Fasting levels of appetite regulating hormones predict caloric intake at breakfast in a group of Chilean adolescents / Los niveles en ayunas de hormonas reguladoras del apetito predicen la ingesta energética en el desayuno en adolescentes

BACKGROUND: Appetite regulation is integral to food intake and is modulated by complex interactions between internal and external stimuli. Hormonal mechanisms which stimulate or inhibit intake have been characterized, but the physiologic effects of serum levels of such hormones in short-term appetite regulation have received little attention. AIM: To evaluate whether fasting levels of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones were associated with energy intake at breakfast, served soon after drawing a fasting blood sample, in a group of adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anthropometry, body composition and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured in 655 Chilean adolescents aged 16.8 ± 0.3 years (52% males). Energy intake was measured at a semi-standardized breakfast. Associations between hormone levels and energy intake were studied using multivariate linear models. RESULTS: Thirty nine percent of participants were overweight/ obese. After an overnight fast, median values for leptin, insulin, ghrelin and orexin-A were 7.3 ng/mL, 6.7 IU/dL, 200.8 pg/mL, and 16.1 pg/mL, respectively. Participants ate on average 637 ± 239 calories at breakfast. In multivariable models, insulin levels were inversely and independently associated with caloric intake at breakfast (β = −18.65; p < 0.05), whereas leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A levels were positively and independently associated with intake: β= 5.56, β = 0.34 and β = 8.40, respectively, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Fasting leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A were positively associated with energy intake during breakfast provided soon after the blood draw. Insulin was negatively associated with energy intake. Modifiable factors influencing levels of appetite regulating hormones could be a potential target for influencing food intake.

ANTECEDENTES: La regulación del apetito es parte integral de la ingesta alimentaria y es modulada por complejas interacciones entre estímulos internos y externos. Se han caracterizado los mecanismos hormonales que estimulan o inhiben la ingesta, pero los efectos fisiológicos de los niveles séricos de tales hormonas en la regulación del apetito a corto plazo han recibido poca atención. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si los niveles en ayunas de hormonas orexigénicas/ anorexigénicas se asocian con la ingesta energética en el desayuno, entregado inmediatamente después de una muestra de sangre en ayunas, en un grupo de adolescentes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se efectuaron mediciones antropométricas, composición corporal y medición de niveles en ayunas de leptina, insulina, grelina y orexina-A en 655 adolescentes de 16,8 ± 0,26 años. La ingesta energética se midió en un desayuno semiestandarizado. Se estudiaron las asociaciones entre los niveles hormonales y la ingesta energética mediante modelos lineales multivariados. RESULTADOS: Los valores de leptina, insulina, grelina y orexina-A fueron 7,3 ng/mL, 6,7 UI/dL, 200,8 pg/mL y 16,1 pg/mL respectivamente. Los participantes comieron un promedio de 637 ± 239 calorías en el desayuno. Los niveles de insulina se asociaron inversa e independientemente con la ingesta del desayuno (β = −18,65; p < 0,05), mientras que los niveles de leptina, grelina y orexina-A se asociaron positiva e independientemente con la ingesta: β = 5,65; β = 0,34; β = 8,40, (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La leptina, grelina y orexina-A en ayunas se asociaron positivamente con la ingesta de energía durante el desayuno proporcionado poco después de la muestra de sangre. La insulina se asoció negativamente con la ingesta de energía. Los factores modificables que influyen en las hormonas reguladoras del apetito podrían ser un objetivo potencial para influir en la ingesta de alimentos.

Factors associated with non-frequent breakfast consumption in adolescents (EVA-JF Study) / Fatores associados ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã em adolescentes (Estudo EVA-JF)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the association of infrequent breakfast consumption with socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual factors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents from public schools. Methods Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged from 14 to 19 from public schools in Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. The frequency of consumption of breakfast, snacks, soft drinks, industrialized drinks, the usual food consumption, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were evaluated. Other socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual data were obtained through questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis and hierarchical selection of variables were used to verify the associated factors. Results The sample consisted of 805 adolescents; 53.4% reported infrequent breakfast consumption. Through hierarchical logistic regression analysis, it was evidenced that the house occupancy status (OR: 0.618; 95%CI: 0.4410.865; p=0.005) was the distal factor associated with infrequent breakfast consumption; the intermediate factors were the consumption of industrialized beverages (OR: 0.658; 95%CI: 0.486-0.890; p=0.007) and percentage of energy from processed foods (OR: 0.935; 95%CI: 0.907-0.964; p<0.001); and the proximal factors were the male gender (OR: 0.696; 95%CI: 0.520-0.932; p=0.0015) and being nonwhite (OR: 1.529; 95%CI: 1.131-2.069; p=0.006). Conclusion Male adolescents who lived in owned houses, with occasional consumption of industrialized beverages and a higher percentage of energy derived from processed foods, had lower chances of infrequent breakfast consumption, while non-white adolescents had higher chances.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar as associações do consumo não frequente de café da manhã com fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais em uma amostra de adolescentes de escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora (MG). Foram avaliadas a frequência de consumo de café da manhã, lanches, refrigerantes e bebidas industrializadas, consumo alimentar usual, IMC, percentual de gordura corporal e perímetro da cintura. Demais dados socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais foram obtidos através de questionários. A análise de regressão logística e seleção hierárquica das variáveis foram usadas para verificar fatores associados. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 805 adolescentes e 53,4% deles relataram consumo não frequente de café da manhã. Através da análise de regressão logística hierarquizada, evidenciou-se que a ocupação em domicílio próprio (OR: 0,618; IC95%: 0,441-0,865; p=0,005) foi o fator distal associado ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã, além dos fatores intermediários "consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas" (OR: 0,658; IC95%: 0,486-0,890; p=0,007) e "percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados" (OR: 0,935; IC95%: 0,907-0,964; p<0,001) e dos fatores proximais "sexo masculino" (OR: 0,696; IC95%: 0,520-0,932; p=0,0015) e "cor da pele não branca" (OR: 1,529; IC95%: 1,131-2,069; p=0,006). Conclusão Adolescentes que residiam em domicílios próprios, com consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas, com maior percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados e do sexo masculino apresentaram menores chances de consumo não frequente de café da manhã, enquanto, adolescentes com cor da pele não branca apresentaram maiores chances.

