Notificações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes no Rio Grande do Sul: estudo descritivo, 2014-2018 / Notificaciones de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: estudio descriptivo, 2014-2018 / Notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2014-2018

Objetivo: descrever características das notificações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes segundo a raça/cor da pele e sua distribuição no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2014-2018. Métodos: estudo descritivo de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan); foram analisadas distribuições de frequência, prevalências e diferenças estatísticas pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: das 8.716 notificações, a maioria ocorreu na capital (48,2%) e de vítimas do sexo feminino (82,2%) com idade entre 10 e 14 anos (38,1%); houve maior prevalência (370/100 mil) e frequência relativa de estupro (84,5%), exploração sexual (5,8%) e negligência/abandono (4,6%) entre vítimas de raça/cor da pele negra (p-valor < 0,05); 4,6% das notificações foram realizadas nos serviços de Atenção Básica à Saúde (ABS). Conclusão: houve maior frequência de notificações entre pré-adolescentes do sexo feminino e maior prevalência entre negros, alvos prioritários das medidas de proteção; torna-se necessário reforçar a vigilância dessa violência na ABS.

Objetivo: describir las características de las notificaciones de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes según raza/color de piel y su distribución en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2014-2018. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades y Notificaciones (Sinan). Distribuciones de frecuencia, prevalencias y diferencias estadísticas fueron analizadas mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: de 8.716 notificaciones, la mayoría ocurrió en la capital (48,2%) y fueron de víctimas del sexo femenino (82,2%) con edades entre 10 y 14 años (38,1%). Hubo mayor prevalencia (370/100.000) y frecuencia relativa de violación (84,5%), explotación sexual (5,8%) y negligencia/abandono (4,6%) entre víctimas de raza/color de piel negro (p-valor < 0,05). Un 4,6% de las notificaciones ocurrió en servicios de atención primaria. Conclusión: hubo mayor frecuencia de notificaciones entre preadolescentes femeninas y mayor prevalencia entre víctimas negras, que deben presentar medidas de protección prioritarias. Es necesario reforzar la vigilancia de violencias en atención primaria.

Objective: to describe characteristics of notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents according to race/skin color and their distribution in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2014 and 2018. Methods: this was a descriptive study of data retrieved from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN). Frequency distributions, prevalence and statistical differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: of the 8,716 notifications, most occurred in the state capital (48.2%) and related to female victims (82.2%) aged between 10 and 14 years (38.1%). There was a higher prevalence (370/100,000) and relative frequency of rape (84.5%), sexual exploitation (5.8%) and neglect/abandonment (4.6%) among victims of Black race/skin color (p-value < 0.05). Only 4.6% of notifications occurred in primary health care services. Conclusion: notifications were more frequent among female pre-adolescents and prevalence was higher among Black people, who should be a priority target for protective measures. Surveillance of this form of violence needs to be strengthened in primary care.

La mujer en Cirugía: una exploración de las barreras en la carrera laboral / Women in surgery: an exploration of career barriers

Antecedentes: las cirujanas en la Argentina experimentan barreras en el ámbito laboral y personal tratando de lograr sus objetivos profesionales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las barreras que enfrentan las cirujanas en su carrera laboral en las tres principales ciudades de la República Argentina. Material y métodos: estudio exploratorio transversal. Se utilizaron encuestas anónimas a cirujanas durante un período de 6 meses. Resultados: un 59% de las cirujanas son solteras y no viven en pareja. Aquellas con hijos son las principales encargadas de la crianza. Los esposos o convivientes aparecen en tercer lugar, con un muy bajo porcentaje de responsabilidad en la tarea. En la mayoría de los espacios laborales no existe un sistema que facilite el cuidado de hijos en su trabajo. El 65% afirma haber dejado de presentar trabajos científicos luego de la maternidad. Solo un 26% de los pacientes ha rechazado sus servicios en favor de ser intervenido por un cirujano hombre. Por el contrario, un 42% de los jefes ha rechazado ser acompañado en cirugías por cirujanas. Casi un 85% de las cirujanas ha recibido comentarios alusivos a su sexualidad durante su trabajo. Conclusión: las estructuras organizacionales quirúrgicas operan como un marco normativo estructurador de prácticas y discursos que han construido, en el nivel simbólico, subjetivo e institucional, las desigualdades entre mujeres y varones en el ámbito de la actuación médica. La feminización del sector en los últimos tiempos y la salida de la mujer al ámbito laboral no implican necesariamente la equidad de género.

