Timing umbilical therapy in treatment of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury based on midnight-noon and ebb-flow doctrine: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVES@#To observe the clinical efficacy of timing umbilical therapy for neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury based on the midnight-noon and ebb-flow doctrine.@*METHODS@#Sixty patients with neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury were randomly divided into a trial group and a control group, with 30 patients in each group. In the trial group, based on the midnight-noon and ebb-flow doctrine, umbilical therapy was given at the time zone, 15:00 to 17:00. In the control group, umbilical therapy was delivered at any time zones except the period 15:00 to 17:00. The herbal plaster was remained on the umbilicus for 4 h each time, once daily. One course of treatment was composed of 2 weeks and the treatment lasted 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the urodynamic indexes (maximum urinary flow rate [Qmax], maximum detrusor pressure [Pdet-max], residual urine volume [RUV]), voiding diary (average daily number of voiding, average daily number of leakage, average daily voided volume), neurogenic bladder symptom score (NBSS), the score of urinary symptom distress scale (USDS) and the score of World Health Organization quality of life assessment-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) were compared between the two groups; and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was assessed.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, Qmax, Pdet-max, the average daily voided volume and the scores of WHOQOL-BREF were increased (P<0.05); and RUV, the average daily number of voiding, the average daily number of leakage, NBSS and the scores of USDS were all reduced (P<0.05) in comparison with those before treatment in the two groups. When compared with those in the control group, Qmax, Pdet-max, the average daily voided volume and the score of WHOQOL-BREF were all higher (P<0.05); and RUV, the average daily number of voiding, the average daily number of leakage, NBSS and the score of USDS were lower (P<0.05) in the trial group. The total effective rate was 96.7% (29/30) in the trial group, higher than that (76.7%, 23/30) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Timing umbilical therapy, based on the midnight-noon and ebb-flow doctrine, effectively relieves the symptoms of dysuria and improves the quality of life in patients with neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury.

Efficacy differences between electroacupuncture and moxibustion for neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy between electroacupuncture(EA) and moxibustion for neurogenic bladder (NB) after spinal cord injury (SCI).@*METHODS@#One hundred and twenty patients with NB after SCI were randomly divided into an EA group, a moxibustion group, and an intermittent catheterization group, with 40 patients in each group. The patients in the intermittent catheterization group were treated with routine treatment and intermittent catheterization, while the patients in the EA group and the moxibustion group were treated with additional treatments of EA (discontinuous wave, with a frequency of 1.3-1.6 Hz, and intensity based on patient tolerance) and moxibustion, respectively. The acupoints used in both groups were Zhongji (CV 3) and Guanyuan (CV 4), bilateral Zusanli (ST 36), Yinlingquan (SP 9), and Baliao points. Each session lasted for 30 min, once daily, six times a week, for a total of six weeks.The maximum bladder capacity (MBC), residual urine vdume (RUV), detrusor pressure (Pdet) during the filling phase, bladder compliance (BC), maximum renal pelvis separation width of both kidneys, urine white blood cell count, TCM syndrome score, and World Health Organization quality of life assessment-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) score were compared before and after treatment in the 3 groups. The number of patients in each group who achieved bladder functional balance was recorded, and the clinical efficacy was assessed after treatment.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the MBC, Pdet, BC, and WHOQOL-BREF scores in the EA group and the moxibustion group were increased (P<0.05), while the RUV, maximum renal pelvis separation width of both kidneys, urine white blood cell count, and TCM syndrome scores were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). In the intermittent catheterization group, MBC, RUV, maximum renal pelvis separation width of both kidneys, and urine white blood cell count were decreased (P<0.05), while BC and WHOQOL-BREF score were increased (P<0.05) after treatment. After treatment, the MBC, Pdet, BC, and WHOQOL-BREF scores in the EA group and the moxibustion group were higher than those in the intermittent catheterization group (P<0.05), while the RUV and TCM syndrome scores were lower than those in the intermittent catheterization group (P<0.05). Moreover, after treatment, the MBC and Pdet in the moxibustion group were higher than those in the EA group (P<0.05), while the RUV, maximum renal pelvis separation width of both kidneys, and TCM syndrome score in the EA group were lower than those in the moxibustion group (P<0.05). The number of patients who achieved bladder functional balance after treatment in the EA group and the moxibustion group was higher than that in the intermittent catheterization group (P<0.05). The cured and effective rate was 85.0% (34/40) in the EA group and 82.5% (33/40) in the moxibustion group, which were both higher than 65.0% (26/40) in the intermittent catheterization group (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the EA group and the moxibustion group (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EA and moxibustion could effectively improve the functional state of bladder in patients with NB after SCI. EA is more effective in reducing residual urine volume and excessive activity of the urethral sphincter, and relieving TCM syndromes, while moxibustion is more effective in increasing the pressure of the detrusor during the filling period and establishing the detrusor reflex.

