Consumo de psicoestimulantes por estudantes de medicina em um centro universitário privado / Consumption of psychostimulants by medical students in a private university center

O consumo de psicoestimulantes tem crescido exponencialmente, sobretudo entre estudantes de medicina, na busca por aumentar o rendimento acadêmico. Atualmente, a extensa carga horária de aulas e estudos, exigências de produtividade e altos níveis de estresse podem desencadear o uso. Objetivo: Analisar o uso de psicoestimulantes por estudantes do curso de Medicina de um Centro Universitário privado em Minas Gerais. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, quantitativo, com delineamento transversal entre os discentes do 1° ao 5° ano do curso de Medicina no 2° semestre de 2021. Os participantes responderam ao questionário semi-estruturado elaborado pelos autores. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados no software Statistical Product and Service Solutions. Resultados: Dos 244 entrevistados, cerca de 57.4% faziam uso de algum psicoestimulante. Houve maior uso entre os estudantes do 2° ano e as principais substâncias utilizadas foram: cafeína (85%), energético (65%) e metilfenidato (60%). A melhora na concentração (97%) foi o efeito mais percebido pelos usuários, seguido de redução do sono (83%) e melhora de raciocínio (80%). Muitos consideraram que os estimulantes cerebrais têm o potencial de melhorar o rendimento acadêmico, mas pode reduzir a qualidade do sono e consequentemente torná-los susceptíveis a outras enfermidades. Conclusão: É notável que existe uso abusivo de estimulantes cerebrais, sendo fundamental o trabalho em conjunto entre instituição de ensino e familiares, em prol da prevenção e do controle de danos causados por esse hábito

The consumption of psychostimulants has grown exponentially, especially among medical students, in the quest to increase academic performance. Currently, the extensive workload of classes and studies, productivity demands and high levels of stress can trigger use. Objective: To analyze the use of psychostimulants by medical students at a private University Center in Minas Gerais. Methods: A descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out among students from the 1st to the 5th year of the medicine course in the 2nd semester of 2021. The participants answered the semi-structured questionnaire prepared by the authors. The data obtained were tabulated in the Statistical Product and Service Solutions software. Results: Of the 244 respondents, about 57.4% used some psychostimulant. There was greater use among 2nd year students and the main substances used were: caffeine (85%), energy drink (65%) and methylphenidate (60%). Improved concentration (97%) was the effect most perceived by users, followed by reduced sleep (83%) and improved thinking (80%). Many considered that brain stimulants have the potential to improve academic performance, but can reduce sleep quality and consequently make them susceptible to other illnesses. Conclusion: It is notable that there is abusive use of brain stimulants, and it is essential to work together between educational institutions and family members in order to prevent and control the damage caused by this habit

Síntomas psicóticos y consumo de bebidas energizantes: reporte de caso / Psychotic symptoms and consumption of energy drinks: case report

RESUMEN: El consumo de bebidas energizantes y su rápida expansión ha creado preocupación desde el punto de vista científico y comunitario. Estas son bebidas que contienen cafeína como su principio activo más común. Se presenta el caso de un paciente sin antecedentes psiquiátricos con presentación clínica de síntomas psicóticos tras incremento del consumo de bebidas energizantes. Se realiza una revisión de literatura existente sobre otros casos de aparición de psicosis tras el consumo de estas bebidas en personas sin y con antecedentes psiquiátricos, así como casos en que predomina la presentación de otros síntomas psiquiátricos con la finalidad de discutir el impacto clínico. El consumo de bebidas energizantes podría representar un problema de salud pública mundial debido a los posibles efectos adversos graves y aún poco estudiados en la salud física y mental.

ABSTRACT The consumption of energy drinks and their rapid expansion has created concern from a scientific and community point of view. These are drinks that contain caffeine as their most common active ingredient. We present the case of a patient with no psychiatric history with clinical presentation of psychotic symptoms after increased consumption of energy drinks. A review of existing literature is carried out on other cases of the appearance of psychosis after the consumption of these beverages in people without and with a psychiatric history, as well as cases in which the presentation of other psychiatric symptoms predominates in order to discuss the clinical impact. The consumption of energy drinks could represent a global public health problem due to the possible serious and still little studied adverse effects on physical and mental health.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge na adolescência precoce: um estudo transversal / Binge drinking in early adoelscence: a cross-sectional stdudy

