A relação entre arte e vida em vigotski: uma análise conceitual / The relationship between art and life in vygotsky: a conceptual analysis / La relación entre arte y vida en vigotski: un análisis conceptual

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre arte e vida segundo Vigotski. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise conceitual dos capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 e 11 da Psicologia da Arte, do capítulo 13 da Psicologia Pedagógica e do texto O significado histórico da crise da Psicologia: Uma investigação metodológica. A pesquisa conceitual consiste na análise semântica dos principais conceitos de uma teoria com o intuito de elucidar seus sentidos ocultos ou confusos e desvendar possíveis contradições e ambiguidades no quadro teórico. Podemos observar que a arte é um fenômeno dialético tanto em sua criação como em seus efeitos. A influência da vida, isto é, da realidade sócio-histórica, na criação artística é indireta, pois ela é sempre mediada pelo psiquismo particular do artista. Já o efeito da arte sobre a vida possibilita que o ser humano se conscientize de sua realidade social e se engaje para mudá-la. A arte é, portanto, transformadora, pois reorganiza o psiquismo e possibilita uma mudança nas condições materiais dos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between art and life according to Vygotsky. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of chapters 1, 7, 9, 10, and 11 of Psychology of Art, chapter 13 of Educational Psychology and the text The Historical meaning of the Crisis of Psychology: A Methodological Investigation was carried out. Conceptual research consists of the semantic analysis of the main concepts of a theory to elucidate its hidden or confused meanings and to reveal possible contradictions and ambiguities in the theoretical framework. Results show that art is a dialectical phenomenon both in its creation and its effects. The influence of life, that is, of socio-historical reality, on artistic creation is indirect since it is always mediated by the artist's particular psyche. The effect of art on life, on the other hand, allows human beings to become aware of their social reality and engage to change it. Art is, therefore, transformative, as it reorganizes the psyche and enables a change in the material conditions of human beings.(AU)

Este proyecto tuve como objetivo analizar la relación entre el arte y la vida, según Vigotski. Para esto, fue realizado un análisis de los capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 y 11 de Psicología del arte, del capítulo 13 de Psicología Pedagógica y del texto Él significado histórico de la crisis de la Psicología: una investigación metodológica. La pesquisa conceptual consiste en la analice semántica de los conceptos de una teoría, para aclarar sus significados ocultos o confusos y desvendar contradicciones y ambigüedades em el cuadro teórico. Pudimos observar que, el arte es un fenómeno dialéctico en su creación tanto como en sus efectos. La influencia de la vida, esto es, de la realidad socio-histórica, en la creación artística es indirecta, pues es mediada por el psiquismo particular de lo artista. Así, el efecto del arte sobre la vida habilita que lo ser humano adquiera conciencia de su realidad social y que se comprometa a cambiarla. El arte, consiguientemente, transformadora, pues reorganiza lo psiquismo y habilita un cambio en las condiciones materiales de los seres humanos.(AU)

Arte e catarse para Vigotski em Psicologia da Arte / Art and catharsis for Vigotski in Psychology of Art / Arte y catarsis para Vigotski en Psicología del Arte

Este artigo, de cunho teórico, pretende refletir sobre a concepção de arte apresentada pelo psicólogo russo Lev Semionovich Vigotski na obra Psicologia da Arte. O estudo destaca a importância da arte como mediação para a expressão e reelaboração emocional humana, por meio da reação estética expressa pela catarse na apreciação artística. A partir das contribuições de Vigotski, enfatiza-se o potencial criativo e transformador do homem sobre a obra de arte, propiciando a ressignificação humana em seu contexto cultural e histórico. Nesse sentido, ressalta-se o papel da arte e da vivência artística enquanto instrumentos essenciais à sociedade moderna para a reconexão com os aspectos sensíveis e subjetivos que integram a psique humana

This theoretical article intends to reflect on the conception of art presented by the Russian psychologist Lev Semionovich Vigotski in the work Psychology of Art. The study highlights the importance of art as mediation for human emotional expression and reprocessing, through the aesthetic reaction expressed by catharsis in artistic appreciation. From the contributions of Vygotsky, the creative and transformative potential of man on the work of art is emphasized, favoring human resignification in its cultural and historical context. In this sense, the role of art and artistic experience as essential instruments to modern society is emphasized for the reconnection with the sensitive and subjective aspects that integrate the human psyche