Una aproximación a las prácticas y contextos alimentarios de estudiantes de escuelas secundarias de General Roca: reflexiones en torno al desayuno / An approach to the food practices and contexts of students of secondary schools in general roca: reflections on breakfast

Entendiendo a la alimentación humana como un hecho complejo, que une lo biológico y nutricional con lo social y cultural de manera indisoluble, este estudio tiene por objetivo describir prácticas y contextos alimentarios de adolescentes de la ciudad de General Roca, Río Negro, mostrando la potencialidad del paisaje alimentario como instrumento para caracterizar los desayunos. Participaron 31 estudiantes pertenecientes al ciclo básico de tres escuelas secundarias de la ciudad, dos del sector público y una de gestión privada, quienes registraron con imágenes todos los episodios alimentarios de un día de semana y un día de fin de semana. Las socializaron utilizando la red social Instagram, acompañadas cada una de un posteo aclaratorio. Se constituyó un banco de imágenes que luego permitió la aproximación de un paisaje alimentario y al análisis de prácticas alimentarias. El encuadre se hizo desde un punto de vista micro: a nivel doméstico, sobre la comida, los platos y la mesa, incluyendo episodios dentro de la escuela. Se analizaron aspectos implicados en las dimensiones biológica/nutricional y sociocultural. De manera preliminar, se conformó un paisaje de los desayunos. Se infirió un desayuno caracterizado por la escasa variedad de alimentos y nutrientes, a base de alimentos ultraprocesados, de baja densidad nutricional, pobre en proteína, fibra y micronutrientes. Los contextos en que se realizó el desayuno muestran que en general fue en el hogar, preparado por ellos mismos y sin compañía. Concluimos que a través de las imágenes de los perfiles fue posible describir el desayuno desde la dimensión biológica/nutricional y sociocultural. La idea de paisaje alimentario permite incorporar para su estudio otros aspectos vinculados a la alimentación, ampliando las posibilidades de intervención en el desarrollo de educación alimentaria, situando a los estudiantes en un lugar más activo para pensar su propia alimentación, que luego pueda traducirse en elecciones alimentarias más beneficiosas.

Understanding human nutrition as a complex fact, joining the biological/nutritional with the social/cultural aspects in an indissoluble way, this study aims at describing practices and food contexts of students of secondary schools in General Roca city showing the potential of foodscape as an instrument to characterize breakfasts. Thirty-one students belonging to the basic cycle of three secondary schools in the city participated, two state ones and one private, that registered with images all the eating episodes of one day of the week and one of the weekend. They were socialized using Instagram, each accompanied by an explanatory post. An image bank was created that later allowed the approximation to a foodscape and the analysis of food practices. The framing was done from a micro point of view: at a domestic level, about food, dishes and the table, including episodes inside the school. Aspects involved in biological/nutritional and sociocultural dimensions were analyzed. In a preliminary way, a foodscape of breakfasts was formed. What was inferred was a breakfast characterized by a limited variety of foods and nutrients, processed foods of low nutritional density, poor in protein, fiber and micronutrients. The contexts were generally their own homes, and breakfasts were prepared by themselves and without company. We concluded that through the images of the profiles it was possible to describe breakfast from biological/nutritional and socialcultural dimensions. The idea of a foodscape allows the incorporation of other aspects related to food for study, expanding the possibilities of intervention in the development of food education, putting students in a more active place to think about their own food, which can then be translated into more beneficial food choices.

Associação do consumo regular de café da manhã e comportamentos relacionados à saúde em adolescentes / Association of regular consumption of breakfast and health-related behavior among adolescents

