, were analyzed. RESULTS: ECV was performed at an average of 37.3±0.6 weeks of gestational age. Eight of seventeen patients were nulliparous. The estimated fetal weight was 2,688±279 g, and the amniotic fluid index was 6.4±2.6 cm. The overall success rate of ECV was 70.6% (12/17), and the success rates in nulliparous and multiparous women were 75.0% (6/8) and 66.7% (6/9), respectively. The rate of emergent cesarean section within 24 hours was 11.8% (2/17). Excluding one women who were lost to follow-up, the rate of normal vaginal delivery was 81.8% (9/11) among the women who had successful ECV. We did not observe any complications such as uterine rupture, placental abruption, or intrauterine fetal death. CONCLUSION: Although ECV with amnioinfusion after initial failure might help increase the success rate of ECV, it needs to be further evaluated in larger studies.

Vaginal versus cesarean breech delivery: Maternal and neonatal outcome at Bulacan Medical Center - A two-year retrospective study / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

OBJECTIVE: To compare the maternal and neonatal outcome of vaginal and cesarean breech deliveries at Bulacan Medical Center MATERIALS AND METHODS: A two-year retrospective descriptive study on all patients who delivered breech by vaginal or cesarean section from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. The maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 165 deliveries included during the study period. There were 83 cases of vaginal breech delivery and 82 cases of cesarean breech delivery. The incidence and risk of postpartum hemorrhage is higher among cesarean breech delivery (7%). Febrile morbidity (p=0.0223) is significantly lower for vaginal breech births. Cesarean breech delivery is correlated with longer hospital stay (p= CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality between vaginal and cesarean breech delivery except for longer hospital stay and increased febrile morbidity for cesarean births. It is therefore safe to recommend vaginal breech delivery under hospital-specific guidelines for labor management such as strict selection of patients, high quality fetal monitoring and high level of competence among obstetricians to deliver breech.

External cephalic version for breech presentation at term: predictors of success, and impact on the rate of caesarean section

The incidence of caesarean section for breech presentation has increased markedty in the last 20 years. A prospective, interventional cohort study was carried out of the success rate of external cephalic version [ECV] and its predictors of as well as its impact on the rate of caesarean section for vaginal breech delivery. All 128 women admitted during the study period to the obstetrics department of a tertiary care military hospital in Taif Saudi Arabia with breech presentation at term, regardless of age and parity, who accepted ECV were recruited ECV was successful in 53.9% of the women. Most of the women with successful ECV delivered normally [84.1%] and only 14.5% of them delivered by caesarean section. Conversely, normal vaginal delivery was reported among 8.5% of those who had spontaneous version with failed ECV and approximately two-thirds of them delivered by caesarean section [62.7%]. Successful ECV reduced the breech and caesarean section rate

Early versus late external cephalic version

To find out whether initiating external cephalic version [ECV] earlier in pregnancy increase the rate of successful ECV procedures, and be more effective in decreasing the non cephalic presentations at birth and also cesarean section rate. This interventional study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mardan Medical Complex from first July 2010 to 31[st] Dec 2011.It included women with singleton breech fetus at a gestational age of 34 to 35 weeks. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, those having a first ECV procedure between 34[238 days] and 35 weeks of gestation were called early ECV group the second group included those who had first ECV at or after 37 weeks[259 days] and were called delayed ECV group. Percentages were calculated for qualitative variables like Gravida, complications etc, while mean and SD for quantitative variables like gestational age. Out of total 203 women who had breech presentation 123 were finally selected for the trial. Early ECV group included 63 patients while delayed group included 60 patients.. Fewer fetuses were in non cephalic presentation at birth in the early ECV group [41/63[65%] versus 29/60[49%] in the delayed ECV group, p = 0.04. There were no differences in rates of cesarean section [19/63[30%] versus 20/60 [33%],p=0.42] in the early ECV group versus the delayed ECV group. The rate of preterm birth was not different between groups, early ECV group [2/63[3%] versus 0/60[o], p=o.26] delayed ECV group. External cephalic version at 34 and 35 weeks increase the likelihood of cephalic presentation at birth but it does not decrease the rate of cesarean sections and may increase the rate of preterm birth in the early ECV group