Background: Women surgeons in Argentina face barriers in the workplace and in their personal life when trying to achieve their professional goals. The aim of this investigation was to explore the career barriers women surgeons face in the three main cities of Argentina. Material and methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study. Anonymous surveys were administrated to women surgeons during a six-month period. Results: Among survey respondents, 59% were single and did not live with a partner. Those with children are the primary carers. Spouses or partners appear in third place, with a very low percentage of responsibility as carers. Most workplaces where female surgeons work do not have childcare facilities. Sixty-five percent of the survey respondents had not presented scientific papers after having children. Only 26 percent of patients had rejected their services in favor of a male surgeon and 42% of head surgeons had refused to be assisted by female surgeons. Almost 85% of women surgeons have received comments about their sexuality during their work. Conclusions: The organizational structures of surgery departments work as a structured regulatory framework of practices and speeches that have constructed the inequalities between women and men in the field of medical action at the symbolic, subjective and institutional level. The recent feminization of the surgical field and the entrance of women in the workplace do not necessarily imply gender equality.

Workplace violence in the health sector: validez y adaptación del instrumento al idioma español, en el contexto ecuatoriano para tipos de violencia / Workplace violence in the health sector: adaptation and validation of the questionnaire for types of violence in the ecuadorian context

Uno de los objetivos de la encuesta "Workplace Violence in the Health Sector" es investigar los factores que pueden contribuir a la violencia en el lugar de trabajo en el sector de salud en varios países del mundo para la toma de políticas públicas apropiadas. A pesar de que el inglés sea un idioma universal, en la práctica genera limitaciones para aplicarlo sobre todo en los países de América Latina. Esta investigación tiene como propósito validar el contenido, y constructo para que la encuesta se pueda aplicar en los países cuya lengua oficial es el español. Se emplearon las técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para validar el instrumento, con la revisión de expertos se validó la semántica e idioma. A través del el Alpha de Cronbach de 0,96 se puede aseverar la confiabilidad de este para medir la violencia de trabajo en el sector de la salud de los países de habla hispana.

The purpose of the survey "Violence in the workplace in the health sector" is to obtain information on the factors that could contribute to the workplace violence in the health sector within different countries of the world. Collecting data on the problem is therefore important of the appropriate public policy making. Despite of English is considered widely the universal language, in practice it generates limitations to apply especially in Latin American countries. This research aims to validate the content, and construction for the survey to the application in countries where Spanish is an official language. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to validate the questionnaire; experts review validated the semantics and language construction. The global inventory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) indicated good reliability to measure the workplace violence in the health sector for Spanish-speaking countries.

Grooming, ciberbullying y sexting en estudiantes en Chile según sexo y tipo de administración escolar / Grooming, cyberbullying and sexting in Chile according of sex and school management or administrative dependency