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge na adolescência precoce e sua associação com o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, religiosidade e o capital social. Trata- se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 10 a 13 anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. A amostragem foi do tipo aleatória estratificada proporcional por distrito administrativo e por ano letivo. Para selecionar os alunos, foi feito o sorteio das escolas por regional e todos os alunos elegíveis foram convidados a participar. Um total de 650 adolescentes participou do estudo. Os adolescentes preencheram o Teste de Identificação de Transtornos por Uso de Álcool (AUDIT-C), perguntas sobre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, consumo de álcool em binge pelos pais e melhor amigo, perguntas sobre a religiosidade e o questionário capital social para adolescentes (QCS-AE). Um formulário referente às questões socioeconômicas foi respondido pelos pais. Foi realizada análise descritiva, regressão logística univariada e múltipla (p <0,05). Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de três artigos. O primeiro artigo abordou a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas e o binge drinking, o segundo artigo, a associação entre a religiosidade e o binge drinking e o terceiro artigo a associação entre capital social e binge drinking. A prevalência do binge drinking foi de 13,7%. No modelo ajustado, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas (OR: 6,13; IC 95%: 3,81- 11,83; p< 0,001), binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 2,88; IC 95%: 1,59-5,24; p< 0,001), binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 4,28; IC 95%: 2,35-7,79; p< 0,001) e família não nuclear (OR: 1,89; IC 95%: 1,03- 3,48; p= 0,039) estiveram associadas ao desfecho. A religiosidade não esteve associada ao binge drinking. As covariáveis associadas foram à idade de 12-13 anos (OR: 1,94; IC 95%: 1,06-3,56; p= 0,030), binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 3,07; IC 95%: 1,73-5,46; p < 0,001); binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 6,01; IC 95%: 3,40-10,62; p< 0,001) e família não nuclear (OR: 1,80; IC 95%: 1,01-3,23; p= 0,045). A alta coesão social na escola (OR: 0,41; IC 95%: 0.20-0.0,83; p=0,024), a alta rede de amigos (OR:1,02; IC 95%: 0.20-0,83; p= 0.013); binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 6,21; IC 95%: 3,43-11,23; p<0,001); binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 3.26; IC: 1,80-5,89; p<0,001) e a menor escolaridade materna (OR: 2,69; IC 95%: 1,52-4,76; p=0,001) estiveram associadas ao desfecho. Concluiu-se que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, a idade de 12-13 anos, o consumo em binge pela mãe e melhor amigo, a menor escolaridade materna, família não nuclear e a alta rede de amigos foram fatores associados ao binge drinking. A alta coesão na escola foi um possível fator de proteção e a religiosidade não esteve associada ao binge drinking na adolescência precoce.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of binge drinking in early adolescence and its association with the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, religiosity and social capital. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents aged 10 to 13 years old enrolled in public schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The random stratified sampling was performed, proportionally by administrative district and by school year. To select students, schools were randomly selected by region and all eligible students were invited to participate. A total of 650 adolescents participated in the study. Adolescents completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), questions about drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks, binge drinking by parents and best friend, questions about religiosity, and the social capital questionnaire for adolescents (QSC- AE). A form regarding socioeconomic issues was answered by the parents. Descriptive analysis, univariate and multiple logistic regression (p <0.05) were performed. The results were presented in the form of three articles. The first article addressed the association between the consumption of alcoholic beverages mixed with energy drinks and binge drinking, the second article the association between religiosity and binge drinking and the third article the association between social capital and binge drinking. The prevalence of binge drinking was 13.7%. In the adjusted model, consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (OR: 6.13; 95% CI: 3.81-11.83; p< 0.001), binge drinking by the mother (OR: 2.88; CI 95 %: 1.59-5.24; p< 0.001), binge drinking by the best friend (OR: 4.28; 95% CI: 2.35-7.79; p< 0.001) and non-nuclear family (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.03-3.48; p= 0.039) were associated with the outcome. Religiosity was not associated with binge drinking. The associated covariates were age 12-13 years (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.06-3.56; p= 0.030), binge drinking by the mother (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.73-5.46; p < 0.001); binge drinking by best friend (OR: 6.01; 95% CI: 3.40-10.62; p< 0.001) and non-nuclear family (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.01-3.23 ; p=0.045). High social cohesion at school (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20-0.0.83; p=0.024), high network of friends (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.20-0.83; p=0.013); binge drinking by best friend (OR: 6.21; 95% CI: 3.43-11.23; p<0.001); binge drinking by the mother (OR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.80-5.89; p<0.001) and lower maternal education (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.52-4.76; p=0.001 ) were associated with the outcome. It was concluded that the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, the age of 12-13 years, binge drinking by the mother and best friend, lower maternal education, non-nuclear family and high network of friends were factors associated with binge drinking. High school cohesion was a possible protective factor and religiosity was not associated with binge drinking in early adolescence.

Uso de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana / Use of energy drinks and insomnia symptoms in medical students from a Peruvian university

OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en Lima, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: El tipo de estudio realizado es transversal analítico. La población objetivo fueron los estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana ubicada en Lima sur de segundo y quinto año. Hubo 289 participantes en el estudio. Se utilizó una encuesta compuesta por un cuestionario sobre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y el Insomnia Severity Index, del cual se determinó un punto de corte de 15 para considerar la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. El análisis multivariado crudo y ajustado se realizó usando la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta ajustado para sexo, edad, consumo de café, y antecedente de ansiedad y depresión, para obtener el PR (Razón de Prevalencias) con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio en la muestra estudiada fue de 21,80%, mientras que la de consumo de bebidas energizantes fue de 39,45%. Se encontró asociación significativa (p=0,008) entre el consumo de este tipo de bebidas y la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. Además, se encontró que los estudiantes que consumen bebidas energizantes tuvieron 1,78 veces más probabilidad de presentar síntomas de insomnio (IC95%: 1,13-2,82), en comparación con los que no consumieron bebidas energizantes (p=0,013). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia in medical students of a university in Lima, Peru. Materials and METHODS: This study is cross-sectional analytical. The target population was the second-and fifth-year medical students of a private Peruvian university in southern Lima. There were 289 participants in this study. For this study, a survey composed of a questionnaire about the consumption of energy drinks and the Insomnia Severity Index were used, from which a cut-off point of 15 was determined to consider the presence of insomnia symptoms. The multivariate crude and adjusted analysis were done with Poisson regression with robust variance adjusted for sex, age, coffee consumption, previous diagnosis of depression and previous diagnosis of anxiety; to calculate the PR (Prevalence Ratio) with a 95% CI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample studied was 21,80%, while the consumption of energy drinks was 39,45%. A significant association was found (p = 0.008) between the consumption of this type of drinks and the presence of insomnia symptoms. In addition, it was found that students who consumed energy drinks were 1,78 times more likely to have symptoms of insomnia (95% CI: 1,13-2,82), compared to those who did not consume energy drinks (p=<0,013). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia.