Comparison of mode of delivery in undiagnosed breech presentation in labour

To compare vaginal delivery and cesarean section in terms of neonatal morbidity and mortality in undiagnosed breech presented in labour. This comparative study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from January to December 2011. Total of 119 undiagnosed breeches admitted in labour ward were included in the study. Apart from the demographic details neonatal outcome including Apgar score, intrapartum fetal death and neonatal intensive care unit admission were recorded on a semi structured proforma and analyzed by Chi square test using SPSS v. 17. The mean age of the women delivered vaginally was 27.91 +/- 6.37 years while the mean age of those that underwent cesarean section was 23.88 +/- 3.32 years. The overall mean age of the sample was27.03 +/- 6.06 years. The mean gestational age of the fetuses in both the groups was between 37-40 weeks. Out of 93 breeches which were delivered vaginally, 12[12.9%] neonates were having Apgar score <7. While those delivered by cesarean section only 2[2.1%] neonates were having low Apgar score [p-value=0.511]. Two[2.1%] neonates were admitted in neonatal intensive care unit in the vaginally delivered group, while among in the cesarean section group there was no neonatal intensive care unit admission[p value=0.462].There was no intrapartum death in both the groups. Undiagnosed, uncomplicated breeches presenting in labour can be safely delivered vaginally, but large randomized study is needed to decide about the best mode of delivery

Breech Deliveries in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto; Northwestern Nigeria: A 10-Year Review

Background: Breech delivery is a major issue in obstetric practice mainly because of the high perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with it. The aims of the study are to determine the prevalence management and perinatal outcome of singleton breech deliveries in our center. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study involving 395 singleton breech deliveries out of 24;160 deliveries conducted at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto; Sokoto; over a 10-year (2001-2010) period. Results: The prevalence rate of singleton breech delivery was 1.7. Breech deliveries occurred more in the primigravidae. Most babies (69.1) had vaginal delivery. There was a high caesarean section (CS) rate of 30.9. Babies delivered by CS had better Apgar scores than those delivered through the vagina (P 0.05). The perinatal mortality rate in breech deliveries (410/1000) was significantly higher than that (101.5/10000) in their cephalic counterparts (P 0.05). Similarly; perinatal deaths were more common in unbooked than in booked patients (P 0.05). Conclusion: Breech delivery was frequent in the study population. Singleton breech delivered by CS had better outcome than those who were delivered through the vagina

Accouchement en présentation de siège à la maternité Issaka Gazoby de Niamey aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, paracliniques thérapeutiques et pronostiques. A propos d'une étude rétrospective de 812 cas sur une période de 5 ans (01 janvier 2008 au 31 décembre 2012)

L'accouchement en présentation de siège demeure une préoccupation à cause de la morbidité et de la mortalité qu'il entraine. Les progrès de l'obstétrique en général et de l'imagerie en particulier ont contribué à la réduction de la mortalité dans les pays développés. Elles demeurent toujours élevées dans les pays en développement comme le Niger OBJECTIFS GENERAL Evaluer la prise en charge de l'accouchement en présentation de siège en vue de contribuer à la réduction de la morbidité et de la mortalité maternelle et périnatale. OBJECTIFS SPECIFIQUES 1. Evaluer la fréquence de l'accouchement en présentation de siège ; 2. Décrire le profil épidémiologique des patientes ; 3. Evaluer la prise la prise en charge de l'accouchement en présentation de siège ; 4. Evaluer le pronostic maternel et périnatale ; 5. Faire des recommandations adaptées pour réduire la morbidité et la mortalité maternelles et périnatales. Pour atteindre ces objectifs nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective type analytique couvrant la période du 1er janvier 2008 au 31 décembre 2012 à la MIG. Seules les patients présentant des grossesses multiples ou un termes inferieur à 22 SA ont été exclues. Au total nous avons retenus 812 patients sur une population de 25516. RESULTATS La fréquence est de 3,18%. L'âge moyen était de 27,3% avec des extrêmes allant de 15 à 48 ans. 64,3% des patients n'étaient pas 127 scolarisées. Et 80,3% étaient sans-emploi. Les nullipares étaient les plus concernées par ce type de présentation (32,0%). 76,7% étaient des transferts in utero avec 62,2 % de la CUN et 35,6% des autres régions. Les principaux motifs de transfert in utero étaient : primiparité et siège (15,4%), utérus cicatriciel et siège (7,62%), RPM et siège (6,2%). Pour le suivi de la grossesse (30,7%) des patients n'avaient fait aucun CPN et 43,3% avaient fait au moins 3 CPN. 5,2% avaient fait l'échographie du 3e trimestre de la grossesse. Prise en charge de l'accouchement La voie basse a représenté 36,0% des patientes contre 64,0% de césarienne. Le pronostic périnatal est domine par la mortalité périnatale (27,9%), les malformations (5,0%), la morbidité traumatique représente 0,9%. Le pronostic maternel est dominé par la morbidité qui représente 15,9% dont l'anémie vient en première place avec 6,7% ; les infections bactériennes (4,2%) ; HTA (2,5%) ; les suppurations pariétales (2,3%). Aucun décès maternel n'a été enregistré. Conclusion L'absence d'instruction, le manque de suivi prénatal, la qualité des transferts in utero, l'âge maternel sont autant de facteur de risque en cas de présentation de siège. Une amélioration des soins obstétricaux et néonataux d'urgence, des sensibilisations des patientes et des efforts budgétaires de l'état peuvent améliorer le pronostic maternel et périnatal