INTRODUCCIÓN: Niños y adolescentes experimentan su bienestar cada día más relacionado con internet y las nuevas tecnologías digitales. El objetivo del manuscrito es describir la presencia de Ciberbullying (acoso o agresión entre menores o pares en internet), Sexting (difundir intimidad sexual) y Groo ming (engaño online a menores de edad por parte de adultos) en los estudiantes en Chile según sexo y tipo de administración escolar. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo. El diseño muestral fue no probabilístico por cuotas en 60 establecimientos de carácter transaccional. La muestra se ponderó considerando rango de edad y sexo según datos nacionales. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Alfabetización Digital "Divergente-SerDigital" (2010) a una muestra de 12.926 estudiantes, rango de edad: 5 a 18 años. 4.790 hombres y 8.136 mujeres. Edad promedio 13,17 años. Se analizaron frecuencias y se utilizó el estadístico de contraste Chi cuadrado para determinar diferencias estadísticamente significativas. RESULTADOS: El ítem Grooming total (engaño) se presenta como el principal riesgo, 12,6% en Colegios Municipales (CM), 8,2% en Colegios Particulares Subvencionados (CPS) y 8,4% Colegios Particulares Privados (CPP). Al considerar el sexo se observa Grooming principal mente en Hombres, 20,4% en CM, 19,9% CPS y 16,9% CPP. Destaca que las Mujeres realizan menos Ciberbullying (activo) según administración escolar con 4,2% en CM, 2,4% CPS y 2,6% CPP, con diferencias estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en relación a los Hombres. Además destaca el indicador Sexting (enviar) en Hombres, más alto en los CPP con 10,6%. CONCLUSIÓN: Los riesgos Grooming, Ciberbullying y Sexting se presentan en los tres tipos de administración con características específicas. Estos datos pueden ser guía del trabajo en promoción y prevención como en la tematización de casos según tipo de administración escolar.

INTRODUCTION: Children, teenagers and young men are increasingly experiencing their well-being related to the internet and the new digital technologies. The objective of this study is to describe the presence of Cyberbullying, Sexting and Grooming in students in Chile according to gender and type of school management or administrative dependency. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Exploratory and descriptive study. The sample design was non-probabilistic by quotas in 60 transactional establish ments. The sample was weighted considering the age range and gender according to national data. The Digital Literacy Questionnaire "Divergente-SerDigital" (2010) was applied to a sample of 12,926 students, aged 5 to 18 years. 4,790 men and 8,136 women. Average age 13.17 years. Frequencies were analyzed and the Chi-squared contrast statistic was used to determine statistically significant differences. RESULTS: The item Total Grooming (cheating) is presented as the main risk, 12.6% in municipal dependent schools (MDS), 8.2% in subsidized private schools (SPS), and 8.4% in private schools (PS). When considering gender, Grooming is observed mainly in Men, 20.4% in MDS, 19.9% in SPS and, 16.9% in PS. It is noteworthy that Women perform less Cyberbullying (active) according to school administration with 4.2% in MDS, 2.4% in SPS and, 2.6% in PS, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in relation to Men. It also highlights the indicator Sexting (send) in Men, higher in PS with 10.6%. CONCLUSION: Grooming, Cyberbullying and Sexting risks are presented in the three types of administration with specific characteristics. These data can be a guide to work in promotion and prevention as well as in the schematization of cases according to type of school administration.

Prevalência e fatores associados à violência no ambiente de trabalho em agentes de segurança penitenciária do sexo feminino no Brasil / Prevalence and violence-associated factors in the work environment of female prison guards in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência no trabalho em agentes de segurança penitenciária do sexo feminino no Brasil. Estudo seccional, analítico, de abrangência nacional, realizado em 15 unidades prisionais femininas nas cinco regiões do Brasil. Foi realizado o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson. O Odds Ratio e os Intervalos de Confiança foram estimados para os fatores que apresentaram associação significativa ou mostraram-se como fatores de confundimento. A prevalência de pelo menos um episódio de violência foi de 28,4%. Chama a atenção o fato das próprias agentes serem apontadas como as principais suspeitas de praticarem roubos (74,6%), violência moral (68,1%) e assédio sexual (66,8%) contra as colegas de trabalho. Trabalhar em mais de uma unidade prisional aumentou a chance de sofrer violência (OR = 3,23; IC = 1,51 - 6,9). Os principais fatores associados são: trabalhar em casas de privação provisória, idade de ingresso no sistema prisional e baixo suporte social entre colegas de trabalho. A violência no ambiente prisional brasileiro é um fenômeno complexo e multicausal. Para o seu enfrentamento é necessária à adoção de ações intersetoriais, capazes de intervir tanto no ambiente prisional como na sociedade.

