Oxidative stress in maternal milk and cord blood in gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Reduced antioxidant defenses may reflect a poor protective response against oxidative stress and this may be implicated in progression of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia plays a major role in micro and macrovascular complications, which imply endothelial dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: Our aim in this study was to investigate the association between GDM and oxidative stress markers measured in plasma, with regard to revealing changes to total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) among mothers showing impairments in oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study at a university hospital in Turkey. METHODS: The study group consisted of 50 mothers with GDM, and 59 healthy mothers served as controls. Umbilical cord blood samples were taken from all mothers during delivery and breast milk samples on the fifth day after delivery. TAC, TOS, thiol and disulfide levels were measured. RESULTS: No statistically significant relationship between the blood and milk samples could be found. An analysis on correlations between TAC, TOS and certain parameters revealed that there were negative correlations between TOS and total thiol (r = -0.386; P < 0.001) and between TOS and disulfide (r = -0.388; P < 0.001) in milk in the control group. However, these findings were not observed in the study group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that a compensatory mechanism of oxidative stress was expected to be present in gestational diabetes mellitus and that this might be ameliorated through good glycemic regulation and antioxidant supplementation.

Chronic treatment with carvacrol improves passive avoidance memory in a rat model of Parkinson's disease / O tratamento com carvacrol melhora a memória de esquiva passiva em um modelo da doença de Parkinson em ratos

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the effects of carvacrol on motor and memory deficits as well as hyperalgesia in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. The animals were subjected to unilateral microinjection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle and treated with carvacrol (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, ip) for six weeks after surgery. The 6-OHDA-lesioned rats showed contralateral rotations towards the lesion side, which was accompanied by learning and memory deficits in a passive avoidance test and a decrease in tail withdrawal latency in a tail flick test at the end of week 6. The results also showed that treatment with carvacrol at a dose of 25 mg/kg ameliorated memory deficits, with no effect on rotations and hyperalgesia in lesioned rats. In conclusion, carvacrol improves memory impairments in rats with Parkinson's disease; therefore, it may serve as an adjunct therapy for the alleviation of memory deficits in Parkinson's disease patients.

RESUMO O presente estudo investigou os efeitos do carvacrol nos déficits motores e de memória, bem como na hiperalgesia, em um modelo da doença de Parkinson (DP) em ratos com lesões 6-OHDA. Os animais foram submetidos a microinjeção unilateral de 6-OHDA no feixe mediano do prosencéfalo e tratados com carvacrol (25, 50 e 100 mg / kg, ip) durante 6 semanas após a cirurgia. Os ratos com lesões 6-OHDA mostraram rotações contralaterais para o lado da lesão, que foram acompanhadas de déficits de aprendizagem e de memória em um teste de evitação passiva, e de uma diminuição da latência de retirada da cauda em um teste de cauda no final da semana 6. Os resultados também mostraram que o tratamento crônico com carvacrol a uma dose de 25 mg / kg aliviou os déficits de memória, sem efeito sobre rotações e hiperalgesia em ratos lesados. Em conclusão, o carvacrol melhora a deficiência de memória em ratos com DP e, portanto, pode servir como uma terapia complementar para aliviar os déficits de memória em pacientes com DP.

Redox-triggered events in lipid biology: thiol modification and lipidome alteration in ALS / Eventos redox na biologia dos lipídios: modificação de tióis e alterações do lipidoma em ELA