Neurogenic bladder: concepts and treatment recommendations

Bladder and urinary sphincter malfunctioning that results from some change in the central and/or peripheral nervous system is defined as neurogenic bladder. The urinary tract symptoms that can be related to its filling, emptying, or both have a significant impact on the quality of life of individuals. The present review was based on the document prepared for the public health system in Brazil as a treatment guidelines proposal. Material and Methods: Survey questions were structured as per PICO (Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome). Search strategies were defined and performed in the MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Epistemonikos and Google Scholar databases. The selection of articles followed the evidence hierarchy concept; evidence body was identified, and the quantitative study data were extracted. The quality of evidence and grade of recommendation were qualitatively assessed according to GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations). Results: A total of 2.707 articles were identified, with 49 of them being selected to compose the basis for this review. Neurogenic bladder treatments were classified according to their focus on filling or emptying symptoms and sub- classified in pharmacological and surgical treatments. Conclusion: Treatment guidelines are important tools for the public health system to promote the best practice when treating neurogenic bladder patients.

Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children update and recommendations on medical treatment

ABSTRACT Introduction: Defective closure of the neural tube affects different systems and generates sequelae, such as neurogenic bladder (NB). Myelomeningocele (MMC) represents the most frequent and most severe cause of NB in children. Damage of the renal parenchyma in children with NB acquired in postnatal stages is preventable given adequate evaluation, follow-up and proactive management. The aim of this document is to update issues on medical management of neurogenic bladder in children. Materials and Methods: Five Pediatric Urologists joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on "Spina Bifida, Neurogenic Bladder in Children" and elaborated a draft of the document. All the members of the group focused on the same system of classification of the levels of evidence (GRADE system) in order to assess the literature and the recommendations. During the year 2020 the panel of experts has met virtually to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion: The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) should be implemented during the first days of life, and antimuscarinic drugs should be indicated upon results of urodynamic studies. When the patient becomes refractory to first-line therapy, receptor-selective pharmacotherapy is available nowadays, which leads to a reduction in reconstructive procedures, such as augmentation cystoplasty.

Effect of moxibustion at "oppositely-located points" on neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rats / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of moxibustion at oppositely-located points "Mingmen" (GV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) on the motor function of the hind limbs and bladder function in rats with neurogenic bladder after suprasacral spinal cord injury (SCI), so as to explore the effect of this therapy on bladder tissue apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.@*METHODS@#Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group (8 rats) and a model establishment group (20 rats). Using the modified Allen's method, the spinal cord of T10 segment was injured to establish a neurogenic bladder model in the model establishment group. Sixteen rats were modeled successfully and then divided into a model group (8 rats) and a moxibustion group (8 rats). In the moxibustion group, 2 h after consciousness regaining from modeling anesthesia, moxibustion was exerted at "Shenque" (CV 8) and "Mingmen" (GV 4), 2 cones at each acupoint in one intervention. The intervention was administered once every two days and 5-time intervention was required totally. After intervention, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB) score for the motor function of the hind limbs, and the urodynamics indexes (maximum bladder capacity, urine leakage pressure and bladder compliance) were compared among groups. HE staining method was adopted to observe the morphological changes of bladder tissue. With Western blot method and real-time PCR assay, the protein and mRNA expressions of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (glucose- regulated protein 78 [GRP78], activating transcription factor 4 [ATF4] and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-12 [Caspase-12]) were determined.@*RESULTS@#The transitional epithelial cells were arranged irregularly, the bladder wall was getting thinner, and the cellular vacuolar degeneration and neutrophil infiltration were found in the model group. Whereas, compared with the model group, in the moxibustion group, the arrangement of transitional epithelial cells was clear and continuous in layers, the cellular vacuolar degeneration was mild and the infiltration presented in a small amount of neutrophil granulocytes. Compared with the sham-operation group, in the model group, the BBB score was reduced (P<0.01), the maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance were increased (P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of GRP78, ATF4 and Caspase-12, as well as mRNA expressions were all increased (P<0.01). In comparison with the model group, in the moxibustion group, BBB score was increased (P<0.01), the maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance were decreased (P<0.01), and the protein and mRNA expression levels of GRP78, ATF4 and Caspase-12 were all decreased (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Moxibustion at the "oppositely-located points" improves the urination function, alleviate urine retention in neurogenic bladder rats after spinal cord injury. The underlying mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the expressions of GRP78, ATF4 and Caspase-12 in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway of the bladder tissues, and thus to alleviate the apoptosis of bladder tissue.