Resumo Objetivou-se estimar a frequência do consumo regular de café da manhã (cinco ou mais vezes na semana) entre adolescentes e investigar sua associação com variáveis demográficas, turno escolar e trabalho, comportamentos relacionados à saúde, práticas alimentares e consumo de alimentos. Realizou-se estudo transversal em 30 escolas estaduais de Curitiba, Paraná, entre março de 2016 e maio de 2017, com participação de 1.232 adolescentes. A prevalência de consumo regular de café da manhã foi de 58,6% (IC95% 53,9; 63,2). Após análise ajustada observou-se maior consumo regular de café da manhã entre adolescentes que: frequentavam os turnos vespertino e intermediário/integral; realizavam atividade física supervisionada; relatavam dormir mais que oito horas/noite; relatavam almoçar e jantar com a família todos os dias e; realizavam quatro refeições ou mais por dia. A frequência semanal do café da manhã foi associada ao maior consumo de leite e derivados, e ao menor consumo de macarrão instantâneo e refrigerantes. Destaca-se que o hábito de realizar o desjejum esteve associado com práticas alimentares e hábitos saudáveis, reforçando seu valor enquanto marcador de outros comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Sua realização deve ser incentivada entre os adolescentes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of regular breakfast consumption (five or more times a week) among adolescents, and to investigate the association with demographic variables, school and job shift, health-related behaviors, eating habits and food consumption. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 state schools in Curitiba, State of Paraná, with the participation of 1,232 adolescents. The prevalence of regular breakfast consumption was 58,6% (95% CI 53,9, 63.2). After adjusted analysis, higher regular breakfast consumption was observed among adolescents who: attended the evening and intermediate/full shifts; performed supervised physical activity; reported sleeping more than eight hours/night; reported having lunch and dinner with the family every day; and took 4 or more meals per day. The weekly frequency of breakfast was associated with higher consumption of milk and dairy products and the lower consumption of instant noodles and soft drinks. It is noteworthy that the habit of eating breakfast was associated with healthy eating practices and habits, reinforcing its values as a marker of other health-related behaviors. Partaking of breakfast should be encouraged among adolescents.

Patrones de desayuno en estudiantes universitarios de España, Túnez y Estados Unidos. Factores antropométricos, sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida / Breakfast patterns in university students of Spain, Tunisia, and The United States of America. Anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors

La mayoría de los estudios apoyan la tesis de que el desayuno es la comida más importante del día. Un desayuno adecuado contribuye a lograr un patrón dietético global saludable y a mejorar la calidad de la dieta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los principales patrones de desayuno en tres poblaciones universitarias de España, Túnez y Estados Unidos, analizar sus semejanzas y diferencias y estudiar la influencia de factores antropométricos, sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida en la adherencia a cada patrón. Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos de 730 estudiantes matriculados en las Universidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Cartago e Internacional de Florida en 2013. El consumo de alimentos se obtuvo mediante dos recordatorios de 24 horas, no consecutivos, uno de ellos en fin de semana. Los patrones se identificaron mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. La adherencia de los estudiantes a cada patrón se evaluó usando las puntuaciones factoriales. Se obtuvieron cuatro patrones para cada país. El principal patrón de los universitarios españoles incluyó pan, tomate, sal y aceite de oliva (varianza explicada: 20,85%); el principal de los tunecinos contenía pan, mermelada, nata y mantequilla (varianza explicada: 12,73%) y el principal de los americanos incluyó huevos, leche entera y azúcares (varianza explicada: 10,77%). Género, peso, IMC o comer fuera de casa fueron factores que influyeron en la adherencia a diferentes patrones. El estudio mostró la coexistencia de patrones tradicionales con otros occidentalizados y modelos transicionales intermedios. No se determinó un patrón generalizable asociado a mejores resultados del IMC(AU)

Most studies support the conclusion that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. An adequate breakfast contributes to achieving a healthy global dietary pattern and improving quality of diet. The objective of this study was to determine the main breakfast patterns of three university populations from Spain, Tunisia, and The United States of America, analyze their similarities and differences, and study the impact of anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on the adherence to each pattern. A cross-sectional study was developed with data from 730 students enrolled at the University of Castilla-La Mancha, University of Carthage, and Florida International University, during 2013. Food consumption data were obtained by means of two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls including one weekend day. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify breakfast patterns. Factor scores were used to assess students' adherence to each pattern. Four breakfast patterns were obtained for each country. The main pattern of the Spanish students included bread, tomato, salt, and olive oil (explained variance: 20.85%); the main model of the Tunisians included bread, jam, cream and butter (explained variance: 12.73%); and the first pattern of the Americans was characterized by eggs, whole milk and sugars (explained variance: 10.77%). Gender, weight, BMI or eating out of home were factors that influenced the adherence to different patterns. Breakfast patterns obtained in this work showed the coexistence of traditional models with westernized and transitional ones. It was not determined a generalizable pattern associated with better BMI results(AU)

Evaluación de la calidad y frecuencia de consumo del desayuno en estudiantes secundarios de las ciudades de Arequito y Gálvez (Santa Fe) / Assessment of breakfast quality and frequency of consumption in high school students from Arequito and Gálvez (Santa Fe)