Lipids encompass a wide range of hydrophobic molecules present in cells. The molecular characteristics of lipids determine their cellular localization and biological function. In general, lipids are regarded as essential components of membranes, as energy reservoir and modulators of signaling pathways linked to cellular metabolism and survival, among others. In mammals, a large part of the lipids are esterified to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids, essential for several physiological processes, including normal brain development. However, PUFAs are very susceptible to oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated endogenously. Once oxidized, lipids are able to modify thiol groups of peptides and proteins leading to modulation of signaling pathways and cellular redox balance. In the chapter 1, we investigated the mechanisms involved in modification of thiol groups of peptides and protein by autoxidation products derived from PUFAs. Here, we identified several glutathione (GSH) adducts covalently modified by hydroxy-endoperoxides derived from both DHA and ARA. Detailed inspection of MS/MS spectra of GSH-adducts revealed that GSH and hydroxy-endoperoxides are likely bonded through a sulfur-oxygen chemical bond in a reaction which involves a nucleophilic attack by the thiolate anion. Also, we suggest that the efficiency of modification of thiol by hydroxy-endoperoxides are also dependent of the thiol reactivity, as demonstrated by covalent modification of the most reactive cysteine residue (Cys111) of the antioxidant enzyme Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Chemical modifications of thiol groups by hydroxy-endoperoxides may modulate protein aggregation and cellular redox status, yieldingGSH adducts capable to modulate inflammation, as reported for the enzymatically generated counterparts. In the chapter 2, we investigated the role of lipids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), since inflammation and oxidative stress in motor neurons are hallmarks of this neurodegenerative disease. Using an untargeted lipidomics approach based on mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS), we investigated the lipid metabolism in motor cortex and spinal cord tissues of a rodent model of ALS. Analysis of the motor cortex showed that the main lipid alterations were age-dependent and linked to metabolism of sphingolipids. In contrast, the major lipid alterations in the spinal cord were found in ALS symptomatic group, being the metabolism of ceramides, cholesteryl esters and cardiolipin the most affected. According to our findings and data reported in the literature, we proposed a mechanism based on neuroprotection that involves accumulation of cholesteryl esters esterified to PUFAs in astrocytes. Collectively, our findings suggest that lipids play a crucial role in modulation of cellular process linked to thiol metabolism and neurodegeneration

Os lipídeos abrangem uma ampla gama de moléculas hidrofóbicas presentes nas células. As características moleculares dos lipídios determinam sua localização celular e função biológica. Em geral, os lipídios são considerados componentes essenciais de membranas, reservatórios de energia e moduladores de vias de sinalização ligadas ao metabolismo celular, sobrevivência, entre outros. Em mamíferos, grande parte dos lipídios é esterificada em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs), especialmente os ácidos docosahexaenóico (DHA) e araquidônico (ARA), essenciais para vários processos fisiológicos, incluindo o desenvolvimento normal do cérebro. No entanto, os PUFAs são muito suscetíveis à oxidação por espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) geradas endogenamente. Uma vez oxidados, lipídios são capazes de modificar grupos tióis de peptídeos e proteínas, levando à modulação das vias de sinalização e alterando o balanço redox celular. No capítulo 1, foram investigados os mecanismos envolvidos na modificação de grupos tióis de peptídeos e proteínas por produtos de auto-oxidação de PUFAs. Com as análises realizadas foi possível identificar vários adutos de glutationa (GSH) covalentemente modificados por endoperóxidos cíclicos derivados de DHA e ARA. Uma análise detalhada dos espectros de MS/MS dos adutos de GSH revelou que GSH e endoperóxidos cíclicos são provavelmente ligados através de uma ligação química de enxofre-oxigênio, em uma reação que envolve um ataque nucleofílico do ânion tiolato. Além disso, sugerimos que a eficiência da modificação do tiol por endoperóxidos cíclicos também é dependente da reatividade do tiol, como demonstrado pela modificação covalente do resíduo de cisteína mais reativo (Cys111) da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase 1(SOD1). Modificações químicas de tióis por endoperóxidos cíclicos podem modular a agregação proteica e o status redox celular, produzindo adutos de GSH capazes de modular a inflamação, como relatado para os conjugados de GSH gerados enzimaticamente. No capítulo 2, nós investigamos o papel dos lipídios na esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ALS), uma vez que a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo nos neurônios motores contribuem para o desenvolvimento desta doença neurodegenerativa. Usando uma abordagem lipidômica não direcionada baseada em espectrometria de massa acoplada à cromatografia líquida (UHPLC-MS/MS), nós investigamos o metabolismo lipídico no córtex motor e na medula espinhal de um modelo de ratos com ALS. A análise do córtex motor mostrou que as principais alterações lipídicas foram dependentes da idade e ligadas ao metabolismo dos esfingolipídios. Em contraste, as principais alterações lipídicas na medula espinhal foram encontradas no grupo sintomático da ALS, sendo o metabolismo de ceramidas, ésteres de colesterol e cardiolipinas os mais afetados. De acordo com os resultados obtidos e dados relatados na literatura, propusemos um mecanismo baseado em neuroproteção que envolve o acúmulo de ésteres de colesterol esterificados em PUFAs em astrócitos. Coletivamente, nossos achados sugerem que os lipídios desempenham um papel crucial na modulação de processos celulares ligado à oxidação de tióis e à neurodegeneração