Este artículo, de cuño teórico, pretende reflexionar sobre la concepción de arte presentada por el psicólogo ruso Lev Semionovich Vigotski en la obra Psicología del Arte. El estudio destaca la importancia del arte como mediación para la expresión y reelaboración emocional humana, por medio de la reacción estética expresada por la catarsis en la apreciación artística. A partir de las contribuciones de Vigotski, se enfatiza el potencial creativo y transformador del hombre sobre la obra de arte, propiciando la resignificación humana en su contexto cultural e histórico. En ese sentido, se resalta el papel del arte y de la vivencia artística como instrumentos esenciales a la sociedad moderna para la reconexión con los aspectos sensibles y subjetivos que integran la psique humana

A transferência como meio de tratamento do outro e recurso de contenção à passagem ao ato na psicose / The transference as a way to treat the other and means of holding back the passage to the act in psychosis / La transferencia como medio de tratamiento del otro y como recurso de contención del pasaje al acto en la psicosis

Este artigo se propõe a investigar, com base no estudo de um caso clínico, de que modo a manobra da transferência na psicose nos permite apostar em sua eficácia como meio de tratamento do Outro e recurso de contenção à passagem ao ato nessa estrutura. Orientados pela leitura lacaniana, constatamos que, na psicose, o simbólico não opera na negativação do gozo, o que faz com que este retorne sobre o psicótico de forma maciça na figura de um Outro ameaçador. Consequentemente, a passagem ao ato nessa estrutura se configura como uma tentativa de extrair o excesso de gozo no campo do Outro. Diante dessa observação, a manobra da transferência seguiu como orientação o tratamento do Outro para fazer barreira ao transbordamento da pulsão, ou seja, uma modalidade de trabalho que buscou regular o gozo do Outro mediante estratégias criadas pelo que se mostrou possível na particularidade do caso.

The aim of this article is to investigate, based on a clinical case, the way the transference maneuver in psychosis allows us to rely on its efficacy as a way to treat the Other and means to hold back the passage to the act in this structure. Oriented by the reading of Lacan’s writing, we determined that in psychosis the symbolic does not operate in the negativity of the pleasure, which makes it returns over the psychotic subject in a fierce way as a frightening figure of the Other. Consequently, the passage to the act in this structure is pictured as an attempt to withdraw the excess of enjoyment from the Other’s field. In face of this observation, the transference maneuver took as guideline the treatment of the Other to block the overflow of the pulsion; in other words, a work modality that meant to regulate the enjoyment of the Other through strategies created by what was possible in this case.

Este artículo propone investigar, a partir del estudio de un caso clínico, de qué manera la transferencia en la psicosis nos permite apostar en su eficacia como medio de tratamiento del Otro, y como recurso de contención de pasar al acto en esa estructura. Guiados por la lectura Lacaniana, vimos que en la psicosis lo simbólico no opera en la negativización del goce, lo que hace que este vuelva sobre el psicótico de forma masiva en la figura de un Otro amenazador. Consecuentemente, el pasaje al acto en esa estructura se configura como una tentativa de extraer el exceso de goce en el campo del Otro. Frente a esa observación, la maniobra de transferencia continuó como orientación en el tratamiento del Otro para levantar una barrera en el transbordo de la pulsión, o sea, una modalidad de trabajo que buscó regular el goce del Otro a través de las estrategias creadas, como fue posible observar en la particularidad del caso.

Práxis política no MST: uma leitura a partir de Vigotski e Gramsci / Political praxis in MST: contributions from Vigotski and Gramsci / Praxis política en el MST: contribuciones de Vigotski y Gramsci

O artigo¹ objetiva contribuir com o campo de estudos da participação política desde uma perspectiva materialista dialética, mais especificamente, tendo como referência a psicologia vigotskiana e o pensamento gramsciano. As categorias para o desenvolvimento da proposta são: práxis política, drama e catarse. O texto baseia‑se em uma pesquisa de mestrado realizada no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Dialoga com a construção teórica o corpus empírico produzido a partir de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com quatro militantes do movimento. A análise do corpus aponta para o entendimento da práxis política como uma forma específica de participação política, um processo complexo que articula diferentes esferas sociais e subjetivas. O envolvimento com o movimento social é interpretado como um processo de catarse, no qual ocorre uma reorganização do drama subjetivo dos sujeitos, em seus aspectos cognitivos, afetivos e volitivos.

The article aims to contribute to the political participation field of study from a materialist dialectical perspective, more specifically, with reference to the Vigotskian psychology and the Gramscian thought. The categories for the development of the proposal are: political praxis, drama and catharsis. The text is based on a research conducted with the “Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra” (MST) in Ribeirão Preto (SP). The theoretical construct dialogues with the empirical corpus created from semi­structured individual interviews with four (4) militants of the social movement. The corpus analysis argues that the political praxis is understood as a specific form of political participation, a complex process that articulates different social and subjective dimensions. The involvement with the social movement is interpreted as a cathartic process in which there is a reorganization of the subjective drama of the subjects, in their cognitive, affective and volitional aspects.

El artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir al campo de estudio de la participación política desde una perspectiva materialista dialéctica, más concretamente, sobre la base de la psicología de Vigotski y el pensamiento gramsciano. Las categorías para el desarrollo de la propuesta son: la praxis política, el drama y la catarsis. El texto se basa en una investigación realizada con el “Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra” (MST) in Ribeirão Preto (SP). Los constructos teóricos dialogan con el corpus empírico creado a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales con cuatro (4) militantes del movimiento social. El análisis de corpus sostiene la práxis política como una forma específica de participación política, un proceso complejo que articula diferentes dimensiones sociales y subjetivas. La participación en el movimiento social se interpreta como un proceso catártico en el que hay una reorganización del drama subjetiva de los sujetos, en sus aspectos cognitivos, afectivos y volitivos.

Freud, Breuer y aristóteles: catarsis y el descubrimiento del edipo / Freud, Breuer and aristotle: catharsis and the discovery of oedipus

Psychoanalysis was originated from the cathartic method first practiced by Breuer and then by Freud. There are no hard data that can explain why Freud took so long in using it and why he associated it regularly with hypnosis rather than apply as the exclusive psychotherapeutic tool. It is argued that its creation was closely related to the concept of catharsis, as Aristotle understood it, that is to say, as the emotions that the audience discharge when attend a tragedy. The friendship and partnership between Breuer and Freud ended in a bitter breakup, delaying Freud's intellectual development. It is postulated that the breakdown was the result of an unresolved Oedipus complex of Freud in relation to an ambivalent father figure: a persecutory, tyrannical, angry one, that represented Breuer, and a good, sublimated, idealized one, that personified Freud's close friend Wilhelm FlieB.

El psicoanálisis nació a partir del método catártico practicado primero por Breuer y luego por Freud. No se tienen datos para saber porqué Freud demoró tanto tiempo en utilizarlo y también se desconoce porqué lo asoció regularmente a la hipnosis en lugar de aplicarlo como psicoterapia única. Se plantea que su creación estuvo estrechamente vinculada al concepto de catarsis desarrollada por Aristóteles, es decir, la descarga de emociones que los espectadores experimentan cuando acuden a presenciar una tragedia. La amistad y el trabajo conjunto entre Breuer y Freud terminaron en una áspera ruptura, la que retrasó el desarrollo intelectual de Freud. Se postula que el quiebre fue producto de un complejo de Edipo no resuelto de Freud en relación a una figura de padre escindida entre un objeto interno persecutorio, tiránico, rabioso que proyectó en Breuer, y otro bueno, sublimado, idealizado que desplazó en la persona de su amigo íntimo Wilhelm FlieB.

As representações sociais de violência dos usuários de jogos eletrônicos / The social representations of violence by electronic games users

O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar as representações sociais em relação à violência contida nos jogos eletrônicos e, especificamente, verificar se os participantes estabelecem conexões entre a violência contida nos jogos eletrônicos e comportamentos violentos. Foi utilizada a teoria das representações sociais como alicerce teórico, a qual aponta a forma em que os sujeitos de um determinado grupo constituem teorias do senso comum, as quais são construídas e compartilhadas socialmente, permitindo justificar ações e posicionamentos diante de objetos de interesse coletivo. Foram entrevistados vinte usuários de jogos eletrônicos, maiores de idade, sendo dezenove do sexo masculino. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo do tipo categorial-temática de Bardin. Os resultados das categorias e subcategorias apontaram para temas como a diversão, aprendizagem do idioma inglês e catarse. A violência, elemento camuflado na fala dos usuários, não foi considerada uma influência na prática dos jogadores, revelando contradições nos discursos.

The following study had as its general objective the investigation of social representations in accordance to the violence contained in electronic games and, specifically, to verify if the participants establish links between the violence contained in electronic games and violent behavior. The social representations theory as a theoretical basis was used, which shows the way in which individuals of a particular group constitute theories as common sense, which are socially constructed and shared, allowing one to justify actions and positions before objects of collective interest. Twenty users of electronic games, of legal age, nineteen being of male sex, were interviewed. The Bardin thematic-categorical type analyses of content was used. The results of the categories and subcategories indicated themes such as entertainment, learning the English language and catharsis. Violence, a concealed element in the speech of users, was not considered as an influence on the players, thus revealing contradictions in discour

Psicanálise e estética da recepção: desacordos e entrecruzamentos / Psychoanalysis and Aesthetics Reception: disagreements and crosslinkings

Este trabalho visa discutir entrecruzamentos e dessemelhanças entre a teoria da recepção estética da escola de Jauss, Iser e colaboradores, e a psicanálise freudiana. Os teóricos da recepção estética leram Freud, o que não significa dizer que compreenderam suas posições com relação à leitura da obra de arte. Assim, o ensaio almeja sistematizar algumas das vicissitudes desta relação...