Effect of moxibustion on M2 and P2X3 receptors of bladder tissue in rats with neurogenic bladder of detrusor areflexia after lumbar-sacral spinal cord injury / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of moxibustion at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) on acetylcholine (Ach), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and muscarinic-type choline receptor (M2) and purine receptor P2X3 in bladder tissue in the rats with neurogenic bladder (NB) of detrusor areflexia after lumbar-sacral spinal cord injury and explore the underlying mechanism of moxibustion for promoting detrusor contraction.@*METHODS@#Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into a model preparation group (n=45) and a sham-operation group (n=15). In the model preparation group, the modified Hassan Shaker spinal cord transection method was used to prepare the model of NB. In the sham-operation group, the spinal cord transection was not exerted except laminectomy and spinal cord exposure. Among the rats with successfully modeled, 30 rats were selected and divided randomly into a model group and a moxibustion group, with 15 rats in each one. On the 15th day after the operation, moxibustion was applied at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) in the moxibustion group, 10 min at each acupoint, once a day. The consecutive 7-day treatment was as one course and the intervention for 2 courses was required. Urodynamic test was adopted to evaluate bladder function in rats. Using HE staining, the morphological changes in bladder tissue were observed. The content of Ach and ATP in bladder tissue was measured with biochemical method, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 and P2X3 receptors in bladder tissue were detected with Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantification PCR method.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the sham-operation group, the maximum bladder capacity, leakage point pressure and bladder compliance were increased in the rats of the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the maximum bladder capacity, the leakage point pressure and bladder compliance were decreased in the rats of the moxibustion group (P<0.05). In the model group, the detrusor fibres were arranged irregularly, bladder epithelial tissues were not tightly connected and cell arrangement was disordered, combined with a large number of vacuolar cells. In the moxibustion group, compared with the model group, the detrusor fibres were arranged regularly, bladder epithelial cells were well distributed and vacuolar cells were reduced. Compared with the sham-operation group, the content of Ach and ATP in bladder tissue was decreased (P<0.05), the protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 and P2X3 receptors were reduced (P<0.05) in the model group. In the moxibustion group, the content of Ach and ATP in bladder tissue was increased (P<0.05) and the protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 and P2X3 receptors were increased (P<0.05) as compared with the model group.@*CONCLUSION@#Moxibustion at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Shenque" (CV 8) may effectively improve bladder function in the rats with NB of detrusor areflexia after lumbar-sacral spinal cord injury and its underlying mechanism is related to promoting the release of Ach and up-regulating the expression of M2 receptor, thereby enhancing the release of ATP and increasing the expression of P2X3 receptor. Eventually, detrusor contraction is improved.

Evaluación del proceso de atención urológica de pacientes pediátricos con mielomeningocele / Evaluation of the urological care process of pediatric patients with myelomeningocele

Introducción: El mielomeningocele (MMC) es una de las malformaciones congénitas más severas compatible con la vida. El 90% de los pacientes presenta vejiga neurogénica que debe ser evaluada y tratada precozmente. Objetivos: Describir la evaluación y tratamiento nefrourológico recibido por pacientes con MMC hasta el momento de la primera consulta en el Hospital Garrahan (periodo pre-ingreso). Describir la evaluación realizada y el tratamiento urológico implementado a partir del ingreso al hospital Garrahan (periodo post-ingreso). Evaluar la prevalencia de Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC). Población y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio con diseño clínico analítico, retrospectivo, longitudinal sobre pacientes con MMC de 1 mes a 18 años derivados al Hospital Garrahan para atención ambulatoria en los años 2011 y 2012. Resultados: Se incluyeron115 pacientes. Al momento de la derivación al hospital ("pre-ingreso") 7% de los pacientes habían logrado completar evaluación nefrourológica, (ecografía vesicorenal, urodinamia, Cistouretrografía, Centellograma renal y Creatininemia). Tratamiento: 33% vaciaban vejiga por CIL o vesicostomía y 21% recibían Oxibutinina. A partir del ingreso al seguimiento en el Garrahan 83% lograron completar la evaluación, y en función del resultado de la misma se indicó CIL en 87% y Oxibutinina en el 66% de los pacientes. La prevalencia de ERC al ingreso fue de 43%; la mayoría en estadio I. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con MMC fueron derivados al hospital de tercer nivel con evaluaciones urológicas incompletas y sin el tratamiento adecuado de la vejiga neurogénica. El inicio del seguimiento interdisciplinario en un hospital de alta complejidad facilitó la realización de las evaluaciones necesarias y la implementación del tratamiento adecuado (AU)

Introduction: Myelomeningocele (MMC) is one of the most severe congenital malformations compatible with life. Of all the patients, 90% presents with a neurogenic bladder requiring early evaluation and treatment. Objectives: To describe the uronephrological evaluation and treatment received by patients with MMC up to the first consultation at Garrahan Hospital (pre-follow-up period). To describe the urological evaluation and treatment implemented from referral to Garrahan Hospital (follow-up period). To evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Population and Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal study with a clinical, analytical design was conducted in patients with MMC between 1 months and 18 years of age referred to Garrahan Hospital for outpatient care in 2011 and 2012. Results: 115 patients were included. At the time of referral to the hospital ("pre-follow-up") 7% of the patients had undergone complete uronephrological evaluation (kidney-bladder ultrasonography, urodynamic studies, cystourethrography, renal scintigraphy, and creatininemia levels). Treatment: 33% emptied their bladder by CIC or vesicostomy and 21% received oxybutynin. From follow-up initiation at Garrahan Hospital, 83% underwent complete evaluation, and based on the results CIC was indicated in 87% and oxybutynin in 66% of the patients. On admission, prevalence of CKD was 43%; with stage I in the majority of the patients. Conclusions: The majority of the patients with MMC were referred to a third-level hospital with incomplete urological studies and without adequate treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Initiation of interdisciplinary follow-up at a tertiary hospital allowed for the necessary studies and implementation of adequate treatment (AU)

Is there a role for sacral neuromodulation in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction?