Resumen Introducción: se considera al desayuno como la comida más importante del día a través de la cual se vehiculizan nutrientes sustanciales. Es difícil conseguir una alimentación diaria correcta si éste se omite. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la frecuencia y calidad del desayuno de los adolescentes de entre 16 y 18 años que asisten a una escuela en el turno mañana, en relación a aquellos que asisten a una escuela en el turno tarde. Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia y la calidad del desayuno de adolescentes escolarizados en una escuela secundaria pública de Arequito y en una escuela privada de Gálvez (provincia de Santa Fe). Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se encuestaron un total de 177 estudiantes de ambos sexos (16-18 años) utilizando un cuestionario auto-administrado elaborado por las autoras para conocer los alimentos ingeridos en el desayuno y evaluar su calidad. Se consideró un desayuno de buena calidad aquel que incluía al menos un alimento del grupo de los lácteos, cereales y frutas. Los resultados se presentan en forma tabular con frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Resultados: 60,9% (n=28) del total de encuestados en el turno mañana realizaban el desayuno siempre de lunes a viernes, un 32,6% (n=15) lo hacía entre 2 y 4 veces por semana y un 6,9% (n=3) lo hacía menos de 2 veces. En relación al turno tarde, un 41,3% (n=45) desayunó todos los días, el 50,5% (n=55) entre 2 y 4 veces y 8,2% (n=9) lo hacía menos de 2 veces. Un 74% (n=34) de los alumnos del turno mañana que desayunó al menos una vez en la semana, consumió un desayuno de calidad buena o mejorable, mientras que en el 26% (n=12) fue de calidad insuficiente o mala. La mayoría de los adolescentes del turno tarde (83,5%, n= 91) consumió un desayuno de calidad buena o mejorable y sólo el 16,5% (n=18) evidenció una calidad de desayuno insuficiente o mala. Conclusión: no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la frecuencia de realización del desayuno según turno. Tanto para el turno mañana como para el turno tarde, lo más usual fue que los alumnos desayunaran siempre.

Abstract Introduction: breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, through which substantial nutrients are conveyed. It is difficult to get a correct daily diet if it is omitted. The objective of this research was to evaluate the frequency and quality of breakfast in adolescents between 16 and 18 years old who attend school in the morning shift, in relation to those who attend school in the afternoon shift. Objective: to evaluate the frequency and quality of breakfast for adolescents enrolled in a state secondary school in Arequito and in a private school in Gálvez (Santa Fe). Materials and Method: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 177 students of both sexes (16-18 years) were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire prepared by the authors to know the food eaten at breakfast and assess its quality. A good quality breakfast was considered one that included at least one food from the group of dairy, cereal and fruit group. The results are presented in tabular form with absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: 60.9% (n=28) of the total number of respondents in the morning shift always had breakfast from Monday to Friday, 32,6% (n=15) did it between 2 and 4 times a week and 6,9% (n=3) did so less than 2 times. In relation to the afternoon shift, 41,3% (n=45) ate breakfast every day, 50,5% (n=55) between 2 and 4 times and 8,2% (n=9) had it less than 2 times. 74% (n=34) of the students on the morning shift who ate breakfast at least once a week, consumed a breakfast of good or improvable quality, while in 26% (n=12) it was of insufficient or bad quality. The majority of the adolescents on the afternoon shift (83,5%, n=91) consumed a breakfast of good or improvable quality, and only 16.5% (n=18) showed insufficient or poor quality of breakfast. Conclusion: no statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of breakfast according to shift. For both the morning shift and the afternoon shift, the most common thing was that the students always had breakfast.

Nivel de ansiedad según el tipo de desayuno en escolares durante el estado de alarma por la COVID-19 en España / Anxiety level and breakfast type in schoolchildren during the COVID-19 state of alarm in Spain

Introducción: El desayuno suscita un considerable interés científico como posible parámetro relacionado con el estilo de vida. Objetivo: Analizar los niveles de ansiedad según el tipo de desayuno en escolares de Educación Primaria durante el estado de alarma decretado en España a causa de la COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio transversal compuesto por 116 escolares de la Isla de Fuerteventura. Se valoró la ansiedad a través del cuestionario Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS). Los ítems referidos al desayuno fueron extraídos del test de Adhesión a la Dieta Mediterránea KIDMED. Las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas fueron el análisis de varianza simple (one way ANOVA) y la prueba de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: La ingesta de un cereal se asocia con una menor probabilidad de desarrollar ataques de pánico y agorafobia (OR = 1,14, p < 0,01), fobia social (OR = 0,71, p < 0,05), trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (OR = 1,22, p < 0,05) e índice ansiedad global (OR = 1,05, p < 0,05). Asimismo, no desayunar bollería habitualmente se asoció con una menor probabilidad de desarrollar un trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (OR = 1,13; p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Una calidad del desayuno óptima, como consumir cereales saludables y no consumir bollería industrial, se asocia con menores niveles de ansiedad en escolares de Educación Primaria durante el estado de alarma decretado en España a causa de la COVID-19(AU)

Introduction: Breakfast arouses considerable scientific interest as a potential lifestyle parameter. Objective: Analyze the relationship between anxiety levels and breakfast type in schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 116 schoolchildren from the Isle of Fuerteventura. Anxiety was evaluated with the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS) questionnaire. Items about breakfast were taken from the KIDMED Test of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Statistical processing was based on one way ANOVA and the multivariate logistic regression test. Results: Intake of a cereal is associated to a lesser probability of developing agoraphobia and panic attacks (OR = 1.14, p < 0.01), social phobia (OR = 0.71, p < 0.05), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR = 1.22, p < 0.05) and overall anxiety index (OR = 1.05, p < 0.05). On the other hand, not having pastry for breakfast habitually was associated to a lesser probability of developing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR = 1.13; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Optimum breakfast quality, such as eating healthy cereals and not eating industrial pastries, is associated to lower levels of anxiety in schoolchildren during the state of alarm decreed in Spain due to the COVID-19 pandemic(AU)

Breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To systematically review the results of the association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. METHODS The articles were searched in May 2020 from PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The review included observational studies conducted with adolescents (10-19 years old), which estimated the association of breakfast skipping with at least one outcome (markers of body adiposity, blood pressure, serum lipid and glucose levels). Regarding the risk of bias, the articles were evaluated using the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) Item Bank on bias risk and accuracy of observational studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed by the Grade rating. RESULTS A total of 43 articles involving 192,262 participants met the inclusion criteria and were considered in this review. The prevalence of breakfast skipping ranged from 0.7% to 94% and 60.5% of studies were classified with low risk of bias. The significant association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors was found in twenty-nine cross-sectional articles (n = 106,031) and four longitudinal articles (n = 5,162) for excess adiposity, in three articles (n = 8,511) for high total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, and in three studies (n = 6,303) for high blood pressure levels. However, there was no significant association between breakfast skipping and glycemic profile. According to the Grade rating, all the associations had low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggest that breakfast skipping is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. However, considering the low quality of the evidence, the present results should be interpreted carefully. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of standardizing the definition of breakfast skipping and that more prospective studies are needed to determine how skipping breakfast can affect cardiometabolic risk factors in the long time.

Association between breakfast omission and abdominal adiposity in low-income adolescents / Associação entre a omissão do desjejum e a adiposidade abdominal em adolescentes de baixa renda

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association between breakfast omission, overweight/obesity, abdominal adiposity, and unhealthy lifestyle of low-income adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional population study involving 571 public school students aged between 15 and 19 years old. The habit of having breakfast was assessed using a form, checking the weekly frequency of a given meal and considered as breakfast omission when these adolescents did not have breakfast for at least 5 days in the past week. Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables (sedentarism, physical activity level, and sleep duration) were also assessed. Overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index above a Z-score of +1, and the presence of abdominal adiposity was determined by a waist circumference/height ratio greater than 0.5. The association between breakfast omission and lifestyle variables was assessed using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression of the anthropometric indicators. Results The omission of breakfast was found in 31% of the adolescents and was associated with physical inactivity (p<0.001). Regarding anthropometric indicators, breakfast omission was an independent factor for determining abdominal adiposity, with a 1.8 times greater chance of having this condition among those who omitted breakfast (p=0.037). Conclusions Omitting breakfast was frequent among the students assessed, and was associated with abdominal adiposity, a cardiometabolic risk factor. Investigation and early intervention are fundamental to change this behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo O estudo objetivou avaliar a associação entre omissão do desjejum, sobrepeso/obesidade, adiposidade abdominal e estilo de vida não saudável em adolescentes de baixa renda. Methods Este foi um estudo populacional com delineamento transversal, envolvendo 571 adolescentes de escolas públicas, entre 15 e 19 anos. O hábito do desjejum foi avaliado através de formulário que verificou a frequência semanal da realização dessa refeição, sendo considerado omissão do desjejum quando os adolescentes não o realizaram por pelo menos cinco dias na última semana. Variáveis sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida (sedentarismo, nível de atividade física e horas de sono) também foram analisadas. A classificação em sobrepeso/obesidade contemplou o índice de massa corporal acima do +1 escore-z, e definiu-se adiposidade abdominal quando a relação circunferência abdominal/estatura foi maior que 0,5. A associação entre a omissão do desjejum e as variáveis de estilo de vida foi avaliada através do teste do qui-quadrado e com os indicadores antropométricos por regressão logística multivariada Results O hábito de omitir o desjejum esteve presente em 31% dos adolescentes e apresentou associação com a inatividade física (p<0,001). Em relação aos indicadores antropométricos, a omissão do desjejum foi um fator independente para determinação da adiposidade abdominal, verificando-se uma chance 1,8 vezes maior de presença dessa condição entre os que omitiam o desjejum (p=0,037). Conclusions A omissão do desjejum foi frequente entre os estudantes avaliados e esteve associada à adiposidade abdominal, um fator de risco cardiometabólico, sendo fundamental a investigação e a intervenção precoce para a mudança desse comportamento.

Consumo familiar de alimentos andinos, en las ciudades de La Paz y El Alto, gestión 2019 / Family consumption of andean foods, in the city of La Paz and El Alto, term 2019

OBJETIVO: determinar las características del consumo familiar de alimentos andinos, en la ciudad de La Paz y El Alto, gestión 2019. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: es un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos en 285 familias de diferentes zonas de la ciudad de La Paz y El Alto. Se aplicó una encuesta de consumo familiar de alimentos andinos como la Quinua, Cañahua, Amaranto y Tarwi, se identificó las características de la frecuencia de consumo, la forma de preparación, lugar de compra y las posibles razones de no consumirlos. RESULTADOS: el 51.9% de la población compra los alimentos andinos en los mercados y el 31.2% lo compra en las ferias. El 37% de los encuestados consumen Quinua, el 23% consumen Cañahua, el 22% consumen Tarwi, y el 17% consumen Amaranto. La frecuencia de consumo oscila entre 1 a 2 veces a la semana, y la consumen más en el desayuno 41% y en el almuerzo, y la razón más frecuente (36%) de no consumo es por el costo elevado. CONCLUSIONES: entre los alimentos andinos más consumidos está la Quinua seguida de la Cañahua, Tarwi, y el Amaranto. La frecuencia de consumo oscila entre 1 a 2 veces a la semana, y la consumen más en el desayuno y en el almuerzo, la razón de no consumo es argumentado por el costo elevado.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the characteristics of family consumption of Andean foods, in the city of La Paz and El Alto, term 2019. MATERIALS AND METHOD: it is a descriptive case series study in 285 families from different areas of the city of La Paz and El Alto. A survey of family consumption of Andean foods was applied, such as Quinoa, Cañahua, Amaranth and Tarwi, the characteristics of the frequency of consumption, the form of preparation, place of purchase and the possible reasons in the case of non-consumption were identified. RESULTS: 51.9% of the population buys Andean food in the markets and 31.2% buys it at fairs. 37% of respondents consume Quinoa, 23% consume Cañahua, 22% consume Tarwi, and 17% consume Amaranth. The frequency of consumption ranges from 1 to 2 times a week, and they consume it more at breakfast 41% and at lunch, and the reason for not consuming 36% is argued for the high cost. CONCLUSIONS: among the most consumed Andean foods is Quinoa followed by Cañahua, Tarwi, and Amaranth. The frequency of consumption ranges from 1 to 2 times a week, and it is consumed more at breakfast and lunch, the reason for non-consumption is argued for the high cost.