Abstract This article aims to estimate the prevalence and violence-associated factors in the work environment of female correctional officers in Brazil. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 15 female correctional facilities in Brazil's five regions. Pearson's chi-square test was performed. The Odds Ratio and Confidence Intervals were estimated for factors that showed a significant association or were confounding factors. The prevalence of having experienced at least one violent occurrence during professional duty as an officer was 28.4%. An interesting factor is fact that agents themselves are identified as the main suspects of robbery (74.6%), moral violence (68.1%) and sexual harassment (66.8%) against their co-workers. Working in more than one correctional facility increased the chance of suffering from violence (OR = 3.23; CI = 1.51 - 6.9). The main associated factors are: working in temporary detention centers, age of admission to the prison system and low social support among co-workers. Violence in the Brazilian prison environment is of great magnitude and considered a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. To combat this, it is necessary to adopt intersectoral actions, capable of intervening both in the prison environment and in society.

La violencia ocupacional en centros de atención primaria de la salud / Workplace violence in primary care

La violencia laboral es un fenómeno creciente en el sectorsalud que se manifiesta en diversas formas: acoso, agresiónfísica, sexual y psicológica. En centros de atención primariaeste problema ha sido menos estudiado que en hospitales.El objetivo fue determinar la presencia de situaciones deviolencia laboral a la que están expuestos trabajadores deatención primaria de la ciudad de Córdoba. Se diseñó unestudio exploratorio de corte transversal. La muestra fue de183 trabajadores, escogidos aleatoriamente. Se aplicó uncuestionario autoadministrado. Los encuestados reconocieronsituaciones de violencia en un 64,1%. Los gritos (65,1%) ylos insultos (55,1%) fueron las principales manifestaciones.Los agresores externos identificados más frecuentementeson los familiares y/o acompañantes de pacientes (80,1%) ycomo agresores internos los trabajadores con mayor jerarquía(46,4%). Se concluye que los trabajadores de atenciónprimaria reconocen frecuentemente la presencia de violencialaboral, siendo las más percibidas las de tipo psicológico

Sexual harassment in Dentistry: prevalence in dental school

OBJECTIVE: Sexual harassment is unlawful in all work and educational environments in most nations of the world. The goals of this study were to describe the sexual harassment prevalence and to evaluate the experiences and attitudes of undergraduate students in one dental school in Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An 18-item questionnaire was administered to 254 dental students with a completion rate of 82 percent (208). Students were requested to respond to questions about their background and academic level in dental school, their personal experiences with sexual harassment and their observation of someone else being sexually harassed. Bivariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of the students reported being sexually harassed by a patient, by a relative of a patient or by a professor. Male students had 3 times higher probability of being sexually harassed than female student [OR=2.910 (1.113-7.611)]. Additionally, 25.4 percent of the students reported witnessing sexual harassment at the school environment. The majority of students did not feel professionally prepared to respond to unwanted sexual behaviors. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that sexual harassment can occur in a dental school setting. There is a need for ongoing sexual harassment education programs for students and university staff. Increased knowledge of sexual harassment during graduation can better prepare dental professionals to respond to sexual harassment during their practice.