Caracterização das cesarianas em centro de parto normal / Cesarean sections in a birth center / Caracterización de las cesáreas en centro de parto normal

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de cesarianas em um centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com análise de prontuários de 2.441 partos assistidos em março e abril de 2005 em um centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar de São Paulo, SP. A variável dependente (tipo de parto) foi classificada como parto normal e operação cesariana. As variáveis independentes foram categorizadas em quatro grupos: demográficas; história obstétrica pregressa e atual; assistência intraparto; e resultados perinatais. A razão de prevalência e o intervalo de 95 por cento de confiança (IC95 por cento) foram calculados para identificar associação entre tipo de parto e variáveis maternas e do recém-nascido. RESULTADOS: Do total de partos, 14,9 por cento foram operações cesarianas. Ter sido submetida a cesariana na gestação atual esteve associado a cesariana em gestação anterior (RP = 3,19; IC95 por cento: 2,64;3,84), idade gestacional > 40 semanas (RP = 1,32; IC95 por cento: 1,09;1,61), ser admitida com cervicodilatação até 4 cm (RP = 3,22; IC95 por cento: 2,31;4,50), líquido amniótico meconial (RP = 2,5; IC95 por cento: 2,05;3,06). Quanto ao recém-nascido, a cesariana associou-se a peso > 4kg (RP = 1,86; IC95 por cento: 1,29;2,66). Entre as mulheres com cesariana em gestação anterior, ter também parto normal prévio foi fator de proteção para cesariana na gestação atual (RP = 0,46; IC95 por cento 0,30;0,71). Fatores relacionados à condição fetal, como estresse fetal, líquido amniótico meconial, apresentação pélvica e macrossomia corresponderam a 47,8 por cento (175) das indicações para a realização da cesariana; condições ligadas ao mecanismo do parto, como parada de progressão, distócia funcional e distócia de rotação totalizaram 31,3 por cento (115) das indicações. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de cesariana mostrou-se dentro dos limites propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Mulheres com cesariana em gestação anterior, admitidas com até 4 cm de dilatação, idade gestacional > 40 semanas, com líquido amniótico meconial e recém-nascido > 4 kg tiveram maior risco para cesariana.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cesarean sections in a birth center of a hospital and identify factors associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including medical records of 2,441 births assisted in a birth center in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, between March and April 2005. The dependent variable (type of delivery) included vaginal delivery and cesarean section. The independent variables were grouped into four categories: demographic characteristics; current and past obstetric history; intrapartum care; and perinatal outcomes. Prevalence ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) were estimated to assess the association between type of delivery and maternal and newborn variables. RESULTS: Of all deliveries, 14.9 percent were cesarean sections. Cesarean section in the current pregnancy was associated with past cesarean sections (PR = 3.19, 95 percentCI: 2.64,3.84); gestational age > 40 weeks (PR = 1.32, 95 percentCI: 1.09;1.61); cervical dilation of up to 4 cm on admission (PR = 3.22, 95 percentCI: 2.31;4.50); and meconium-stained amniotic fluid (PR = 2.5, 95 percentCI: 2.05;3.06). Regarding newborn characteristics cesarean section was associated with birth weight >4 kg (PR = 1.86, 95 percentCI: 1.29;2.66). Among women with history of past cesarean sections, having had also a prior vaginal delivery was a protective factor for cesarean section in the current pregnancy (PR = 0.46, 95 percentCI: 0.30;0.71). Factors related to fetal conditions including fetal stress, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, breech presentation and macrosomia accounted for 47.8 percent (175) while those related to the mechanism of birth including arrest disorders, and functional and rotation dystocia accounted for 31.3 percent (115) of all indications for a cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of c-section was consistent with World Health Organization recommendations. Increased risk of c-section was associated with prior history of c-sections, cervical dilation of at least 4 cm upon admission, gestational age > 40 weeks, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and birthweight > 4 kg.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de cesáreas en un centro de parto normal intra-hospitalario e identificar factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con análisis de prontuarios de los 2.441 partos asistidos en marzo y abril de 2005 en Centro de Parto Normal de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. La variable dependiente (tipo de parto) fue clasificada como parto normal y operación cesárea. Las variables independientes fueron categorizadas en cuatro grupos: demográficas; historia obstétrica anterior y actual; asistencia intraparto; y resultados prenatales. La tasa de prevalencia y el intervalo con 95 por ciento de confianza (IC95 por ciento) fueron calculados para identificar asociación entre tipo de parto y variables maternas y del recién nacido. RESULTADOS: Del total de partos, 14,9 por ciento fueron operaciones cesáreas. Haber tenido parto por cesárea en la gestación actual estuvo asociada a cesárea en gestación anterior (RP=3,19; IC95 por ciento: 2,64;3,84), edad gestacional >40 semanas (RP=1,32;IC95 por ciento: 1,09;1,61), ser admitida con dilatación cervical hasta 4 cm (RP=3,22; IC95 por ciento: 2,31;4,50), liquido amniótico meconial (RP=2,5; IC95 por ciento: 2,05;3,06). con relación al recién nacido, la cesárea se asoció al peso>4kg (RP=1,86; IC 95 por ciento: 1,29;2,66). Entre las mujeres con cesárea en gestación anterior, tener también parto normal previo fue factor de protección para cesárea en la gestación actual (RP=0,46; IC95 por ciento: 0,30;0,71). Factores relacionados a la condición fetal, como estrés fetal, liquido amniótico meconial, presentación pélvica y macrosomia correspondieron a 41,8 por ciento (175) de las indicaciones para la realización de la cesárea; condiciones ligadas al mecanismo del parto, como parada de progresión, distoccia funcional y distoccia de rotación totalizaron 31,3 por ciento (115) de las indicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de cesárea se mostró dentro de los límites propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Mayor riesgo para cesárea fue asociado a cesárea en gestación anterior, dilatación cervical hasta 4 cm, edad gestacional >40 semanas, presencia de liquido amniótico meconial y peso del recién nacido >4 kg.