ABSTRACT Purpose To review current literature regarding sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) focused on indications, barriers and latest technological developments. Material and Methods A PubMed database search was performed in April 2020, focusing on SNM and various neuro-urological conditions. Results SNM has been increasingly indicated for lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in neuro-urological patients. Most studies are cases series with several methodological limitations and limited follow-up, lacking standardized definition for SNM clinical success. Most series focused on neurogenic overactive bladder in spinal cord injured (incomplete lesions) and multiple sclerosis patients. Barriers for applying this therapy in neurogenic LUTD were mainly related to magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility, size of the implantable pulse generator (IPG), and battery depletion. Newer technological advances have been made to address these limitations and will be widely available in the near future. Conclusions SNM seems a promising therapy for neurogenic LUTD in carefully selected patients with incomplete lesions. Further studies are still needed to define which subgroups of neurological patients benefit the most from this minimally invasive technique.

Tradução, adaptação e validação para o português brasileiro do Data Set do trato urinário inferior para pessoas com lesão medular / Translation, adaptation and validation for Brazilian Portuguese of the Data Set lower urinary tract for people with spinal cord injury

A lesão medular (LM) é um evento catastrófico e incapacitante com importante impacto físico e psicológico, influenciando significativamente a qualidade e expectativa de vida das pessoas acometidas. Nos últimos anos, com o crescimento progressivo da violência urbana e da sobrevida das pessoas, houve um aumento importante dos casos de LM, com aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de pessoas afetadas no mundo, sendo 130.000 casos novos ao ano. As complicações decorrentes da LM são diversas, dentre elas, as disfunções do trato urinário merecem destaque, por serem responsáveis pela maior parte das morbidades e por cerca de 10% a 15% de mortalidade dessa população. No Brasil, não há instrumento específico para coleta de dados amplos para LM, como propõem os Data Sets da Spinal Cord Injury Association (ISCoS). Assim, considerando o desafio da reabilitação vesical enfrentado por esta população , o presente estudo objetivou realizar o processo de tradução, adaptação e validação do Data Set do trato urinário inferior. Tratou-se de estudo quantitativo, metodológico, de delineamento transversal, dividido nas fases de tradução, realizado segundo as recomendações da ISCoS, e teste de confiabilidade inter e intraexaminadores, testado a partir do índice AC1 proposto por Gwet e o índice Kappa, contando com uma amostra de 50 participantes. Como resultado da fase de tradução, das nove questões que compunham o instrumento, apenas quatro termos apresentaram divergências e tiveram que ser revistos; e destes, um necessitou do acionamento do comitê da ISCoS. O perfil geral dos participantes foi composto de homens , com idade média de 39 anos, com LM de etiologia traumática e tempo de lesão inferior a dois anos. A confiabilidade interexaminadores mostrou-se adequada com valores acima de 0,5 em 100% das questões testadas com índice AC1 de Gwet; para o Kappa, o índice permaneceu acima de 0,5 em 70,5% das questões e foi observado que o índice AC1 de Gwet se mostrou superior ao Kappa em relação à prevalência de respostas com alta concordância. A avaliação da confiabilidade intraexaminador mostrou que o índice AC1 de Gwet, em oito das 17 questões avaliadas, ficou abaixo de 0,5. Já o índice Kappa ficou abaixo de 0,5 em cinco das 17 questões. Isso foi atribuído às temáticas das questões que tratavam dos temas de incontinência urinária e uso de dispositivos para incontinência e ao fato de os participantes estarem inseridos em programas de reabilitação, o que ocasionou mudanças no trato urinário durante o intervalo entre entrevistas, que foi de aproximadamente duas semanas. Foi observado ainda um alto índice de participantes que realizavam o cateterismo urinário (70%) e com uso de dispositivos para incontinência urinária (64%), assim é preciso avançar em estudos para o tratamento das disfunções que promovam também a continência urinária. Este estudo realizou a tradução e a validação para o português brasileiro do Data Set do trato urinário inferior segundo as recomendações da ISCoS, corroboradas pela literatura científica, gerando um instrumento confiável de coleta de dados clínicos sobre o trato urinário inferior para ser utilizado no Brasil, contribuindo para a reabilitação das pessoas com LM