Connaissances et consommation des boissons énergisantes par des professionnels et des amateurs du football algérien / Knowledge and consumption of energy drinks by professionals and amateurs of algerian football

Introduction et objectif : Les boissons énergisantes (BE) sont de plus en plus populaires en Algérie ainsi qu'ailleurs dans le monde. Elles sont particulièrement consommées par les sportifs qui les confondent souvent avec les boissons énergétiques. Le présent travail vise à évaluer les connaissances et les habitudes de consommation des BE en milieu footballistique. Méthodes : il s'agit d'une étude transversale à visée descriptive via un questionnaire auprès des professionnels et des amateurs du football du moment où ce dernier occupe une place prééminente par rapport à d'autres sports. Les données ont été traitées par les logiciels Excel et SPSS et les résultats comparatifs ont été estimés par le test de khi-deux avec un niveau de signification de p<5%. Résultats : L'étude a été réalisée auprès de 165 joueurs (appartenant à 14 clubs), 27 arbitres et 13 entraîneurs. Les résultats révèlent une consommation accrue des BE (63,90%) qui commence après le début du parcours sportif (50,38%), notamment par les jeunes joueurs et arbitres, croyant aux vertus attribuées à ces boissons, comme l'amélioration des performances, négligeant les effets potentiels sur la santé. Presque tous les enquêtés affirment connaître ces breuvages (97%), et pourtant seuls 22% connaissent leur composition, uniquement 27% font la distinction entre ces derniers et les boissons énergétiques, 16% les trouvent bonnes pour la santé et 59% pensent qu'elles améliorent les performances physiques. Conclusion : Des mesures de prévention et une réglementation spécifiques aux BE doivent être profondément étudiées et mises en place.

Introduction and objective: Energy drinks are becoming increasingly popular in Algeria and elsewhere in the world. They are particularly consumed by athletes who often confuse them with "sport drinks". This study aims to assess the knowledge and consumption habits of energy drinks in a football environment. Methods: we realized a cross-sectional survey via questionnaire among professionals and amateurs of football because the latter occupies a prominent place compared to other sports. The data were handled by Excel and SPSS softwares and the comparative results were estimated by the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 5%. Results: The study included 165 players - belonging to 14 clubs-, 27 referees and 13 coaches. Results indicate increased consumption of these drinks (63.90%) wich starts after beginning the Sports activities (50.38%), in particular by the young players and referees, believing in the virtues attributed to these beverages, such as improving performance, neglecting the potential health effects. Almost all of the investigated claim to know energy drinks (97%), and nevertheless only 22% know their composition, only 27% make the distinction between these beverages and the sport drinks, 16% find them good for the health and 59% thinks that they improve the physical performance. Conclusion: Prevention measures and regulations specific in energy drinks must be deeply studied and put in place.

Conocimientos de erosión en adolescentes españoles / Conhecimento sobre a erosão dentaria em adolescentes espanhóisArtigo originale-220178Vol 11 N° 1 Enero - Junio 2021 / Erosion knowledge in Spanish adolescents

Objetivos: Determinar en una muestra de adolescentes españoles sus conocimientos sobre la erosión dental y los alimentos, bebidas y hábitos alimenticios que la producen. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 348 adolescentes entre 12 y 17 años. Se valoró su conocimiento sobre la erosión dental y sus factores etiológicos mediante un cuestionario. Resultados: El 17,82% refirió conocer la erosión dental, el 26,44% solo había oído hablar de ella y el 62,35% pensaba erróneamente que los términos erosión y caries eran equivalentes. Al relacionar el conocimiento sobre los alimentos que producen erosión dental y la edad de los participantes se observó que el grupo de 16-17 años conocía en un porcentaje significativamente mayor la capacidad erosiva de la naranja (p<0,05), el limón (p<0,05), la fresa (p<0,01) y el kiwi (p<0,01). Esto se observó también con las bebidas gaseosas (p<0,01) y las isotónicas (p<0,01). Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos sobre la erosión dental es en general bajo, aumentando con la edad. La capacidad erosiva de los cítricos y de las bebidas gaseosas es más conocida entre los adolescentes que la de otros alimentos o bebidas.

Objetivos: Determinar em uma amostra de adolescentes espanhóis seu conhecimento sobre a erosão dentaria e os alimentos, as bebidas e os hábitos alimentares que a produzem. Material e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal. A amostra foi composta por 348 adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos. O conhecimento sobre erosão dentaria e seus fatores etiológicos foi avaliada por meio de um questionário. Resultados: 17,82% relataram conhecer erosão dentaria; 26,44% tinham ouvido falar dela e 62,35% pensavam erroneamente que os termos erosão e càrie eram equivalentes. Ao relacionar o conhecimento sobre os alimentos que produzem erosão dentaria y a idade dos participantes observou-se que o grupo de 16-17 anos conhecia em uma porcentagem significativamente maior a capacidade erosiva da laranja (p<0,05), do limão (p<0,05), do morango (p<0,01) e do kiwi (p<0,01). Isto também foi observado com refrigerantes (p<0,01) e bebidas isotônicas (p<0,01). Concluções: O conhecimento sobre erosão dentaria foi geralmente baixo, aumentando com a idade. Os adolescentes conhecem melhor a capacidade erosiva de frutas cítricas e refrigerantes do que outros alimentos ou bebidas.