Consumo del desayuno escolar y su asociación con la ganancia de peso en niñas de San Luis Potosí / School breakfast consumption and its association with weight gain in girls of San Luis Potosí, Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo del Desayuno Escolar Frío (DEF) y su asociación con la ganancia de peso en población preescolar y escolar beneficiaria en San Luis Potosí, México. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en 255 niñas y niños de 3 a 8 años. Se midió la ganancia de peso durante un año, y la ingesta energética total se estimó por medio de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. La energía proveniente del DEF se dividió en terciles y su asociación con la ganancia de peso fue estimada a través de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: En los escolares, la interacción entre los terciles de energía del DEF y sexo mostró que las niñas del segundo y tercer tercil ganaban 500g (p=0.063) y 800g (p=0.015) más, respectivamente. Conclusión: Un mayor consumo de energía proveniente del desayuno escolar se asocia con un incremento en la ganancia de peso en niñas de edad escolar.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the consumption of cold school breakfast (CSB) and its association with weight gain in the preschool and school beneficiary population in San Luis Potosí. Materials and methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on 255 girls and boys from 3 to 8 years old. The weight gain was measured during one year and the total energy intake was estimated by means of a frequency of consumption questionnaire. The energy from CSB was divided into terciles and its association with weight gain was estimated through multiple linear regression. Results: In schoolchildren, the interaction between the energy tercile of CSB and sex showed that the girls of the second and third tercile gained 500g (p=0. 063) and 800g (p=0. 015) more, respectively. Conclusion: Higher energy consumption from school breakfast is associated with an increase in weight gain in school-age girls.

Efecto de un desayuno alto en ácidos grasos saturados vs insaturados, sobre las cifras postprandiales de glucosa y lípidos en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Effect of a breakfast high in saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids on postprandial glucose and lipid values in type 2 diabetic patients

Introducción: la diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad cuya prevalencia se incrementa rápidamente en los países de ingresos medianos y bajos. Siendo los carbohidratos el principal determinante de la glucemia posprandial, se ha evidenciado que existe también influencia de los ácidos grasos sobre las cifras postprandiales de glucosa y lípidos. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si los niveles postprandiales de glucosa y lípidos difieren entre un desayuno con ácidos grasos saturados vs ácidos grasos insaturados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Métodos: Es un estudio de tipo cuasi experimental con diseño cruzado, en el cual se realizó eva-luación antropométrica (peso, talla, IMC, circunferencia de cintura, porcentaje de grasa y músculo) y evaluación bioquímica preprandial y postprandial (glucosa, colesterol total, colesterol HLD, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos) en 30 pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2, a los cuales se les administró dos tipos de desayunos isocalóricos, el uno con aporte de ácidos grasos saturados 99,3 Kcal y el otro de ácidos grasos insaturados 113,4 Kcal. Resultados: la ingesta de ácidos grasos saturados produce una mayor elevación de las cifras postpran-diales de glucosa (p=0,01) y no de los lípidos postprandiales. Los ácidos grasos insaturados, permitieron llegar al objetivo de glucosa postprandial recomendada (<140mg/dL), en un mayor porcentaje de pacientes (p=0,02). Conclusiones: el consumo de un desayuno alto en ácidos grasos insaturados permitió un mejor control de las cifras postprandiales de glucosa en comparación con el consumo de un desayuno alto en ácidos grasos saturados. No existió diferencia en las cifras de lípidos posprandiales en los dos tipos de desayuno