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic and disabling event with an important physical and psychological event, significantly influencing the quality and life expectancy of the person involved. In recent years, due to the progressive growth of urban violence and the survival of the people, there was a significant increase in cases of SCI, with approximately 2.5 million people affected worldwide, with 130,000 new cases a year. Complications arising from the SCI are numerous, and among them, the dysfunctions related to the urinary tract deserve prominence, since they are responsible for the majority of the morbidity and 10% to 15% of the mortality in this population. In Brazil, there is no specific instrument for the collection of comprehensive data for spinal cord injury, as it is the proposal presented by the Data Sets of the Spinal Cord Injury Association (ISCoS). Thus, taking into account the challenge of rehabilitation of the bladder faced by people with SCI, this study was aimed at carrying out the process of translation, adaptation and validation of the Data Set of the lower urinary tract. It was a methodological, quantitative study of transversal design, divided into phases of translation, carried out according to the recommendations of the ISCoS, and inter and intra examiners reliability test, tested from the AC1 index proposed by Gwet and the Kappa index, with a sample of 50 participants. As a result of the stage of translation, from the nine themes that make up the instrument, only four terms presented differences; and of these, only one needed actions of the Committee of ISCoS. The profile of the participants was of men, with average age of 39, with SCI of traumatic etiology and time of injury inferior to two years. Inter examiners reliability was adequate with values greater than 0.5 in 100% of the questions proven with AC1 Gwet index; for the Kappa, the index remained higher than 0.5 in 70.5% of the questions and it was observed that Gwet index AC1 was shown to be superior to the Kappa in relation to the prevalence of answers with high concordance. The evaluation of reliability Intra examiner showed that the AC1 index of Gwet, in eight of the 17 questions evaluated stayed below 0.5. The Kappa index stayed below 0.5 in five of the 17 questions. This was attributed to questions dealing with incontinence and use of devices for incontinence and also to the fact that the participants were still inserted in rehabilitation programs, which caused changes in the urinary tract during the interval between interviews, which was of approximately two weeks. A high rate of participants was observed performing urinary catheterization (70%) and use of devices for incontinence (64%), thus it is necessary to advance in the studies for the treatment of disorders which also promote continence. The present study performed the translation and validation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Data Set of the lower urinary tract according to the recommendations of the ISCoS, supported by the scientific literature, creating a reliable instrument for the collection of clinical data on the lower urinary tract to be used in Brazil, contributing to the rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injuries

The Ochoa urofacial syndrome: recognize the peculiar smile and avoid severe urological and renal complications / Síndrome urofacial de Ochoa: reconheça o sorriso peculiar e evite complicações urológicas e renais graves

Ochoa syndrome is rare and its major clinical problems frequently unrecognized. We describe facial characteristics of six patients to help health professional recognize the inverted smile that these patients present and refer them to proper treatment. Patients’ medical records were reviewed and patients’ urological status clinically reassessed. At last evaluation patients’ mean age was 15.5 years, and age ranged from 12 to 32 years. Mean follow-up was 35 months (12 to 60). Initial symptoms were urinary tract infections in four patients (67%) associated with enuresis and incontinence in three of them (50%). One patient had only urinary tract infection and two lower urinary tract symptoms without infections. Initial treatment consisted of clean intermittent catheterization with anticholinergics for all patients. Four patients (67%) were submitted to bladder augmentation. Two patients had end-stage renal disease during follow-up, one received kidney transplantation and one patient remained on the waiting list for a renal transplantation. Familial consanguinity was present in only one case. This significant condition is rare, but it must be recognized by pediatricians, nephrologists and urologists in order to institute early aggressive urological treatment.

A síndrome de Ochoa é rara, e seus principais problemas clínicos são frequentemente não reconhecidos. Descrevem-se aqui características faciais de seis pacientes para auxiliar profissionais de saúde a reconhecer o sorriso invertido que eles apresentam e encaminhá-los para o tratamento adequado. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados e a condição urológica dos pacientes foi reavaliada clinicamente. A média de idade na última avaliação foi de 15,5 anos, variando de 12 a 32 anos. O seguimento médio foi de 35 meses (12 a 60). Os sintomas iniciais foram infecções do trato urinário em quatro pacientes (67%) associadas com enurese e incontinência urinária em três deles (50%). Um paciente apresentou infecções do trato urinário isoladamente e dois apresentaram sintomas do trato urinário inferior, porém sem infecções. O tratamento inicial consistiu em cateterismo intermitente limpo, com anticolinérgicos em todos os pacientes. Reconstrução urinária foi realizada em quatro pacientes (67%) por meio de ampliação vesical. Dois pacientes apresentaram doença renal em estágio terminal no seguimento, um recebeu transplante renal e outro manteve-se em lista de espera para transplante renal. Consanguinidade familiar esteve presente em apenas um caso. Essa condição significativa é rara, porém deve ser reconhecida por pediatras, nefrologistas e urologistas, a fim de instituir tratamento urológico agressivo precoce.