Objectives: To determine in a sample of Spanish adolescents their knowledge of dental erosion and the food, drinks and eating habits that produce it. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 348 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. Their knowledge of dental erosion and its etiological factors was assessed through a questionnaire. Results: 17.82% reported knowing dental erosion, 26.44% had only heard of it and 62.35% mistakenly thought that the terms erosion and caries were equivalent. When relating knowledge about the foods that cause dental erosion and the age of the participants, it was observed that the group of 16-17 years knew in a significantly higher percentage the erosive capacity of the orange (p <0.05), the lemon ( p <0.05), strawberry (p <0.01) and kiwi (p <0.01). This was also observed with soft drinks (p <0.01) and isotonic drinks (p <0.01). Conclusions: The level of knowledge about dental erosion was generally low, increasing with age. The erosive capacity of citrus fruits and soft drinks is better known among adolescents than that of other foods or drinks.

Representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de enfermería / Social representations of the energy drinks´ consumption in nursing students

Introducción: Las bebidas energéticas o energy drinks son sustancias con alto contenido de cafeína, su efecto estimulante las hace muy populares, sobre todo entre los jóvenes y universitarios, porque les prometen mejorar el rendimiento físico y cognitivo. Sin embargo, el incremento de su consumo puede generar dependencia, efectos tóxicos y letales. Objetivo: Describir las representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes del primer semestre de Enfermería de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina. Métodos: Investigación de tipo cualitativo, a la luz de las representaciones sociales, con el empleo del método interrogativo. Se desarrolló en tres fases en las que se involucró a la población estudiada y se aplicó la técnica del grupo focal. Se tuvieron en cuenta las consideraciones éticas. Resultados: El núcleo central de la representación social del consumo de bebidas energéticas estuvo asociado a los efectos estimulantes que se generan a nivel del sistema nervioso central: inhibe el cansancio y el sueño y recupera energía. Sin embargo, los estudiantes participantes reconocieron que el abuso en su consumo es peligroso y puede ser letal, sobre todo si se mezcla con alcohol. Conclusiones: Las representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, del curso 2017, se relacionan con conocimientos generales, con sus efectos y las motivaciones que tienen los estudiantes para consumirlas, porque les permite vivir la intensa vida universitaria y rendir en todos los contextos, social y laboral, de manera exitosa, aun conociendo sus consecuencias indeseables(AU)

Introduction: Energy drinks are substances with high caffeine content; its stimulating effect makes them very popular, especially among young people and university students, because they promise to improve physical performance and cognitive development. However, the increase in their consumption may generate dependency, toxic and deadly effects. Objective: To describe the social representations of the consumption of energy drinks in students of the first semester of Nursing at the University Foundation of the Andean Area. Methods: Qualitative research, in the light of the social representations, using the questioning method. It was developed in three phases involving the population studied and it was applied the focal group´s technique. There were taken into account the ethical considerations. Results: The core of social representation of energy drinks consumption was associated with the stimulant effects that are generated at the level of the central nervous system: they inhibit the tiredness and sleep and recovers energy. However, the students participating admitted that the abuse in energy drinks´ consumption is dangerous and can be lethal, especially if mixed with alcohol. Conclusions: The social representations of energy drinks´ consumption in first semester students of nursing at the University Foundation of the Andean Area, of the course 2017, are related with general knowledge, with their effects and the motivations that students have to consume them, because they allow them to live the intense university life and to have a good performance in all contexts (social and work ones) successfully, even knowing their undesirable consequences(AU)

La determinación económica, social y laboral de la enfermedad renal crónica de causas no tradicionales (ERCnT) en la costa sur de Guatemala / The economic, social and labor determination of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes (CKDnT) on the southern coast of Guatemala

La flexibilidad laboral es característica de la producción estacional agroindustrial, cuyo principal problema es aprovechar con intensidad los períodos en los que se incrementa la producción. Pero, ¿cómo la demandante competitividad laboral influye en las estrategias de los trabajadores para incrementar su productividad? A partir de esta pregunta, se identificaron los aspectos económicos, sociales y laborales que inciden en la salud, así como las respuestas para disminuir el dolor físico y aumentar las exigencias de competitividad, flexibilización y desregularización del mercado de trabajo. La exposición ambiental y ocupacional en las condiciones de trabajo, el estrés térmico asociado a la deshidratación en la actividad física intensa, el limitado acceso a los servicios de salud, la mala alimentación y la pobre calidad de vida, también pueden producir otras enfermedades como diabetes e hipertensión, así como infecciones y lesiones renales. En ese contexto, en los últimos 20 años, se empezaron a reportar casos de enfermedad renal. La metodología cualitativa aplicada a este estudio, permitió llevar a cabo un proceso investigativo descriptivo e interpretativo sobre la forma en que los sujetos interactúan. Para ello se utilizaron las trayectorias laborales como técnicas en la recolección de datos. Los resultados arrojaron información relevante sobre las estrategias que los trabajadores utilizan para incrementar su rendimiento laboral, entre ellas la automedicación de vitaminas y analgésicos para tratar los espasmos musculares, que estimulan el sistema nervioso central, así como de bebidas saborizadas y energizantes con posibles repercusiones en la excreción renal.

Labor flexibility is characteristic of seasonal agroindustrial production whose main problem is to take advantage of the periods in which production increases. But, how does this demanding labor competitiveness influence workers' strategies to increase their productivity? From this question, the economic, social and labor aspects that affect health were identified, as well as the answers to reduce physical pain and increase the demands for competitiveness, flexibility and deregulation of the labor market. Environmental and occupational exposure in working conditions, thermal stress associated with dehydration in intense physical activity, limited access to health services, poor diet and quality of life, can also cause other diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, as well as infections and kidney lesions. In that context, in the last 20 years, cases of kidney disease began to be reported. The qualitative methodology applied to this study, allowed to carry out a descriptive and interpretive investigation process on the way in which the subjects interact, for this, the work trajectories were used as techniques in data collection. The results yielded relevant information on the strategies that workers use to increase their work performance, including self-medication of "vitamins" and analgesics to treat muscle spasms, drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, as well as flavored and energizing drinks with possible repercussions on renal excretion.