Background and objective: type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that has been increasing rapidly in low- and middle-income countries, affecting a large population group. Being the carbohydrates, the main determinant of the postprandial glucose elevation, it has been evidenced that there is also an influence of the fatty acids on the postprandial values of glucose and lipids. The aim of the present study is to compare the postprandial levels of glucose and lipids between a breakfast high in saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated fatty acids in patients with T2DM. Materials and methods: it is an cuasi experimental crossover study. We did an anthropometric evaluation (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, percentage of fat and muscle) and preprandial and postprandial biochemical evaluation (glucose, total cholesterol, HLD cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides) in 30 adults patients with type 2 diabetes, to determine the influence of fatty acids in two different breakfasts with the same caloric load, but each with a different contribution of saturated 99.3 Kcal or unsaturated fatty acids 113.4 Kcal. Results: the intake of a breakfast high in saturated fatty acids produced a higher increase in postprandial glucose values (p = 0.01) and not in postprandial lipids. Unsaturated fatty acids permit attain the goal of postprandial glucose (<140mg /dL) (p = 0.02) in most patients. Conclusions: The intake of high unsaturated fatty acids breakfast allowed a better postprandial glucose control, in comparison to the consumption of a breakfast high in saturated fatty acids. We did not find any difference in postprandial lipids with both types of breakfast.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Breakfast Eating Behavior of Children in Indonesia: An Application of the Health Belief Model / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the current state of consuming breakfast among elementary school students residing in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, and to identify factors that influence breakfast behavior.METHODS: The research model was set up as per the health belief model, and slightly modified by adding the subjective normative factors of the theory of planned behavior. The survey was conducted from July 17 to August 15, 2017 using a questionnaire, after receiving the permission PNU IRB (2017_60_HR).RESULTS: The subjects were 77 boys (49.4%) and 79 girls (50.6%) suffering from malnutrition with anemia (21.2%) and stunting ratio of Height for Age Z Score (HAZ) (11.5%). Furthermore, moderate weakness (14.8%) and overweight and obesity (12.3%) by Body Mass Index for Age Z Score (BMIZ) were coexistent. According to the results obtained for breakfast, 21.8% did not eat breakfast before school, with 18.8% of the reasons for skipping breakfast being attributed to lack of food. Even for subjects partaking breakfast, only about 10% had a good balanced diet. The average score of behavioral intention on eating breakfast was 2.60 ± 0.58. The perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy of the health belief model correlated with breakfast behavior. Of these, self-efficacy (β=0.447, R²=0.200) and perceived sensitivity (β=0.373, R²=0.139) had the greatest effect on breakfast behavior. Mother was the largest impact person among children.CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the level of breakfast behavior intention among children surveyed in Indonesia, we determined the effectiveness by focus on education which helps the children recognize to be more likely to get sick when they don't have breakfast, and increase their confidence in ability to have breakfast on their own. We believe there is a necessity to seek ways to provide indirect intervention through mothers, as well as impart direct nutrition education to children.

Body Weight Dissatisfaction Is Associated with Cardiovascular Health-Risk Behaviors among Brazilian Adolescents: Findings from a National Survey

Body weight dissatisfaction (BWD) among adolescents may be a predictor of adoption of health-risk behaviors. The study aimed to assess the gendered association between two forms of BWD (feeling underweight/overweight) and cardiovascular health-risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) in Brazil, including 71,740 adolescents aged 12­17 years. BWD was defined as satisfied, dissatisfied feeling underweight and dissatisfied feeling overweight. We considered four health-risk behaviors: tobacco use, alcohol use, physical inactivity and skipping breakfast. Assessment of the associations between BWD and these behaviors were undertaken using logistic regression models. All analyses were stratified by gender. Analyses revealed that 14.9% of male adolescents and 14.5% of female adolescents were dissatisfied feeling underweight and 21.5% of males and 39.9% of females were dissatisfied feeling overweight. Among male adolescents, dissatisfied feeling overweight was associated with greater odds of physical inactivity and skipping breakfast. Among female adolescents, dissatisfied feeling underweight and overweight were associated with higher odds of alcohol use and skipping breakfast. These results highlight the importance of BWD and the association with a range of adolescent health behaviors increasing cardiovascular risk over the life course, depending on gender.

Nutritional quality, child-oriented marketing and health/nutrition claims on sweet biscuit, breakfast cereal and dairy-based dessert packs in Argentina / Calidad nutricional, mercadotecnia orientada a la infancia y propaganda sobre salud/nutrición en galletas dulces, cereales para el desayuno y embalajes de postres lácteos en Argentina / Qualidade nutricional, marketing concentrado no público infantil e alegações nutricionais e de saúde nas embalagens de biscoitos, cereais matinais e sobremesas lácteas na Argentina

As children are particularly vulnerable to marketing, this study analyzes marketing techniques and health/nutrition claims in food packaging and evaluates the nutritional quality in three food categories: sweet biscuits, breakfast cereals and dairy-based desserts. This descriptive study analyzed marketing techniques and claims included in food packaging (n = 301) in one of the largest retailers in Argentina. Trained researchers coded data following an adapted version of the INFORMAS protocol to account for local food packaging regulations. Nutritional quality was assessed using both Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile (PAHO NPM) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile (WHO Euro NPM) models. Under the PAHO model, 87% (n 262) of the product sample presented excess content of at least one nutrient ("less healthy" products), and 91% (n = 273) should not be marketed to children according to the WHO Euro model. Almost 40% of less healthy food products displayed nutrition claims on their package. Characters or celebrity endorsements, which are particularly attractive to children, featured in 32% of less healthy products, being more frequent in less healthy food products than in healthier ones. Results indicate that packaging for food products with low nutritional value often includes powerful marketing elements in Argentina, which renders young children very vulnerable to obesogenic influence. Moreover, the real nutritional value of the products analyzed were often at odds with the health claims shown on its package. Food labeling policies must be improved in Argentina to guarantee people's health protection against deceptive advertising.