Sexual harassment in the physician-patient interaction: analysis of charges against doctors in the state of São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: This research intends to discuss sexual harassment within the doctor-patient relationship based on four parameters: doctor's characteristics, accuser's characteristics, accusation characteristics, and the evaluation by the Medicine Council of São Paulo. METHOD: It is a descriptive, quantitative approach using a retrospective documental analysis. Studied subjects were doctors who were allegedly engaged in sexual harassment. This analysis considered all accusations made from January 2000 to December 2005 (n=150). RESULTS: For this type of sexual abuse, there was a prevalence of male professionals (96.6 percent) who committed abuse against female patients (90.3 percent) during adulthood (77.7 percent). The mean age of the accused was 46.87 years, ranging from 30-76 years, concentrated between 46-75 years. The intrinsic difficulty of understanding sexual harassment by a professional constrained ethical evaluation of the cases, with 24.1 percent of the cases being considered proceeding charges by the professional council. When the cases were recognized as proceeding, they were either filed (88.2 percent) or were considered to be ethical infringement (11.8 percent) becoming Professional Ethical Process (PEP). In the majority of proceeding cases (87 percent), there was a Police Occurrence Report enclosed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The incidence of sexual abuse by professionals was independent of education, as the accused professionals came from a large variety of medical colleges, without significant differences related to institution. The predominance of accusations against older professionals may occur due to the frail personality structure that allows professional acting out. Objective evidence is very important in ethical evaluations compared to psychological and subjective evidence.

Assédio sexual na prática médica

Por mais inconveniente e constrangedor que seja o tema, se faz necessário mexer nesta ferida, submergindo-se a raiz da questão. Há várias formas de assédio sexual em Medicina: o médico assediando a paciente, a paciente o médico, o paciente masculino a médica, a médica assediando o paciente e, por fim, o assédio homossexual. A profissão do médico é tida pelas pacientes como merecedora de toda a confiança por ter o elevado objetivo de zelar pela saúde do ser humano, curar os males do corpo e da mente, corrigir distúrbios orgânicos, aliviar dores e salvar vidas

Assédio sexual na odontologia: experiência, atitudes e percepções de cirurgiões-dentistas / Sexual harassment in dentistry: experience, attitudes and perceptions of dental surgeons

OBJETIVO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ocorrência, as atitudes e percepções de cirurgiões-dentistas em relação ao assédio sexual, em um município do Estado de São Paulo, devido à carência de estudos com este enfoque e aos prejuízos resultantes deste crime. Materiais e métodos: É uma pesquisa transversal de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, realizada através da aplicação de um instrumento contendo questões abertas e fechadas sobre o tema, com cirurgiões-dentistas que freqüentam algum tipo de curso de especialização em associações do município de Araçatuba-SP. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados pelo programa Epi-Info versão 3.2.2 e os qualitativos, pela técnica de categorização por análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Dentre os 80 profissionais abordados, apenas 43 consentiram em participar da pesquisa, e destes, quase 20% relataram já ter sofrido assédio sexual, sendo THDs e ACDs os principais assediadores, mas quase metade dos profissionais não sabem o que fazer diante do ato. A maioria acredita que assédio sexual consiste em insinuações ou atitudes de dupla interpretação. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o assédio sexual ocorre com os cirurgiões-dentistas, mas eles não sabem o que fazer diante de tal ato. Propõe-se assim um protocolo de prevenção e de atitude diante do assédio sexual.

PURPOSE: It was aim of this study to valuate occurrence, acts and perceptions of dental surgeons in relation to sexual harassment, in a city of São Paulo State, due the absence of studies with this theme and damages resulted from this crime. Materiais and method: It's a transversal research with qualitative and quantitative character, realized through instrument with opened and closed questions about theme, with dental surgeons that goes some specialization course in associations from Araçatuba City. Qualitative data were analyzed by computer software SPSS and the qualitative, by categorization technique by content analyze. RESULTS: Among 80 researched professionals, 43 consented to participate of research, and near 20% of them, related had suffered sexual harassment, being dental hygienists and auxiliaries principal causers, but near half of professional don't know what to do front this act. The majority believes that harassment consist on insinuations or attitudes with double interpretation. It's proposed a protocol of prevention and attitude front sexual harassment. Conclusion: It's possible to conclude that sexual harassment occurred with dental surgeons, but they don't know what to do front this act. It's proposed a protocol of prevention and attitude to sexual harassment.