Factores asociados con somnolencia diurna excesiva en estudiantes de Medicina de una institución de educación superior de Bucaramanga / Factors Associated with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Medical Students of a Higher Education Institution of Bucaramanga

RESUMEN Introducción: La somnolencia diurna excesiva (SDE) puede llegar a interferir en el desempeño académico y profesional, debido a que las personas afectadas tienden a quedarse dormidas en situaciones que exigen un alto nivel de atención. Los estudiantes de Medicina representan una población en riesgo de SDE, dada la exigencia académica de numerosas horas de estudio, debido al gran número de créditos por asignatura contenidos en el plan de estudios del programa académico, las prácticas docentes asistenciales y los turnos nocturnos, que pueden generar privación o déficit acumulado del sueño. Por esta razón, es importante estimar la prevalencia de SDE y los factores asociados en estudiantes de Medicina de una institución de educación superior (IES) de Bucaramanga, con el objetivo de implementar estrategias de prevención primaria que disminuyan la presentación de este problema y mejoren la calidad de vida y el desempeño académico de los estudiantes. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico observacional, con una muestra poblacional de 458 estudiantes de Medicina matriculados en el segundo semestre de 2015 en la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), quienes respondieron a 4 cuestionarios: variables sociodemográficas, escala de somnolencia de Epworth, índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburg (ICSP) e índice de higiene del sueño (IHS). Se realizó el análisis bivariable y multivariable en busca de asociación con SDE. Resultados: Los estudiantes tenían una media de edad de 20,3 arios; de los 458 encuestados, el 62,88% eran mujeres. Se estableció que el 80,75% de los participantes tenían SDE y el 80,55%, una percepción negativa de la calidad del sueño (OR = 1,91;IC95%, 1,11-3,29; p = 0,019). En el análisis multivariable, se encontró que el hecho de estar cursando ciencias clínicas disminuye el riesgo de SDE respecto a quienes estaban cursando el ciclo básico. Además, se observó que una puntuación > 15 en el IHS aumenta de manera significativa el riesgo de padecer SDE. Conclusiones: Aunque es frecuente encontrar SDE en los estudiantes de Medicina, solo un pequeño porcentaje de ellos sufren la forma severa de este trastorno del sueño. Estar cursando asignaturas del ciclo básico se asocia con mayor riesgo de SDE, por lo cual es importante que los comités curriculares de las IES evalúen regularmente la cantidad de horas de trabajo supervisado e independiente que realizan los estudiantes de Medicina. Finalmente, es importante emprender campañas orientadas a mejorar la percepción de riesgo sobre el uso de bebidas energizantes de los estudiantes universitarios y realizar, desde el ingreso al programa académico, recomendaciones sobre los hábitos de higiene del sueño.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) can interfere with academic and professional performance, as affected individuals tend to fall asleep in situations that demand a high level of alertness. Medical students are often a population at risk of suffering from EDS due to the demanding number of study hours, the significant number of credits per subject in the academic curriculum, practical teaching sessions and hospital night shifts, which can lead to sleep deprivation or sleep debt. It is for these reasons that it is important to estimate the prevalence of EDS and its associated factors in medical students of a Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Bucaramanga, in order to implement early prevention strategies to reduce the occurrence of this problem and to improve the students' quality of life and academic performance. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional analytical study with a population sample of 458 medical students enrolled in the second semester of 2015 at the Universidad Autonomade Bucaramanga (UNAB), who completed four questionnaires: Sociodemographic Variables, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify any correlations with EDS. Results: Mean student age was 20.3 years and 62.88% of the 458 respondents were women. We were able to establish that 80.75% of participants suffered from EDS and 80.55% had a negative perception of their sleep quality (OR=1.91; 95% CI, 1.11-3.29; p =0.019). In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the risk of EDS is lower in the clinical sciences than in the basic cycle. Furthermore, it was noted that a score higher than 15 in the Sleep Hygiene Index significantly increases the risk of suffering from EDS. Conclusions: Although EDS is very common in medical students, only a small percentage present the most severe form of this sleep disorder. Being enrolled in basic cycle subjects is associated with a higher risk of suffering EDS, so it is important for the curriculum committees of higher education institutions to regularly evaluate the number of hours of supervised and independent work performed by medical students. Finally, it is important to implement campaigns aimed at improving university students' perception of the risk of taking energy drinks and to establish sleep hygiene recommendations from the start of the academic programme.

Efecto agudo de las bebidas energéticas en el rendimiento anaeróbico: un metaanálisis / Acute effect of energy drinks on anaerobic performance: A meta-analysis

