Irrigación de las cápsulas adrenales en humanos / Irrigation of the human adrenal capsules

Las cápsulas adrenales también conocidas como glándulas adrenales o suprarrenales, son 2 pequeñas estructuras, una derecha y otra izquierda, ubicadas en la región suprahiliar del borde interno de cada riñón. A pesar de su pequeño tamaño, su función dentro del sistema endocrino es indispensable para el equilibrio metabólico de los seres humanos, de allí que su aporte vascular viene a jugar un papel fundamental en su funcionamiento. Los diferentes textos de anatomía han descrito por años un patrón vascular clásico, sin embargo, éste presenta importantes variaciones en el origen y distribución de sus ramas. Trabajamos con fetos frescos, cuidadosamente disecados, perfundidos con vinil rojo en el sistema arterial, extrayendo un bloque visceral y resecando 66 glándulas adrenales. En nuestros resultados el patrón vascular clásico descrito por los libros de anatomía sólo se observó en el 15,38 por ciento de los casos. El origen de la arteria suprarrenal superior fue detectado en la arteria Aorta (46,15 por ciento), la arteria media también en la Aorta (53,85 por ciento) y la rama inferior igualmente en la Aorta abdominal en tres cuartas partes de los casos (61,54 por ciento sola y en un 12,31 por ciento junto a la arteria renal). La distribución vascular de la glándula derecha difiere de la izquierda en 36 (56,25 por ciento) de los casos

The adrenal glands also known as suprarenal glands, are two small structures located on the suprahiliar border of the kidney. They belong to the endocrine system. The Anatomical books describe for them a classic vascular pattern, nevertheless they really have important variations in origin and branching pattern. In this work we employed human fetuses, carefully dissected, vinyl perfused. The sample was constituted by 66 adrenal glands. After a very careful observation of the serie we found that the classic pattern was seen in 15.30 percent of the sample. Superior suprarenal artery was localized at the abdominal Aorta in 46.15 percent, the medial artery was arising from Aorta in 53.85. percent, and the inferior suprarenal artery was also found taking origin at abdominal Aorta,on its own in 61.54 percent , and in 12.31 percent together with the renal artery. We also notice that the vascular approach to right adrenal gland is different from that for the left gland in 56.25 percent

Asociación patomorfológica y morfométrica de la lesión aterosclerótica en siete diferentes sectores arteriales / Pathomorphological and morphometric association of the atherosclerotic lesion in seven different arterial sectors

Se investigaron 460 necropsias de pacientes procedentes del Hospital Docente Dr Carlos J Finlay, realizadas entre 1999 y 2003. Se analizaron 18 arterias procedentes de los siete sectores vasculares siguientes: el polígono de Willis, considerado como una sola arteria, las tres coronarias epicárdicas (derecha, descendente anterior y circunfleja izquierda), la aorta (torácica y abdominal), las renales, las ilíacas y las femorales. Para el estudio patomorfológico y morfométrico se utilizó el sistema aterométrico. Las arterias se disecaron, se fijaron, se colorearon y se les realizaron los análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo para el estudio estadístico mediante la correlación canónica. Entre los resultados más relevantes se observaron muy fuertes correlaciones entre la estría adiposa, la placa fibrosa y la placa grave en los análisis entre todas las arterias investigadas, con algunas excepciones. El conjunto de estos resultados sugiere que la aterosclerosis es un proceso de distribución sistémica.

Four hundred and sixty necropsies of patients from Carlos J Finlay Hospital performed between 1999 and 2003 were investigated. Eighteen arteries from the following seven vascular arteries were analyzed: Willis circle, considered as only one artery, the three epicardial coronaries (right, anterior descending and left circumflex), the aorta (thoracic and abdominal); the two renal, the iliac and the phemoral. An atherometric system was used for the pathomorphological and morphometric study. The arteries were dissected, fixed and coloured. A qualitative and quantitative analysis was made for the statistical study by canonical correlation. Among the most important results there were observed very strong correlations between the adipose stria, the fibrous plaque and the severe plaque in the analyses of all among all the investigated arteries, with a few exceptions. All these results strongly suggest that atherosclerosis is a process of systemic distribution.

Sulfhydryl modification affects coronary artery tension by changing activity of delayed rectifier K+ current

It has been reported that a change in the cellular redox state may be involved in the regulation of vascular tone, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the cellular effect of sulfhydryl modifying agents in the coronary artery of rabbit using the tension measurement and whole cell clamping method. The application of diamide, a sulfhydryl oxidizing agent, relaxed the endothelium denuded coronary arteries in a dose dependent manner. The fact that this diamide-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated by a pretreatment of 4-AP, and the coronary arteries precontracted with 100 mM K+ instead of histamine, suggests the involvement of 4-AP sensitive K+ channels in the diamide-induced relaxation of coronary arteries. Whole cell patch clamp studies revealed that the 4-AP sensitive IdK was significantly enhanced by the membrane permeant oxidizing agents, diamide and DTDP, and were reversed by subsequent exposure to the reducing agent, DTT. Neither the membrane impermeant oxidizing or reducing agents, GSSG or GSH, had any effect on the activity of IdK, indicating that intracellular sulfhydryl modification is critical for modulating IdK activity. The Diamide failed to significantly alter the voltage dependence of the activation and inactivation parameters, and did not change the inactivation process, suggesting that diamide increases the number of functional channels without altering their gating properties. Since IdK has been believed to play an important role in regulating membrane potential and arterial tone, our results about the effect of sulfhydryl modifying agents on coronary arterial tone and IdK activity should help understand the pathophysiology of the diseases, where oxidative damage has been implicated.