Evaluation of salivary oxidative parameters in overweight and obese young adults

ABSTRACT Background Obesity is characterized by a deposition of abnormal or excessive fat in adipose tissue, and is linked with a risk of damage to several metabolic and pathological processes associated with oxidative stress. To date, salivary oxidative biomarkers have been minimally explored in obese individuals. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of salivary oxidative biomarkers (ferric-reducing antioxidant power, uric acid, sulfhydryl groups) and lipid peroxidation in obese and overweight young subjects. Materials and methods Levels of lipid peroxidation, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, uric acid, and SH groups were determined in the saliva and serum of 149 young adults, including 54 normal weight, 27 overweight, and 68 obese individuals. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. Results Salivary levels of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, sulfhydryl groups, and lipid peroxidation, as well as serum levels of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, uric acid, and lipid peroxidation were higher in obese patients when compared with individuals with normal weight. There were correlations between salivary and serum ferric-reducing antioxidant power and salivary and serum uric acid in the obese and normal-weight groups. Conclusions Our results indicate that the increase in salivary levels of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, sulfhydryl groups, and lipid peroxidation, and serum levels of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, uric acid, and lipid peroxidation could be related to the regulation of various processes in the adipose tissue. These findings may hold promise in identifying new oxidative markers to assist in diagnosing and monitoring overweight and obese patients.

Effects of crocin on brain oxidative damage and aversive memory in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease / Efeitos da crocina no dano oxidativo cerebral e na memória aversiva em um modelo 6-OHDA de doença de Parkinson

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of crocin on brain oxidative damage and memory deficits in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson’s disease. Male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (16 µg) into the medial forebrain bundle and treated with crocin (30 and 60 mg/kg) for six weeks. The rats were tested for memory performance at six weeks after 6-OHDA infusion, and then were killed for the estimation of biochemical parameters. The increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nitrite levels in the hippocampus were observed in the 6-OHDA lesioned rats, which was accompanied by memory deficits in a passive avoidance test at the end of week 6. Moreover, treatment with crocin decreased TBARS and nitrite levels in the hippocampus, and improved aversive memory. The present study conclusively demonstrated that crocin acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the hippocampus of parkinsonian rats and could improve aversive memory through its properties.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da crocina no dano oxidativo cerebral e nos déficits de memória em um modelo 6-OHDA de doença de Parkinson. Ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à injeção unilateral de 6-OHDA (16 μg) em MFB e tratados com crocina (30 e 60 mg/kg), durante 6 semanas. Os ratos foram testados quanto ao desempenho da memória 6 semanas após a infusão de 6-OHDA, e, em seguida, foram sacrificados para a estimativa dos parâmetros bioquímicos. O aumento nos níveis de TBARS e de nitrito no hipocampo foram observados em ratos 6-OHDA lesionados, acompanhado por déficits de memória em um teste de esquiva passiva no final da semana 6. Além disso, o tratamento com crocina diminuiu os níveis de nitrito e de TBARS no hipocampo e melhorou a memória aversiva. O presente estudo demonstrou conclusivamente que a crocina age como um antioxidante e um agente anti-inflamatório no hipocampo de ratos parkinsonianos e pode melhorar a memória aversiva através de suas propriedades.

Therapeutic concentration of morphine reduces oxidative stress in glioma cell line

Morphine is a potent analgesic opioid used extensively for pain treatment. During the last decade, global consumption grew more than 4-fold. However, molecular mechanisms elicited by morphine are not totally understood. Thus, a growing literature indicates that there are additional actions to the analgesic effect. Previous studies about morphine and oxidative stress are controversial and used concentrations outside the range of clinical practice. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that a therapeutic concentration of morphine (1 μM) would show a protective effect in a traditional model of oxidative stress. We exposed the C6 glioma cell line to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or morphine for 24 h and evaluated cell viability, lipid peroxidation, and levels of sulfhydryl groups (an indicator of the redox state of the cell). Morphine did not prevent the decrease in cell viability provoked by H2O2 but partially prevented lipid peroxidation caused by 0.0025% H2O2 (a concentration allowing more than 90% cell viability). Interestingly, this opioid did not alter the increased levels of sulfhydryl groups produced by exposure to 0.0025% H2O2, opening the possibility that alternative molecular mechanisms (a direct scavenging activity or the inhibition of NAPDH oxidase) may explain the protective effect registered in the lipid peroxidation assay. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that morphine in usual analgesic doses may contribute to minimizing oxidative stress in cells of glial origin. This study supports the importance of employing concentrations similar to those used in clinical practice for a better approximation between experimental models and the clinical setting.

Using a portable sulfide monitor as a motivational tool: A clinical study.