This paper aims to discuss certain intersections and discrepancies between the theories of aesthetic reception, as we can see in Jauss and Iser writings, and Freudian psychoanalysis. As we know, the theorists of the aesthetic reception read Freud, but that doesn't mean that the authors have well understood their positions related to the reading action of the artwork. Thus, this work intends to describe some of this relationship features...

[Impacts of emotional catharsis by writing on depression in multiple sclerosis patients]

Multiple sclerosis [MS] is an acquired chronic neurological disease whose prevalence is more in some areas of Iran. Of its significant features are that most patients are young adults and also it's disabling nature. Psychiatric disorders such as depression are seen in MS patients considerably. Expression of emotions or emotional Catharsis by writing is one of the cost-effective self-helping methods whose efficacy has been studied on mental and physical health and survival in chronic patients. This method has not been studied on MS patients yet. This research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of Journaling on depression in MS patients. This study has been done in ''Interventional and Quazi experiment'' before and after method, on patients with [MS] coming to MS ASSOSIATION, in TEHRAN, IRAN within [2010]. After getting patients' written consents, candidates were asked to complete first DASS-21 questionnaire and then write negative feelings and emotions about a traumatic event, 30 minutes a day for four continuous weeks. After 1 month they were asked to complete another DASS-21 questionnaire. Finally Data of questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS version 16. Depression score are higher than normal in MS patients. Mean of depression score of intervention group was significantly better than before Journaling [P=0.008]. Journaling efficacy was not dependent on sex and patients age. Journaling and writing emotional expression is effective on depression score in patients with MS

A bela morte / The beautiful death

É com uma realidade encoberta, com o pudor e com a vergonha que se articula a visão do corpo do morto; a problemática do fantasma ligado ao morto. Se a sexualidade parece-nos, atualmente, menos velada do que na época clássica, a morte, por sua vez, tornou-se tabu e deslocou-se para a esfera privada, para o território da intimidade psicológica, o que Phillipe Ariès denomina a morte tornada selvagem. Na descrição que Flaubert faz do falecimento de Ema, em Madame Bovary, as imagens da morte e da decomposição do corpo morto mantêm vivas uma iconografia recalcada, aureolada. O processo de censura contra o livro é emblemático da repressão da sociedade sobre a representação da morte.

It is in the hidden visibility, in the modesty and in the shame that the issue of viewing the body of the dead takes shape, going towards the phantasmal aspect (aspect of fantasy) linked to the dead. If sexuality seems less veiled as compared to the classical era, death in itself has become a taboo and withdraws itself into the private sphere, into a psychological intimacy, what Ariès calls the barbarization of death. Concerning Flaubert, writing about the death of Emma Bovary, the imagery of the body's decomposition and of death creates a repressed, halo-ed imagery. The censor process against Madame Bovary is, in this respect, symbolic of society's repression of the representation of death.

Sobre o legado de Breuer e Anna O / On the legacy of Breuer and Anna O

Este artigo parte da investigação do laço de trabalho entre Freud e Breuer em torno do caso de Anna O. para se perguntar sobre o legado de Breuer, que situamos em duas modalidades: uma vertente técnica, representada pelos procedimentos do método catártico; outra, dos resultados, caracterizada pelo produto da aplicação dessa técnica. A respeito dos resultados, destacamos o interesse maior de Freud por indicações fragmentadas e laterais que emergem do relato de Breuer do que por sua teorização. Nessa transmissão, equívocos, lacunas e lapsos são de extrema importância. Freud, ao seu turno, não só foi capaz de escutar essas indicações, como também de acolhê-las e elaborá-las a partir de sua práxis.

This paper investigates the association between Breuer and Freud around the treatment of Anna O. We situate Breuer's legacy in two modalities: a technical modality, represented by the cathartic method's procedures, and a result's modality, characterized by the product of the application of this technique. Regarding the results, we underline a more intensive interest of Freud for fragmented and lateral indications that emerge from Breuer's text rather than for Breuer's theorization itself. In this transmission, mistakes, gaps and lapses are extremely important. Freud, for his part, was not only able to hear these statements, but also to accept them and elaborate them in his practice.