Escolha da melhor via de parto para o feto prematuro em apresentação cefálica / Choice of the best mode of delivery for the preterm fetus in cephalic presentation

A prematuridade é um dos maiores problemas da obstetrícia contemporânea. Possui etiologia multifatorial e sua incidência se mantém elevada em todo o mundo apesar das propostas terapêuticas e assistenciais. A escolha da melhor via de parto para o nascituro pré-termo é um dos aspectos fundamentais para a obtenção de melhores resultados neonatais. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar a escolha da melhor via de parto para o feto prematuro em apresentação cefálica. Artigos observacionais e de revisão sistemática mostraram-se polêmicos, suferindo a necessidade de novos estudos com metodologia prospectiva. Concluímos que a cesariana não deve ser recomendada como estratégia benéfica rotineira para esses fetos com vistas a diminuir morbidade e mortalidade neonatais na ausência de outras indicações obstétricas para a realização do parto por via alta.

Prematuriry is one of the biggest problems of the contemporary obstetrics. It has multifactor etiology and its incidence remains high incidence all over the world despite proposals of assistance and therapeutics. Choosing the best mode of delivery for the premature infant is a fundamental aspect to reach the best neonatal results. The objective of this review was to evaluate the choice of the best mode of delivery for the preterm vertex fetuses. Observational articles and systematic reviews proved to be con troversial, suggesting the need for further studies using prospective methodology. We have come to the conclusion that cesarean section should not be recommended as routine beneficial strategy for these fetuses, aiming at reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality, in the absence of other obstetric indications for this mode of delivery.

Trends and determinants of caesarean section

To analyze different indications and frequency of caesarean section [CS] so as to provide recommendations for reduction of caesarean section rate. Descriptive case series. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit III, Civil Hospital and Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi, from January 2009 to December 2009. All patients who underwent CS either booked, unbooked or referred were included in the study. The data was collected and analyzed for socio-demographic parameters and indications of CS. Patients with ruptured uterus on laparotomy were excluded. Data was analyzed on SPSS 11; percentages and mean were calculated. During one year study period 778 CS were performed. The rate of CS was 27.94%. Emergency CS was performed on 85.86% and elective caesarean section on 14.14% patients. Among them 71.34% were non-booked and referred cases. The commonest indication was repeat CS [n 367 - 47.17%], followed by labour dystocia [n 78 - 10.01%], breech presentation [n 77 -9.8%], foetal distress [FD n 72 - 9.2%], cephalo-pelvic disproportion [CPD n 71 - 9.1%], hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [PID n 49 - 6.2%] and antepartum haemorrhage [APH n39 - 5.0%]. The rate of caesarean section was high. The majority of the cases were non-booked and referred patients, who mostly underwent emergency CS. The commonest indication was repeat CS