Cateterismo intermitente limpo em crianças com bexiga urinária neurogênica: o cuidado do familiar no domicílio / Clean intermittent catheterization in children with neurogenic urinary bladder: home care by relatives / Cateterismo intermitente limpio en niños con vejiga urinaria neurogénica: el cuidado de la familia en casa

A pesquisa buscou conhecer os cuidados realizados pelo familiar à criança portadora de bexiga neurogênica que necessita de cateterismo vesical intermitente limpo, no domicilio. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado em ambulatório de pediatria de um hospital universitário, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A coleta dos dados deu-se com 12 familiares através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, no período de janeiro a julho de 2014. Para o tratamento dos dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo de Bardin, dando origem a três categorias analíticas: Organizando o ambiente e a criança para o cateterismo; Preparo das mãos para a realização do cateterismo; A realização da técnica pelo familiar. Conclui-se que o cateterismo é realizado conforme a técnica descrita em literatura, mas existem determinados familiares que realizam inadequadamente certos passos da técnica. Sugere-se a realização de protocolos de orientação aos familiares para uniformização de condutas e grupos de apoio aos mesmos.

This qualitative study to examine care provided by family members to children with neurogenic bladder needing clean intermittent catheterization at home was conducted at a pediatric outpatient department of a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro City. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews of 12 family members, between January and July 2014. Data were examined using Bardin content analysis, resulting in three categories: organizing the environment and the child for the catheterization; preparing hands to perform the catheterization; and the technique performed by the family member. It was concluded that catheterization is performed according to the technique described in the literature, but certain family members perform some steps of the technique inappropriately. We suggest producing guidance protocols for family members to standardize conduct, and holding support groups for them.

La investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer la atención realizada por la familia al niño portador de vejiga neurogénica que necesita cateterismo vesical intermitente limpio en su residencia. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, realizado en una clínica pediátrica ambulatoria de un hospital universitario ubicado en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo con 12 familias a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, en el período de enero a julio de 2014. Para estudio de datos se utilizó el análisis de contenido de Bardin, dando lugar a tres categorías de análisis: La organización del ambiente y del niño al cateterismo; Preparación de las manos para la realización del cateterismo; La realización de la técnica por la familia. Se concluye que el cateterismo se realiza según la técnica descrita en la literatura, pero hay algunos miembros de la familia que realizan inadecuadamente algunos pasos de la técnica. Se sugiere la realización de protocolos de orientación a los familiares con vistas a uniformizar las conductas y grupos de apoyo a los mismos.

Paruresis / Paruresis

Paciente masculino de 36 años de edad, profesional universitario, casado en primeras nupcias, con dos hijos. Refiere dificultad para orinar en presencia de otras personas, “desde siempre”, pero actualmente le crea problemas, pues por el trabajo que ha desempeñado en los últimos 3 años tiene que viajar con relativa frecuencia. Plantea que es una persona sana, sin padecimientos psíquicos; maneja el estrés de forma satisfactoria y su situación económica la considera favorable. Previamente se estudió por urología. Se brinda información sobre la afección y se establece una estrategia de exposición in vivo, con la cooperación de la esposa y empleo de urinarios públicos para la práctica y exploración de avances. Luego de 6 meses de seguimiento y con discretos progresos, deja de asistir a consulta; regresa aproximadamente un año después, plantea que se siente mejor y la mayor parte de las veces logra efectuar la micción. Se espera a partir de la presentación de este caso, motivar a otros autores a estudiar y publicar sus hallazgos sobre esta afección en Cuba. Es la primera vez que en los años de práctica del autor como psiquiatra, un paciente le solicita ayuda por esta causa.

A 36 year-old male patient (college graduate, married his first wife, has two children) referred to always have difficulty at urinating in the presence of others, but currently this is a problem because he has to business travel quite often during in the last three years. He argues that he is healthy with no mental illnesses; he manages stress successfully and he considers having favorable economic situation. Previously he was studied at the urology service. Information about this condition is offered, and a strategy of in vivo exposure is established with the cooperation of his wife and using public urinals to practice and exploration progress. After 6 months follow-up and modest progress, he failed to attend consultation. He returned about a year later, he suggested that felt better and most of the time he achieved urination. It is expected, from the presentation of this case, to motivate others to study and publish their findings on this condition in Cuba. It is the first time a patient asks for support for this cause to this author in his years of practice as a psychiatrist.

Management of neurogenic bladder

No abstract available.

Continuous use of intermittent bladder catheterization - can social support contribute? / Continuidade do Cateterismo Vesical Intermitente: pode o suporte social contribuir? / Continuidad del cateterismo vesical intermitente - ¿El apoyo social puede contribuir?

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the factors affecting the adequate continuous use of intermittent catheterization and its relation with social support. METHOD: sectional, descriptive and correlational study involving 49 patients with neuropathic bladder caused by spinal cord injury. RESULTS: almost all (92%) participants continued the intermittent catheterization, but 46.9% made some changes in the technique. The complications (28.6% of the sample) were mainly infection and vesicolithiasis. There were high scores for social support in relation to people that were part of the patient's social support. CONCLUSION: All of them noticed great support from the family, but not from the society in general. The difficulties were related to the lack of equipment and inadequate infrastructure, leading to changes that increased urologic complications. .