Aplicaciones del psicodrama en la psicoterapia actual / Applications of psychodrama on today's psychotherapy

Introducción: El psicodrama en el pasado tuvo buena acogida entre psicoterapeutas y psiquiatras clínicos, pero su uso se ha restringido, debido en parte a conceptos erróneos que los mismos clínicos tienen sobre éste (“es costoso”, “exige mucho tiempo y recursos”, “requiere un teatro para realizarse”, “no es útil en personas con trastornos psicóticos”, etc.). Objetivo: Mostrar que el psicodrama es válido, aplicable y útil en un amplio rango de situaciones clínicas, con base en la literatura existente acerca de psicodrama y sus usos clínicos, así como en una serie de casos en los que se han usado con éxito técnicas psicodramáticas en el contexto de un proceso psicoterapéutico. Métodos: Búsqueda en Pubmed de artículos relacionados con el tema, además de una revisión narrativa de textos de psicoterapia con énfasis en psicoterapia psicodramática, técnica psicoterapéutica y catarsis. Resultados: Este artículo es una revisión de las técnicas psicodramáticas y su utilidad en psicoterapia y una presentación de casos clínicos reales en los que dichas técnicas han contribuido al bienestar de los pacientes y al desarrollo del proceso psicoterapéutico. Conclusiones: El psicodrama y sus técnicas están vigentes y son útiles en varios contextos clínicos y psicoterapéuticos.

Introduction: In the past years, Psychodrama was widely accepted by psychotherapists and psychiatrists. But its use has been restricted, partly because misconceptions that they have of it (“It’s expensive”, “it takes time and resources”, “it requires a theater to be done”, “it isn’t useful in people with psychotic disorders”, etc.). Aim: Based on existing literature about psychodrama and its clinical applications, as well as a number of cases in which psychodrama techniques have been successfully used in the context of a psychotherapeutic process, the aim of this study is to show that psychodrama is a valid, applicable and useful technique in a wide range of clinical situations. Methods: Articles in connection with the study were sought in PubMed, as well as a narrative review of psychotherapy texts emphasizing psychodramatic psychotherapy, psychotherapeutic techniques and catharsis. Results: This article is a review of psychodramatic techniques and how useful they may be in psychotherapy, together with a presentation of actual clinical cases in which such techniques have contributed to the patients’ wellbeing and the development of the psychotherapeutic process. Conclusions: Psychodrama and its techniques are valid and useful tools in various clinical and psychotherapeutic contexts.

A identificação com a personagem no role-playing game / Identification with the character in the role-playing game

O trabalho apresenta uma leitura psicanalítica dos processos identificatórios no jogo de interpretação de papéis (role-playing game). Pela vivência de imersão no ambiente estudado, as autoras buscaram uma proximidade com o tema em estudo. Os depoimentos recolhidos junto a participantes desse jogo conduziram a uma delimitação do conceito de identificação com a personagem como o fio condutor para a análise dos dados da pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que o fascínio exercido pelo jogo de interpretação de papéis está relacionado a dois aspectos: o efeito catártico sobre as emoções e a possibilidade de ser outra pessoa durante o tempo de duração do jogo

Effects of Interpersonal Group Therapy for Adolescents with Behavioral Problems / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Fast change and confusion of the value system in society affect the identity formation of adolescents. So Adolescents' behavioral problems seem to be increasing yearly. It is known that the interpersonal group therapy is the most effective treatment modality among many group programs for adolescents with behavioral problems. Objectives of this study are as follows; first, evaluate therapeutic effects of the interpersonal group therapy for adolescents with behavioral problems second, examine the therapeutic factors; third, analyze the group process; fourth, orgamize the group therapy for adolescents with behavioral problems as an applicable treatment modality. The types of group therapy performed in this study are small, closed, homogeneous, outpatient, time limited, and adolescent group. METHODS: This study was carried out at one of the adolescents mental health services in Uiwang Mental Health Center, from April to June and from September to November in 2000. The subjects were 2nd grade students in K middle school with behavioral proplems. The experimental groups were composed of 4 groups including 2 male groups and 2 female groups (male 11, female 17), and the control groups matched the same conditions as the experimental groups (male 10, female 19). The group therapy was performed weekly in CA (club activity) time, and it took 60-70 minutes at one time. They met total 10 sessions including preparatory meeting and termination meeting. Before and after this program, self-rating scales (behavioral problems, aggression, and impulsivity) were applied for subjects, and the teacher rating scales (behavioral problems, aggression and impulsivity) were performed by teachers in charge. After each session, Yalom's 13 therapeutic factors scale was performed. At the last meeting, total assessment questionnaire was completed. RESULTS: The mean scores of all self-rating scales (behavioral problem, aggression, and impulsivity) were lower in the experimental groups (both male and female group) than the control groups, but not significant statistically except the behavioral problem scale of female students. The mean scores of all teacher rating scales (behavioral problem, aggression, and impulsivity) were lower in the experimental groups (both male and female group) in comparison with the control groups, all significant statistically. As faras the therapeutic factors are concerned; first, the mean scores of all therapeutic factors in female students were higher than in male students and the mean scores of all therapeutic factors in the later half sessions were higher than the former half sessions; second, catharsis and existential factor were high in all students and sessions; third, identification with therapist factor was high in all students and sessions; fourth, during the later half sessions, interpersonal input was relatively high in male students and socializing technique was relatively high in female students. Its for the total assessment questionnaires; 100% of male students and 88.2% of female students reported that they were helped by this group therapy; 100% of male students and 82.4% of female students reported that they would participate willingly if future opportunity of the same group therapy is given for them. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with behavioral problems who participated in this study showed the decrease of behavioral problems and the change of aggressive and impulsive attitudes in comparison with the control groups although they had some differences between male and female students. The group therapy with adolescents would be practiced more broadly and extensively though there are several accompanied problems including the difficulty of structuring, the deficit of motivation, and financial problem.

Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy with Outpatients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Recently, the outpatient group psychotherapy has been changed from traditional long-term therapy to short-term or time-limited therapy. The termination time and session numbers are given from start line in the time-limited therapy while 10 to 40 sessions are needed in the short-term therapy. And therapist and patients come to an agreement of the accomplishable therapeutic goal and work together actively. The time-limited group psychotherapy is being accepted newly as an efficient therapeutic modality because effective therapeutic outcomes within given time have been reported. The objectives of this study are as follows; firstly, we examine the therapeutic outcomes and the therapeutic factors after performing the time-limited group psychotherapy for outpatients in the psychiatric clinic; secondly, we analyze the characteristics showed in the process of study; lastly, we verify the feasibility and the validity of this group psychotherapy and then establish the basis of the effective outpatient therapy that would be settled down as an applicable treatment modality economically and efficiently in the current medical environment of Korea. METHODS: This study was performed weekly in total 12 sessions from July 1999, April 2000 to and each session took 70-80 minutes. The experimental group were composed of the highly-functioning psychotic patients among outpatients in the psychiatric clinic. The control group were composed of the similar patients through one-to-one matching of age, sex, diagnosis, and duration of illness. The participants were 8 patients each. BDI(Beck Depression Inventory), STAI(Spielbergs State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), and EDMT(Ewha Defence Mechanism Test) as the evaluation scales were performed before and after treatment. And 13-therapeutic factors scale was performed just after each session and the self-report total assessment questionnaire was performed only in experimental group at the end of this study. RESULTS: The mean score of BDI was decreased significantly in experimental group in comparison with control group. The mean score of STAI-S was not changed significantly in both group, and the mean score of STAI-T was decreased in experimental group in comparison with control group. The mean score of MMPI was decreased significantly in experimental group in comparison with control group, but the comparison of difference scores(post-treatment score - pre-treatment score) between the experimental and control group was not decreased significantly. This result may come from psychopharmacotherapy and individual supportive psychotherapy given equally to both group. The mean scores of immature defence and neurotic defence in EDMT were decreased significantly in experimental group compared with control group. Comparing the therapeutic factors to divide into the first, middle, and the last stage, existential factor was ranked first, and catharsis, identification with therapist, universality, and group cohesiveness were ranked high in all stages. Interpersonal learning was ranked first in the last stage although being ranked low in the first and middle stage. The total assessment questionnaires about group psychotherapy were reported that 100% of participants were helped, 75% of participants were changed in their lives, and 75% of participants had minds to join this kind of program again if given for them. CONCLUSIONS: This result shows that not only symptom relief but also personality change was achieved when the time-limited group psychotherapy was practiced in addition to simple psychophamarcotherapy and individual supportive psychotherapy for outpatients. The degree of satisfaction for group psychotherapy of participants were evaluated highly. Group psychotherapy has been accepted in public as a therapeutic modality that must be as equally effective as psychotherapy although group psychotherapy derives from individual psychotherapy. In our current medical environment that has been changed suddenly by the separation of medical practice and pharmaceutical dispensing and the decrease of medical fee, group psychotherapy or time-limited therapy would be settled down as low-expense and high-efficiency therapeutic modalities that were as equally effective as individual psychotherapy or long-term therapy.