Aims and Objectives: Bad breath has a significant impact on daily life of those who suffer from it. Oral malodor may rank only behind dental caries and periodontal disease as the cause of patient's visit to dentist. An aim of this study was to use a portable sulfide monitor as a motivational tool for encouraging the patients towards the better oral hygiene by correlating the plaque scores with sulfide monitor scores, and comparing the sulfide monitor scores before and after complete prophylaxis and 3 months after patient motivation. Materials and Methods : 30 patients with chronic periodontitis, having chief complaint of oral malodor participated in this study. At first visit, the plaque scores (P1) and sulfide monitor scores before (BCR1) and after complete oral prophylaxis (BCR2) were taken. Then the patients were motivated towards the better oral hygiene. After 3 months, plaque scores (P2) and sulfide monitor scores (BCR3) were recorded again. Statistical Analysis: It was done using SPSS (student package software for statistical analysis). Paired sample test was performed. Results: Statistically significant reduction in sulfide monitor scores was reported after the complete oral prophylaxis and 3 months after patient motivation. Plaque scores were significantly reduced after a period of 3 months. Plaque scores and breathchecker scores were positively correlated. Conclusion : An intensity of the oral malodor was positively correlated with the plaque scores. The portable sulfide monitor was efficacious in motivating the patients towards the better oral hygiene.

Antioxidant responses of Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta) after exposure to hydrogen peroxide

The effects of H2O2 were evaluated in the estuarine worm Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae) collected at the Patos Lagoon estuary (Southern Brazil) and maintained in the laboratory under controlled salinity (10 psu diluted seawater) and temperature (20°C). The worms were exposed to H2O2 (10 and 50 µM) for 4, 7, and 10 days and the following variables were determined: oxygen consumption, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase activity in both the supernatant and pellet fractions of whole body homogenates. The concentrations of non-protein sulfhydryl and lipid peroxides (LPO) were also measured. The oxygen consumption response was biphasic, decreasing after 4 days and increasing after 7 and 10 days of exposure to 50 µM H2O2 (P < 0.05). At the same H2O2 concentration, CAT activity was lower (P < 0.05) in the pellet fraction of worms exposed for 10 days compared to control. Non-protein sulfhydryl concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity were not affected by H2O2 exposure. After 10 days, LPO levels were higher (P < 0.05) in worms exposed to 50 µM H2O2 compared to control. The reduction in the antioxidant defense was paralleled by oxidative stress as indicated by higher LPO values (441 percent compared to control). The reduction of CAT activity in the pellet fraction may be related to protein oxidation. These results, taken together with previous findings, suggest that the worms were not able to cope with this H2O2 concentration.

Buffalo plasma fibronectin: a physico-chemical study.

Plasma fibronectin (FN) of buffalo (Babulis babulis) was purified to apparent homogeneity, using gelatin-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose affinity columns. It was found to have two subunits of molecular mass 246 kDa and 228 kDa, on SDS-gel. Its immunological cross-reactivity with anti-human plasma FN was confirmed by Western blotting. The amino acid composition was found to be similar to that of human and bovine plasma FNs. Buffalo plasma FN contained 2.23% neutral hexoses and 1.18% sialic acids. No titrable sulfhydryl group could be detected in the absence of denaturant. Reaction with DTNB indicated 3.4 sulfhydryl groups in the molecule, whereas BDC-OH titration gave a value of 3.8 -SH groups in buffalo plasma FN. Stoke's radius, intrinsic viscosity, diffusion coefficient and frictional ratio indicated that buffalo plasma FN did not have a compact globular conformation at physiological pH and ionic strength. Molecular dimensions (average length, 120 nm; molar mass to length ratio, 3950 nm(-1) and mean diameter, 2.4 nm) as revealed by rotary shadowing electron microscopy further supported the extended conformation of buffalo plasma FN. These results show that buffalo plasma FN has similar properties as that of human plasma FN.

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation related to bromoethylamine-induced renal cytotoxicity

Background. The effect of bromoethylamine (BEA) administration on lipid peroxidation and on the activieties of antioxidant enzymes was studied. Methods. Adult rats received BEA at 1.2 mmol/kg, a dose that produces renal papillary necrosis. Lipid peroxidation assessed by maximal rate in MDA formation, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the levels of non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH) were measured in renal cortex and papilla of control and BEA-treated animals. Results. After BEA treatment, an increment in lipid peroxidation in papilla and cortex was found after 1.5 and 24 hours of treatment. Catalase activity decreased in both regions, but earlier cortex. Conclusion. These data suggest some role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of BEAinduced papillary necrosis

Physico-chemical properties of thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus leichmannii: thiol groups, amino acid composition and the terminal end-groups.