OBJETIVO: investigar fatores que interferem na adequada continuidade do cateterismo intermitente e sua relação com suporte social. MÉTODO: estudo seccional, descritivo e correlacional, realizado entre 49 pacientes com bexiga neuropática, por lesão medular. RESULTADOS: quase todos (92%) deram continuidade ao cateterismo intermitente, mas 46,9% fizeram alguma modificação na técnica. As complicações (28,6% da amostra) consistiram principalmente em infecção e litíase vesical. O suporte social teve escores altos para quem compunha a rede social do paciente. CONCLUSÃO: todos percebiam ótimo suporte dos familiares, mas não da estrutura social em geral. Dificuldades foram relacionadas à falta de material e de infraestrutura adequada, induzindo modificações, favorecendo complicações urológicas. .

OBJETIVO: investigar factores que interfieren en la adecuada continuidad del cateterismo intermitente y su relación con el apoyo social. MÉTODO: estudio seccional, descriptivo y de correlación, realizado entre 49 pacientes con vejiga neurógena por lesión medular. RESULTADOS: casi todos (92%) dieron continuidad al cateterismo intermitente, sin embargo 46.9% hizo alguna modificación en la técnica. Las complicaciones (28,6% de la muestra) fueron principalmente infección y cálculos en la vejiga. El apoyo social tuvo puntajes altos para quien componía la red social del paciente. CONCLUSIÓN: todos percibían óptimo apoyo de los familiares, sin embargo no de la estructura social en general. Las dificultades fueron relacionadas a la falta de material y a la infraestructura inadecuada que induce modificaciones, favoreciendo complicaciones urológicas. .

Autocateterismo vesical intermitente na lesão medular / Clean intermittent self catheterization in spinal cord injury / Autocateterismo vesical intermitente en la lesión medular

O autocateterismo vesical intermitente-técnica limpa é uma técnica efetiva e segura para o tratamento e a prevenção das complicações vesico-urinárias decorrentes da lesão medular. Embora tenha sido descrita desde 1972, ainda existe resistência por parte dos profissionais de saúde em relação à sua utilização. Relataremos, no presente estudo, a metodologia utilizada no treinamento e na motivação dos pacientes para a utilização da técnica em um projeto de assistência de enfermagem clínica e voluntária, realizado em uma associação de caráter filantrópico, na cidade de Curitiba. Objetivamos divulgar a experiência adquirida a fim de que mais profissionais que atendem pessoas com lesão medular sejam motivados a indicar essa técnica.

The clean intermittent self catheterization is an effective and safe technique for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract disease that result from spinal cord injuries. Although it has been described as of 1972, there is still resistance from health professionals for its utilization. The present study presents a report about the method used for training and encouraging of the patients towards using the technique, in a project of clinical and voluntary nursing care, performed in at a philanthropic association in the city of Curitiba. Our objective was to disseminate the experience that was learnt, to encourage professionals who assist people with spinal cord injuries towards recommending this technique.

El Autocateterismo vesical intermitente - técnica limpia, es una técnica efectiva y segura para el tratamiento y la prevención de las complicaciones vésico-urinarias derivadas de lesión medular. A pesar de haber sido descripta ya en 1972, aún existe resistencia por parte de los profesionales de la salud para su utilización. Relataremos, en este estudio, la metodología utilizada para entrenamiento y motivación de pacientes para el uso de la técnica, en un proyecto de atención de enfermería clínica voluntaria, realizado en una asociación de carácter filantrópico en la ciudad de Curitiba. Objetivamos divulgar la experiencia adquirida, a fin de que más profesionales que atienden pacientes con lesión medular sean motivados a indicar esta técnica.

Hiperactividad neurogénica del detrusor refractaria a tratamiento conservador: experiencia con el uso de segmentos intestinales / Neurogenic detrusor over activity refractory to conservative treatment: experience using intestinal segments

A pesar de la gran variedad de terapias descritas para el manejo de hiperactividad neurogénica del detrusor (HND), existe un número importante de pacientes que no logran mejoría con alternativas conservadoras. En ellos, bajar la presión y disminuir el porcentaje de daño renal mediante ampliación vesical con segmentos intestinales detubulizados, es una alternativa vigente. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con HND refractaria a tratamiento conservador, que fueron tratados en forma quirúrgica con técnicas que utilizan segmentos intestinales, su evolución a través del tiempo y sus principales complicaciones. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron fichas clínicas de 75 pacientes con diagnóstico de HND, operadas de enterocistoplastia entre 1988 y 2009. Se analizan: causa de daño neurológico, segmentos intestinales usados, técnica quirúrgica, necesidad de ostomía continente y complicaciones. Resultados: La serie estudiada está compuesta por 46 (61,33 por ciento) varones y 29 (38,67 por ciento) mujeres, con edad promedio 32,2 años (2,75 a 68 años). Las principales causas de daño neurológico fueron traumatismo raquimedular en 37 pacientes (49,43 por ciento) y mielomeningocele en 15 pacientes (20 por ciento). En total se realizaron 81 cirugías con uso de intestino: 6 corresponden a reintervenciones (3 ampliaciones con cierre de cuello y ostomía y 3 ostomías). De las 75 cirugías primarias se realizaron73 (97,33 por ciento) enterocistoplastias de aumento (en el 40 por ciento de los casos asociado a una ostomía continente), 1 cirugía de solamente ostomía continente y 1 reservorio. El segmento intestinal más utilizado para ampliación fue sigmoides; en los casos de ampliación y ostomía se prefirió ciego-íleon. La tendencia en los últimos 15 pacientes, es realizar la ostomía con técnica de Yang- Monti con colon o con doble segmento de íleon. El 30 por ciento de los pacientes requirió algún tipo de revisión quirúrgica en el...