Sexual solicitation of Latino male day laborers by other men / Solicitación sexual de hombres jornaleros latinos por otros hombres

OBJECTIVE: To examine the likelihood of Latino day laborers being solicited for sex by other men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 450 Latino day laborers were recruited in Los Angeles, California, from July to September 2005. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which day laborers were more likely to be solicited and subsequently to have sex. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent reported being solicited for sex by another man while seeking work. Those solicited were more likely to live longer in the US, be more educated and screen positive for drug dependence. Of those solicited, 9.4 percent had sex with their solicitors. Those screening positive for drug dependence were more likely to have sex. Most of the day laborers who had anal sex with their solicitors did not always use condoms. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention efforts should target drug dependent day laborers, who may place themselves at risk for HIV through sex with male solicitors.

OBJETIVO: Examinar hasta qué punto los jornaleros latinos son solicitados por otros hombres para tener relaciones sexuales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cuatrocientos cincuenta jornaleros latinos fueron reclutados en Los Ángeles, California, de julio a septiembre de 2005. Un análisis de regresión logística fue utilizado para determinar cuáles jornaleros tenían más probabilidades de que fueran solicitados y, subsecuentemente, de que tuvieran sexo. RESULTADOS: Treinta y ocho por ciento reportaron que fueron solicitados para sexo por otros hombres mientras buscaban trabajo. Estos hombres que fueron solicitados tenían más probabilidades de haber vivido más tiempo en los Estados Unidos, tener más educación formal y dar resultados positivos en dependencia de drogas. De los solicitados, 9.4 por ciento tuvieron sexo con los solicitadores. Aquellos que dieron resultados positivos para dependencia de drogas tenían más probabilidades de tener sexo. La mayoría de los jornaleros que tuvieron sexo anal con los solicitadores no siempre usaron condón. CONCLUSIONES: Esfuerzos de prevención del VIH deben dirigirse a jornaleros dependientes de drogas quienes pueden estar exponiéndose al riesgo de contraer VIH al tener sexo con solicitadores masculinos.

Percepcion de maltrato durante la capacitacion de medicos residentes / Perception of mistreatment during medical residency training

La presente investigación se realizó para estimar, según referencia de los médicos residentes, la frecuencia con que han sufrido situaciones de violencia, ya sea física, psicológica o sexual, durante su formación y establecer quiénes han sido los perpetradores de estos actos, dado que investigaciones previas sugieren que son frecuentes los maltratos durante ese período. Se entregó una encuesta anónima autoadministrada a todos los residentes de tres hospitales de Buenos Aires. Esta encuesta describía 13 situaciones de maltrato y 10 posibles perpetradores. Respondieron la encuesta 322 residentes (55% mujeres), el 72% correspondía a residencias de orientación clínica, el 22% a quirúrgicas y el 6% a diagnósticas. El 89% de los residentes refirió haber recibido algún tipo de maltrato señalando en promedio ocho ítems cada uno. No se encontraron diferencias entre los centros participantes. El 75% de los residentes refirió haber sufrido críticas por no realizar tareas administrativas, 64% haber recibido gritos, 57% haber sido humillado en público por sus errores, 13% haber sido amenazado con sufrir perjuicios físicos, 10% haber recibido comentarios no deseados de índole sexual, 7% haber sido expuesto a material de contenido pornográfico sin haberlo solicitado, 15% refirió haber sufrido golpes, empujones y 10% haber sufrido discriminación religiosa o racial. Los responsables del maltrato referidos con mayor frecuencia fueron: residentes superiores (26%), jefes de residentes (19%), médicos de planta (14%), jefes de sala (8%) y enfermeros (8%). Existe una alta prevalencia de maltrato dentro de la residencia, siendo los principales responsables los residentes de años superiores. Sería necesario un enfoque multidisciplinario para enfrentar este problema. .