Resumen El consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) ha ido incrementando tanto en estudiantes y personas activas como en deportistas, esto por posible efecto ergogénico. Dichas bebidas contienen, además de calorías, cafeína en combinación con otros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina y vitaminas del complejo B. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de la ingesta de BE en el rendimiento físico anaeróbico, por medio de la técnica de metaanálisis. La metodología consistió en realizar una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest y Science Direct. Se seleccionaron los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad: experimentales, en los que se midiera el rendimiento anaeróbico y donde se suministrara una BE, realizados en seres humanos, que presentaran la estadística descriptiva y estuviesen publicados en idioma español o inglés. Como resultados se incluyeron 15 estudios que generaron 37 tamaños de efecto (TE) y un total de 253 sujetos (hombres y mujeres; 21,73,7 años). Bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios y un diseño entre grupos se obtuvo un TE global de 0.123 (p = 0.009; IC95% = 0.01 a 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No se encontró ninguna relación o diferencia en las variables moderadoras. En conclusión, el TE global indica que hay diferencia significativa entre consumir BE o placebo para pruebas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Abstract The consumption of energy drinks (ED) has been increasing in students, active individuals, and athletes due to their probable ergogenic effect. In addition to calories, energy drinks contain caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, carnitine, and B-complex vitamins. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ED consumption on anaerobic performance using a meta-analytic approach. A literature search was conducted on five electronic database searchers: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected, i.e: experimental studies that assessed anaerobic performance using EDs as a treatment in humans, reporting descriptive statistics, and published in English or Spanish. 15 studies representing 37 effect sizes (ES) with a total of 253 participants (male and female: 21.73.7 years old) met the inclusion criteria. Using a random-effects model and a between-group design, an overall 0.123 ES was found (p = 0.009; CI95% = 0.01 to 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No relationship or difference was found in the moderator variables. In general, the overall ES indicated that there is a significant difference between consuming ED or a placebo for specific anaerobic jump tests.

Resumo O consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) tem aumentado tanto em estudantes e pessoas ativas quanto em esportistas, devido a possíveis efeito ergogênico. Essas bebidas contêm, além de calorias, cafeína e outros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina e vitaminas do complexo B. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo da ingestão de BE no rendimento físico anaeróbico, por meio da técnica de meta-análises. A metodologia consistiu em realizar uma busca em cinco bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest e Science Direct. Foram selecionados os estudos que cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade, ou seja, experimentais, nos que fosse medido o rendimento anaeróbico e onde fosse administrada uma BE, realizados em seres humanos, que apresentassem a estadística descritiva e estivessem publicados em espanhol ou inglês. Como resultados foram incluídos 15 estudos que geraram 37 tamanhos do efeito (TE) e um total de 253 sujeitos (homens e mulheres; 21,73,7 anos). Sob o modelo de efeitos aleatórios e um desenho entre grupos obteve-se um TE global de 0,123 (p = 0,009; IC95% = 0,01 a 0,23; Q = 19,5; p= 0,98; I2 = 0,00%). Não foi encontrada nenhuma relação ou diferença nas variáveis moderadoras. Em conclusão, o TE global indica que existe diferença significativa entre consumir BE ou placebo para provas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Avaliação comparativa entre diferentes modalidades de reposição hidroeletrolítica em equinos desidratados experimentalmente pela utilização de parâmetros do exame físico e marcadores hematológicos / Comparative evaluation between different kinds of hydroeletrolitic reposition in horses experimentally dehydrated by the use of physical examination parameters and hematological markers

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a comparação entre três modalidades de terapias hidroeletrolíticas, sendo umahipotônica (SeHIPO) e outra isotônica (SeISO), ambas por via enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), com a solução de ringer lactatopor via intravenosa (RL IV), na taxa de infusão de 15 ml/kg/h, administradas simultaneamente em tempo real por 8 horas numdelineamento crossover 6X3 em equinos desidratados experimentalmente pela utilização de parâmetros clínicos do exame físicoe de alguns exames laboratoriais. Para tanto foram utilizadas 6 éguas adultas da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo submetidas a umprotocolo experimental de indução de desidratação (PD) e posteriormente tratadas de acordo com o delineamento experimental.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos os tratamentos HETfc demonstraram eficácia equivalente ao RL IV na reversãodos efeitos determinados pelo PD, ainda que para os marcadores da volemia, tais como o Volume Globular (VG), ProteínasPlasmáticas Totais (PPT) e porcentagem de Volume Plasmático (%VP) tenham sido relativamente mais lentos. Porém, para osdemais marcadores clínicos a eficácia entre as três terapias estudadas foi equivalente. Esses resultados comprovam a ação dasterapias HETfc ao serem comparadas ao tratamento RL IV, pela utilização dos marcadores clínicos e laboratoriais utilizados, ejustificam a indicação e utilização dessas modalidades terapêuticas em equinos.

The objective of the present study was to compare three modalities of hydroelectrolytic therapies, one hypotonic (SeHIPO) andanother isotonic (SeISO), both by continuous enteral flow (HETfc), with intravenous lactated ringer solution ( RL IV), at the infusionrate of 15 ml / kg / h, administered simultaneously in real time for 8 hours in a 6X3 crossover design in horses experimentallydehydrated by the use of clinical parameters of the physical examination and some laboratory tests. Six adult mares of the BrazilianEquestrian race were submitted to an experimental protocol for induction of dehydration (PD) and later treated according to theexperimental design. The results showed that both HETfc treatments demonstrated an efficacy equivalent to RL IV in the reversalof the effects determined by PD, although for volume markers such as Globular Volume (VG), Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) andPercentage of Plasmatic Volume (% VP) were relatively slower. However, for the other clinical markers the efficacy among thethree therapies studied was equivalent. These results confirm the action of HETfc therapies when compared to RL IV treatment,by the clinical and laboratorial markes used, and justify the indication and use of these therapeutic modalities in horses.