Despite the wide variety of therapies described for the management of neurogenic detrusor over activity (NDH), a significant number of patients fail to improve with conservative treatment. In them, lowering pressure and decreasing the percentage of kidney damage by bladder augmentation with intestinal segments is a valid alternative. Objective: To describe the experience in the management of patients with NDH refractory to conservative treatment that were treated surgically with techniques using intestinal segments, their evolution over time and common complications. Materials and methods: We reviewed medical records of 75 patients with NDH with enterocystoplasty surgery between 1988 and 2009. We assessed: cause of neurological damage, intestinal segments used, surgical technique, need for continent ostomy and complications. Results: The studied group consists of 46 (61.33 percent) males and 29 (38.67 percent) females, mean age 32.2 years (2.75 to 68). The main causes of neurological damage were spinal cord injury in 37 patients (49.43 percent) and myelomeningocele in 15 patients (20 percent). A total of 81 surgeries using bowel were performed: 6 correspond to re-intervention (3 extensions with neck closure and ostomy; and 3 ostomies). Of the 75 primary surgeries, 73 (97.33 percent) were enlargement enterocystoplasty (in 40 percent of cases associated with a continent ostomy), 1 contienent ostomy surgery alone and 1 reservoir. The most widely used bowel segment for enlargement was sigmoid, in cases of expansion and ostomy a cecum-ileum segment was preferred. The trend in the last 15 patients was to perform an ostomy with Yang-Monti technique using colon or ileal double segment. On follow up over 5 years, 30 percent of the patients required some type of surgical revision and their main indications were incontinence, impaired opening of the bladder neck, urethral lithiasis and stenosis. Continence was good in 90.67 percent and 5.33 percent average...

[Neurologic bladder in patients with spinal cord injury. Protocol of surveillance and managment]

Bladder dysfunction is constant in patients with spinal cord injury and this whatever is the injury level. They are characterized by a variable profile and changing in the course of the years. They constitute not only, an important cause of morbidity in this population but also mortality. The aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of the diagnosis and to study the bladder behaviour while clarifying the evolution of this type of bladder and to present a protocol of management of a neurogenic bladder. Retrospective study. 2 assessments in 6 months of interval were realized. The bladder evaluation consisted in a biological assessment, a urinary ultasound, a cystography and urodynamic investigations. The managment is initially realized there to hospital. Our study contains 62 persons with spinal cord injury of average age of 32, 4 years with post traumatic period average is of 41, 47 months. The various evaluations allowed us to conclude that there is a significant change of the neurological status as well as the urinary biological values with significant deterioration of the various ultrasound, cystography and urodynamic data. The diagnosis and the management of the neurological bladders of persons with spinal cord injury have to be besides the other deficiencies that these patients as well as neurological, orthopaedic, and cutaneous devices, because this is going to allow to improve their quality as well as their life expectation. Our results underline the importance and the necessity to establish a protocol of neurogenic bladder control rigorous and codified which remains to adapt according to every patient. This protocol is sometimes difficult to apply given the fact of the misunderstanding of this type of deficiency

Acceptance and compliance of clean intermittent catheterization among Saudi patients

To determine the applicability, acceptance, and compliance of the option of clean intermittent catheterization [CIC] when needed by patients in our society. We retrospectively reviewed the files of all patients for whom CIC was conducted at King Khalid University Hospital and Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between 1998, and 2006. We considered primary pathology, indication of CIC, age at CIC initiation, and who administered the CIC. We also documented the acceptance and compliance levels of the procedure by the patient over time. We included 280 patients, of which 118 [42%] were female and 162 [58%] were male in this study. The main pathology was myelodysplasia in 196 [70%] patients, posterior urethral valve in 52 [18.6%] patients, and non-neuropathic bladder sphincter dysfunction in 32 [11.4%] patients. The mean age was 6.49 +/- 4.25 years. Two hundred and fifty-seven [91.7%] families and their children accepted the idea of CIC, and 248 [88.6%] continued with the CIC program. Mothers were responsible for carrying out the procedure in 204 [72.9%] patients. However, in 76 [27.1%] cases, the patient was doing the procedure independently and the average age for a child to master the technique was 8 years. During the last 3 years, an urotherapist took over the educational services and performed outpatient education instead of our previous inpatient education. Clean intermittent catheterization is an appropriate method of treatment for our group of patients. They showed excellent acceptance of and compliance with the procedure, however, we suggest that for complete success, proper education, teaching, and follow-up should be conducted