Thymidylate synthase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: deoxyuridylate C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) from Lactobacillus leichmannii was completely inactivated after 5 min of heat treatment at 55 degrees C. A remarkable synergistic effect with no loss in activity was noted when 10(-3) M dUMP was added to the enzyme before subjecting to heat treatment. The enzyme got activated in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (75 mM) and inhibited by pCMB (I50 = 5 microM). It had 2 free sulfhydryl groups and a single disulfide bond. The two identical subunits of the 74 kDa dimer were possibly bonded by a single disulfide linkage. It had a total of 652 amino acids with methionine as the amino-terminal and alanine as the carboxy-terminal amino acid residues. The carboxy-terminal end-group alanine was preceded by valine, lysine and proline sequentially in that order.

Antioxidant potential in serum and liver of albino rats exposed to benzene.

Administration of benzene (ip, 0.5 ml/kg body wt or sc, 1 ml/kg body wt) consecutively for 10 days to male and female rats resulted in decrease in antioxidant potentials in serum. Serum uric acid and albumin showed significant decrease in all groups exposed to benzene. alpha-Tocopherol levels did not exhibit significant change in any of the groups when compared to control. Increase in liver lipid peroxidation and decrease in content of free sulphydryl group were observed in rats exposed to benzene. Serum ferroxidase activity, total iron content (TIC) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in female rats exposed to benzene showed significant decrease in ferroxidase activity without any change in TIC or TIBC when compared to control. The decrease in antioxidant potentials observed may be due to oxidation reactions exhibited by benzene metabolites, particularly, hydroquinone and 1, 2, 4-benzenetriol, resulting in oxidative stress in treated rats.

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric titration of some pharmaceutical important thiol compounds using 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol

Two procedures were adopted for determination of three pharmaceutical compounds containing thiol group; namely, D-penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine and captopril, by 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol [DCPIP]. In the first, the drugs are treated with a known and excessive volume of 1 x 10-3 M DCPIP and after 5 minutes the surplus is determined by titration with standard L-ascorbic acid. In the second, the drugs are titrated with 5 x 10-4 M solution of DCPIP with spectrophotometric end-point detection. The stoichiometry of the reaction is assumed and a reaction mechanism is suggested. The methods have been applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation containing these drugs and the results obtained compared favorably with those from the pharmacopoeial methods. The methods are simple, accurate and precise

Conductometric determination of some pharmaceutically important thiol compounds

A simple and sensitive electro-analytical method was developed for the determination of five pharmaceutical compounds containing thiol group; namely, N-acetylcysteine, captopril, D-penicillamine, 6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine. By utilizing the reaction of the thiol group with silver ions, small amounts of the studied compounds were determined conductometrically in aqueous medium using silver nitrate as titrant. The mean percentage recoveries ranged from [100.3 +/- 0.9] to [100.84 +/- 0.74]. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the studied compounds in dosage forms, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained using the official methods

Interaction between Inorganic Mercury and Selenium on Tissue Sulfhydryl Groups and Glutathione-linked Enzymes in Rats

The effect of selenium on the tissue sulfhydryl group content and lipid peroxide-destorying enzyme system in the liver, kidney and testis of rat treated with mercury was investigated. The male rats were injected s.c. with HgCl2 (10 micromoles/kg BW) and orally received Na2SeO3 (13 micromoles/kg BW) simultaneously. After 3 days, liver, kidney and testis were removed and analyzed. Mercury decreased the total sulfhydryl group content in the kidney by 25% and the total glutathione content in the kidney and testis by 50% and 36%, respectively, with no changes in other tissues. There was 12% increase in the total sulfhydryl group but not in the total glutathione content in kidney by a simul-taneous treatment of Se and Hg. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were decreased by 63% in the liver and 69% in the kidney, and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) activity was increased in the tests by 16% by the Hg treatment with no changes in Other tissues. Hg had no effect upon glutathione-S-transferase activities in all organs examined. Simultaneous Se treatment increased GSH-Rd activity in the kidney by 23% and GSH-Px activities in liver and kidney by 24% and 21%, respectively, compared to the Hg-treated group. These data indicate that the alleviation of Hg toxicity by Se treatment is well correlated with the protein sulfhydryl group content and GSH-Px activity.