Beverage consumption among Korean adolescents: data from 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and obesity is universally a controversial issue. This study was undertaken to examine the beverage consumption pattern of Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was collected from the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey involving 65,528 adolescent respondents. A list of the most frequently consumed beverages was analyzed, and the consumption frequency of carbonated beverages, SSBs, and energy drinks during the past seven-days was assessed. The main reasons for the adolescents to consume the beverages were also determined. RESULTS: The beverage preference of adolescents were carbonated beverages (31.0%), ‘fruit and vegetable beverages (17.7%)’, ‘milk (13.6%)’, and ‘coffee (12.7%)’. Carbonated beverages and SSBs were consumed more than three times a week by 27.1% and 41.1% of the respondents, respectively. About 86.2% of adolescents did not take of any energy drinks during the last seven-days. Taste was the most common reason that adolescents considered when choosing a drink. Carbonated beverages consumed more frequently by boys than girls, and high school students drank coffee more frequently than middle school students. CONCLUSIONS: Boys had a higher preference for unhealthy beverages than girls, whereas consumption of high-caffeine drinks was greater amongst high-school students than middle school students.

Influence of Short- and Long-term High-dose Caffeine Administration on Behavior in an Animal Model of Adolescence

PURPOSE: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant of the methylxanthine class. Among adolescents, high-dose of caffeine consumption has increased rapidly over the last few decades due to the introduction of energy drinks. However, little is known about the time-dependent effect of high doses of caffeine consumption in adolescents. The present study aims to examine the short- and long-term influence of high-dose caffeine on behavior of adolescence. METHODS: The animals were divided into three groups: a “vehicle” group, which was injected with 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline for 14 days; a “Day 1” group, which was injected with caffeine (30 mg/kg), 2 h before the behavioral tests; and a “Day 14” group, which was infused with caffeine for 14 days. An open-field test, a Y-maze test, and a passive avoidance test were conducted to assess the rats'activity levels, anxiety, and cognitive function. RESULTS: High-dose caffeine had similar effects in short-and long-term treatment groups. It increased the level of locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior, as evidenced by the increase in the number of movements and incidences of rearing and grooming in the caffeine-treated groups. No significant differences were observed between the groups in the Y-maze test. However, in the passive avoidance test, the escape latency in the caffeine-treated group was decreased significantly, indicating impaired memory acquisition. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that high-dose caffeine in adolescents may increase locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior and impair learning and memory, irrespective of the duration of administration. The findings will be valuable for both evidence-based education and clinical practice.

Energy Drink Consumption and Dietary-, Lifestyle-, and Mental Health-Related Behaviors in Korean Adolescents: Based on the 10th–13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (EDs), functional beverages with high concentrations of caffeine, can cause health risks. This study examined the frequency of ED consumption and related factors in Korean adolescents. METHODS: Data from the 10th-13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey was used, and a total of 137,101 boys and 130,806 girls were included in the final analyses. Differences in ED consumption and associated factors were analyzed using the Rao-Scott chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis, reflecting of the complex sample design. RESULTS: In total, 17.3% boys and 12.9% girls consumed EDs more than once a week (P<0.001). In particular, 24.2% of all high-school students in the 12th grade consumed more than three EDs a week. After adjusting for confounding factors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that higher ED consumption was significantly associated with a higher soda, sweet-drink, and fast food intake; skipping breakfast; a lower vegetable intake; depression; suicidal thoughts; sleep deprivation; and increased smoking and alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS: ED consumption is associated with undesirable dietary-, lifestyle-, and mental health-related behaviors, suggesting the need for appropriate nutrition education in adolescents.

Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Energy Drink Consumption in Korean Nursing Students: Never-consumers versus Ever-consumers

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the status of caffeine-containing energy drink consumption among Korean nursing students and to identify associated psychological factors. METHODS: In total, 187 Korean nursing students participated in this cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to identify participants' general characteristics and psychosocial factors (self-esteem, academic stress, depression, and college adjustment) associated with energy drink consumption. Data were analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, the χ² test, the t-test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: More than two-thirds (73.3%) of the participants had consumed energy drinks. Among the investigated psychological factors, depression appeared to most strongly influence energy drink consumption behaviors in this population. CONCLUSION: The consumption of caffeine-containing energy drinks was found to be common among nursing students preparing to become health care professionals; depressed nursing students were more likely to have consumed energy drinks than non-depressed students. Nursing educators should emphasize the early detection of unhealthy beverage consumption habits and provide appropriate education to enhance healthy behaviors in future health care professionals.

Efeito da degradação química e mecânica em resinas compostas convencional e bulk fill / Effect of chemical and mechanical degradation on conventional composite resins and bulk fill

Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a degradação da superfície por rugosidade de uma resina composta convencional e duas Bulk Fill armazenadas em bebidas ácidas, após escovação simulada. Materiais e Métodos: foram confeccionados 30 corpos de prova cilíndricos (10 mm x 1 mm) de cada resina: resina FiltekZ350 XT (3M Co., St. Paul), resina Filtek Bulk Fill (3M Co., St. Paul) e resina Tetric N-Ceram (IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), totalizando noventa corpos. Os corpos de prova foram imersos em três tipos de bebidas, Coca-Cola, Gatorade de sabor limão e água destilada (controle), por 15 minutos, e após a imersão foram realizadas simulações de escovação por 25 segundos, durante 15 dias. Em seguida, foram submetidos à avaliação de rugosidade de superfície (rugosimetro). Foram realizados os testes estatísticos de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon. Resultados: ao final do experimento foi realizada a análise estatística, e os resultados de rugosidade inicial e final de cada resina de acordo com a bebida foram: Filtek Z350 XT apresentou diferença estatística com grupo controle (p=0,037) e Gatorade (p=0,005). A resina Tetric N-Ceram apresentou diferença estatística para grupo controle (p=0,047) e para Coca-Cola (p=0,007). E a resina Filtek Bulk Fill não houve diferença estatística em nenhuma das bebidas. Conclusão: dentre as resinas estudas, Tetric N-Ceram mostrou um maior aumento da rugosidade superficial quando comparada às outras resinas estudadas. Entretanto, as resinas Bulk Fill mostraram propriedade satisfatória comparada à resina convencional.(AU)