Group Psychotherapy with Adolescents / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Group psychotherapy is more economic than individual psychotherapy and effective to adolescents especially. Group psychotherapy with adolescents will be used widely when adolescents problems are becoming more important so that government focuses on them. This article aims for the readers to understand group psychotherapy easily. METHODS: This article is based on reviewing lots of articles related to adolescent group psychotherapy published at home and abroad and our researches and practical experiences in regard with inpatient and outpatient group with adolescents for a long time. This article is described in order of history, theory, model, development stage, and therapeutic factor. RESULTS: Theories of group psychotherapy have been affected by about 200 psychotherapy theories. Among a lot of theories, psychoanalytic theory and cognitive-behavioral theory have been accepted as a perennial effective therapeutic modality. In Korea, structuralized cognitive-behavioral group therapy is currently pervaded in Youth Counselling Center or General Social Welfare Center. But because that is generally consist of skill training and problem solving centered approach, it is difficult to achieve therapeutic goal of ultimate behavioral change in basis of genetic insight. On the contrary, it is known that psychoanalytic group therapy has more benefit to raise adolescent universal value, group norms, group rules, confidentiality, and community consciousness for adolescents. and that group therapy provides adolescents with more secure and caring conditions. Here and now, adolescent group therapists apply wide theories and various techniques with flexible attitudes to go together with unapproachable adolescents. Models of group psychotherapy have various mode related to age, disorders, functional level, developmental level, clinical environment, structural modalities, and intervention goal. Developmental stages of the group psychotherapy consist of formal stage, conflictual stage, normal stage, and performing stage. And then those are divided with the first stage, middle stage, and the last stage in an adolescent group. Therapeutic factors of an adolescent group are as follows. Interpersonal learning, catharsis, existential factor, and group cohesiveness are highly evaluated in an encounter group and a long-term group for personality change. And catharsis, universality, identification, and group cohesiveness are highly evaluated in a short-term group. To handle the adolescent group, therapist capability is very critical. Special knowledge, technique, and endurance are needed for the group therapist to lead an adolescent group. Even though some therapist lead the adult group for a long time, they have to get special training and supervision to lead the adolescent group. CONCLUSIONS: Group psychotherapy has been formally accepted as one of therapeutic modalities that must be as equally effective as individual psychotherapy even if it derives from individual psychotherapy. Adolescent group psychotherapy is currently accepted as one of the most important therapeutic modalities although it is not highlighted as same as adult group psychotherapy. Group therapy is the most desirable therapeutic method for adolescents because they go through a transitional critical time for change and they are especially affected by peer group.

Training Group with Mental Health Professionals / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Training group with mental health professionals includes didactic process, experience as a member(patient) and a leader(therapist). It is divided into four parts as like 1) lecture, case conference, book reading and seminar about theory and practice, 2) observation, 3) training group(including workshop), and 4) supervision. Among them, the training group and the supervision have been accepted as the most effective methods. Authors have developed and practiced the training group model for mental health professionals including psychiatric residents which aim for the activation of group psychotherapy in mental health area, psychiatrists' initiative in group psychotherapy area, and the training and nurturing of qualified mental health professionals. The objectives of this study are as follows;firstly, we examine the change of defense mechanism and ego function after performing group psychotherapy for mental health professionals;secondly, we analyze the therapeutic factors reported that participants were helped;thirdly, we analyze main features which include group content and process manifested in training group:lastly, we have objectives that the training group is settled down as an effective educational method to foster the personal growth and qualification as a specialist, and also that this study provides a basic research data to set up the training program and the requirements for group psychotherapy. METHODS: This study was performed 5 times from 1997 to 2000. The participants were composed of 37 mental health professionals including psychiatric residents. Among them, 29 participants(male 2, female 27) were chosen as the final subjects except 9 participants dropped out in the process of this study. At first, we take an application of pre-treatment/post-treatment experimental design to evaluate the personality change after performing the training group. EDMT(Ewha Defence Mechanism Test) and EC(Egogram Checklist), the objective questionnaires, were used as the evaluation scale. And 13-therapeutic factor scale and simple subjective questionnaires were performed just after each session and the self-report total assessment questionnaires were performed at the end of this study. RESULTS: To compare mean scores between pre-treatment and post-treatment in EDMT, the mature defense was increased significantly, the immature defense was decreased significantly, and the narcissistic defense and neurotic defense were not changed significantly. To compare mean scores between pre-treatment and post-treatment in EC, Nurturing Parent(NP), Adult(A) and Free Child(FC) were increased significantly. Therapeutic factors ranked highly were interpersonal learning, existential factor, Identification with therapist, catharsis, and socializing technique in order. The total assessment questionnaires reported that the 100% of participants were helped, the 48.3% of participants were changed in their lives, the 89.7% of participants would propose training group to others positively, and the 58.6% of participants had minds to join this kind of program if given again for them. CONCLUSIONS: This result showed that the defense mechanism and ego function of participants were changed. The training group experience makes participants reflect themselves, examine their conflicts and understand others. That also gives them chances of improving insight about group phenomena and understanding about therapeutic factors essential to the mental health professionals, having confidence on the group therapy by learning leadership and techniques, and improving understanding about the psychotherapy on the whole. Therefore, it is needed in the future that the training group would be widely adapted as an educational tool of psychotherapy and group psychotherapy for the mental health professionals as well as psychiatric residents in mental health area.