Objective: This study aims to assess the surface degradation through the roughness of a conventional composite resin and two bulk fill resins stored in acidic beverages after simulated brushing. Materials and Methods: Thirty cylindrical specimens (10 mm x 1 mm) of each resin were produced: Filtek Z350 XT (3M Co., St Paul), Filtek Bulk Fill (3M Co., St Paul), and TetricN-Ceram (IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), resulting in 90 specimens. The specimens were immersed in three types of beverages: Coke, lemon Gatorade, and distilled water (control), for 15 minutes. After the immersion, they were subjected to brushing tests for 25 seconds, for 15 days. Then, the surface roughness (roughness meter) was analyzed. The Shapiro- -Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon statistical test were performed. Results: At the end of the experiment, the statistical analysis was performed. The initial and final roughness results of each resin according to the beverage were Filtek Z350 presented statistical difference with the control group (p= 0.037) and Gatorade (p = 0.005); the TetricN- -Ceram Bulk Fill resin presented statistical difference for the control group (p = 0.047) and Coke (p = 0.007). The Filtek Bulk Fill resin showed no statistical difference for any of the beverages. Conclusion: Among the resins studied, Tetric-Nceram showed a higher increase in surface roughness than the other resins studied. However, bulk fill resins showed satisfactory properties compared to the conventional resin.(AU)

Efeitos agudos da ingestão de bebidas energéticas sobre os paramêtros hidro-eletrolíticos durante exercício em esteira / Acute effects of energy drink intake on hydro-electrolytic parameters during the exercise on a treadmill

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar se bebidas enegéticas com diferentes composições nutricionais afetam o balanço hidro-eletrolítico de corredores de resistência. Doze homens participaram desse estudo duplo cego e crossover randomizado, ingerindo 3mg.kg-1 de cafeína de bebida energética convencional e sugar free, e um placebo carboidratado e não cafeinado, 40 minutos antes de sessão de exercício em ambiente termoneutro. Em cada situação experimental, os avaliados realizaram exercício de corrida em esteira com duração de 60 minutos e intensidade constante entre 65 e 75% do VO2max, seguidos por um sprint correspondendo a 100% do VO2max até a exaustão. Foram avaliados o peso corporal (PC), desidratação absoluta e relativa, densidade da urina, taxa de sudorese e níveis de Na+, K+ e hematócrito. Durante o exercício os avaliados receberam somente água a cada 15 minutos. Foi verificada alteração nos níveis de densidade da urina antes e depois do exercício para todos os tratamentos (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre as bebidas nos níveis de Na+, K+ e hematócrito (p>0,05) mantendo-se dentro dos níveis de normalidade. Conclui-se que diferentes tipos de bebidas energéticas não afetam o balanço hidro-eletrolítico de corredores de resistência ao longo do exercício.

ABSTRACT This work compares the effects promoted by energy drinks with diferente nutricional compositions on the hydro-electrolytic balance of resistance runners. Twelve men participated in this double blinded, randomized crossover study, ingesting 3mg*Kg-1 of a conventional energy drink with caffeine or sugar-free, and a placebo 40-minutes before tests on thermoneutral environment. The duration of the session was 60 minutes with constant intensity between 65 and 75% of VO2max, followed by a sprint corresponding to 100% of VO2max until exhaustion. There were evaluated body weight (BW), absolute and relative dehydration, urine density, sweating rate and Na+, K+ and hematocrit levels. During the exercise, the participants drunk only water every 15 minutes. Changes in urine density levels were observed before and after exercise for all procedures (p <0.05). There was no significant difference on the levels of Na+, K+ and hematocrit between the drinks (p> 0.05), remaining within normal levels. It is concluded that different types of energy drinks do not affect the hydro-electrolytic balance of resistance runners during the exercise.

Consumo de bebidas energizantes en estudiantes universitarios / Consumption of energy drinks in university students

Las bebidas energizantes son productos que se consumen para reducir la sensación de cansancio y favorecer un estado activo, contienen principalmente cafeína, glucosa, glucoronolactona, taurina, guaraná vitaminas B1 (tiamina), vitamina B2 (riboflavina), vitamina B3 (niacina), vitamina B6 (piridoxina). El Objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia del consumo de las bebidas energizantes en los estudiantes de la Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca y describir los posibles efectos adversos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo realizado en 367 estudiantes universitarios de las áreas de Salud, Económicas - Financieras, Sociales Humanidades, Tecnológicas y Agrarias. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la encuesta. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que, del total de estudiantes encuestados, 69,21% si han consumido las bebidas energizantes, con una frecuencia de consumo de 2 a 3 veces por mes (39%), principalmente durante los parciales (18.80%) y después de realizar algún deporte (16.89%). Entre las marcas más consumidas de estas bebidas son red bull (30,25%) y power (14,99%).

Energy drinks are products that are consumed to reduce the feeling of tiredness and promote an active state, mainly contain caffeine, glucose, glucoronolactone, taurine, guarana B1 vitamins (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of the consumption of energy drinks in the students of the Universidad Mayor Real and Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca and describe the possible adverse effects. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted on 367 university students in the areas of health, economic - financial, social - humanities, technological and agricultural. The survey was applied to data collection. Among the results it was obtained that, of the total number of students surveyed, 69.21% if they have consumed the energy drinks, with a frequency of consumption of 2 to 3 times per month (39%), mainly during the partial ones (18.80%) and after performing some sport (16.89%). Among the most consumed brands of these drinks are red bull (30.25%) and power (14.99%).