A influência de filmes violentos em comportamento agressivo de crianças e adolescentes / The influence of violent films on children's and adolescents' aggressive behavior

Teóricos da Aprendizagem Social salientam que as pessoas comportam-se de maneira similar a modelos que avaliam com alto status social ou de sucesso. Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar a influência de filmes violentos em comportamento agressivo tanto de crianças como de adolescentes. O experimento I estudou 360 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, em quatro grupos, um controle e três que tiveram seus comportamentos agressivos, medidos em jogo de futebol, após assistirem a filmes violentos, com e sem herói e näo violento. O experimento II registrou os comportamentos agressivos de 160 crianças, dos dois sexos, em jogo de futebol, antes e após assistirem a filme violento e näo violento. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento agressivo das crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino aumentou após assistirem a um filme violento, com herói, o mesmo näo ocorreu com as mulheres. Porém, quando a violência refletiu abuso físico, psicológico ou sexual houve um aumento significativo do comportamento agressivo em adolescentes dos dois sexos. Essa última variável, apesar dos correlatos positivos com comportamento antisocial precisa ser melhor investigada

Comunicación y medios catárticos en la consulta odontológica / Communication and cathartic means in the dental office

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de diseño no experimental con el propósito de disminuir los comportamientos agresivos y ansiosos en la consulta odontopediátrica. Para esto, se emplearon las actividades de dibujo e identificación del agresor para canalizar las manifestaciones de traumas reprimeidos (catarsis). Además, se diseñó un mural según las teorías del color, así como figuras, formas y símbolos universales para establecer una comunicación no verbal con el paciente. Se analizó una muestra de 50 niños entre 4 y 10 años de edad, procedentes de las clínicas de Pregrado de Odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. De esta muestra, 25 niños pertenecieron al grupo A (control) y 25 al grupo B (observación). El grupo A no realizó ninguna actividad, mientras que el grupo B tuvo contacto con el mural y realizó actividades de juego y dibujo. En el grupo B, la ansiedad y agresividad disminuyeron más que en el grupo A

Therapeutic Factors in the Long-Term Outpatient Group Psychotherapy with the Chronically Mentally Ill / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The long-term outpatient group psychotherapy with the chronically ill is an effective, expedient therapeutic modality that makes patients maintain medication and improve their symptoms, helps patients resolve emotional conflict, and corrects their maladaptive interpersonal relationship. Therefore, we performed weekly the semi-opened, heterogeneous, long-term(open-ended), outpatient group psychotherapy to be applicable effectively for the chronically ill. The objectives of this study are as follows; first, we introduce therapeutic principles and management methods of the group psychotherapy to be applicable in the clinical environment with the chronically ill; second, we examine the therapeutic factors in each group development stage which are helped by participants, and analyze the characteristics showed in the process of study; third, we verify the appropriateness and the validity of this group psychotherapy and then establish the base of the effective long-term outpatient therapy for the chronically ill that will be settled down as a applicable treatment modality economically and efficiently in the present medical environment of Korea. METHODS: This study was performed in the subject of the chronically ill who attended at the day care program of Community Mental Health Center in Hanam city from January 1998 to June 1999. The participants were 27 patients, but we dropped 7 patients who attended under 6 months because of long-term group. So the last subjects were 20 patients (12 males and 8 females) who attended for 18 months. The 13 therapeutic factors scale was filled out by participants just after each session and the self-report total assessment questionnaire was performed at the time of study-termination and patient-termiation. RESULTS: The ranks of 13 therapeutic factors scale are as follows: in the forming stage, the upper ranks of therapeutic factors were existential factor, guidance of therapists, instillation of hope, altruism, and catharsis in order. And in the storming stage, the upper ranks of therapeutic factors were existential factor, instillation of hope, guidance of therapists, catharsis, and group cohesiveness in order. Lastly in the norming stage, the upper ranks of therapeutic factors were existential factor, altruism, corrective recapitulation, interpersonal learning, and catharsis in order. According to the total assessment questionnaire about group psychotherapy reported by the participants 90% of them were helped, 80% of them had an idea to recommend this program to other patients actively, and 75% of them had an opinion to attend again this program if given for them. And they evaluated positively about the structure of this program and the therapist. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term outpatient group psychotherapy would be applicable effectively to the chronically ill as a economic, efficient therapeutic modality for rehabilitation. It is much more effective for therapist to perceive in detail the therapeutic factors in each group develop-ment stage when he perfoms the group psychotherapy.