Los niños son particularmente vulnerables a la mercadotecnia; este estudio analiza las técnicas de mercadotecnia y la propaganda sobre salud/nutrición en los paquetes de comida, además de evaluar la calidad nutricional en tres categorías de comida: galletas dulces, cereales para el desayuno y postres lácteos. Este estudio descriptivo analizó las técnicas de mercadotecnia y propaganda incluida en los embalajes de galletas dulces, cereales para el desayuno y postres (n = 301) en uno de los distribuidores más grandes de Argentina. Investigadores cualificados codificaron los datos siguiendo una versión adaptada del protocolo INFORMAS, con el fin de evaluar la regulación respecto a los embalajes de comida local. La calidad nutricional fue evaluada usando tanto los modelos del Perfil Nutricional de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS NPM) y Organización Munidal de la Salud (OMS Euro NPM). Un 87% (n = 262) de la muestra del producto presentó un exceso de contenido de al menos un nutriente (productos "menos saludables"), según el OPS NPM, y un 91% (n = 273) de la muestra no debería haber sido etiquetada para niños, según el OMS Euro NPM. Casi un 40% de los productos menos saludables contaban con propaganda nutricional en sus embalajes. Personajes infantiles o el respaldo de famosos, que son particularmente atractivos para los niños, fueron destacados en un 32% de los productos menos sanos, y fueron más frecuentes entre los productos menos sanos que entre los más saludables. Los resultados indican que los embalajes de productos alimenticios con un valor nutricional bajo, a menudo incluyen elementos poderosos de mercadotecnia en Argentina, lo que provoca que los niños más jóvenes sean más vulnerables a la influencia obesogénica. Asimismo, el valor real nutricional de los productos analizados estuvo a menudo en conflicto con la propaganda sobre los beneficios para la salud mostrados en su embalaje. Las políticas de etiquetado deberían mejorar en Argentina para garantizar la protección a la salud de toda la población frente a la publicidad engañosa.

As crianças são particularmente vulneráveis ao marketing. O estudo analisa as técnicas publicitárias e alegações nutricionais e de saúde nas embalagens de alimentos e avalia a qualidade nutricional de três categorias de alimentos: biscoitos, cereais matinais e sobremesas lácteas. O estudo descritivo analisou as técnicas de marketing e as alegações impressas nas embalagens de biscoitos, cereais matinais e sobremesas lácteas (n = 301) em uma das maiores cadeias de varejo da Argentina. Pesquisadores treinados codificaram os dados de acordo com uma versão adaptada do protocolo INFORMAS para levar em conta a regulamentação argentina de rotulagem de alimentos. A qualidade nutricional foi avaliada com os modelos de Perfil de Nutrientes da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS NPM) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS Euro NPM). Ao todo, 87% (n = 262) das amostras dos produtos apresentavam um conteúdo excessivo de pelo menos um ingrediente (os produtos "menos saudáveis") de acordo com o OPAS NPM, enquanto 91% (n = 273) dos produtos não deveriam ser promovidos para crianças, de acordo com o OMS Euro NPM. Quase 40% dos produtos alimentícios menos saudáveis mostravam alegações nutricionais nas embalagens. Personagens conhecidos pelo público infantil, além do endosso de celebridades, que são particularmente atraentes para as crianças, foram destacados em 32% dos produtos menos saudáveis, e eram mais frequentes nos produtos menos saudáveis do que nos mais saudáveis. Os resultados indicam que as embalagens dos produtos alimentícios com menor valor nutritivo muitas vezes fazem uso de elementos poderosos de marketing na Argentina, deixando as crianças altamente vulneráveis à influência obesogênica. Muitas vezes o verdadeiro valor nutritivo dos produtos analisados não estava de acordo com as alegações de saúde nas embalagens. As políticas de rotulagem de alimentos devem ser melhoradas na Argentina para garantir a proteção da saúde da população inteira contra a publicidade enganosa.

Skipping breakfast and physical fitness among school-aged adolescents

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the relationship between skipping breakfast and physical fitness in a group of school-aged adolescents in China. METHODS: This cross-sectional study from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) survey in Ningbo, China, used a standardized questionnaire to assess the frequency of breakfast consumption. Physical fitness was measured through standing long jump, 50-m sprint, 1,000 (or 800)-m run, and vital capacity tests. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the frequency of breakfast consumption and physical fitness. RESULTS: Our study included a total of 1,849 school-aged adolescents (aged 15.53±1.80 years). Among boys, non-breakfast-skippers had good scores for 50-m sprints, 1,000-m run, and vital capacity tests when compared with breakfast skippers (all p<0.05). Among girls, non-breakfast-skippers had a good scores for the standing long jump test compared with breakfast skippers (p=0.003). The multiple linear regression model showed that not skipping breakfast was positively associated with vital capacity (β=-173.78, p=0.004) and inversely associated with 50-m sprint (β=-0.12, p=0.018) and 1,000-m run times (β=-8.08, p=0.001) in boys. CONCLUSION: The results of this cross-sectional study revealed that skipping breakfast might be associated with lower physical fitness in Chinese adolescents aged 13-18 years, especially boys. Breakfast consumption should be promoted among Chinese school-aged boys.

¿Es necesario el ayuno para la determinación del perfil lipídico? / Is fasting necessary for the determination of the lipid profile?

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar los cambios post prandiales en el perfil lipídico en respuesta a una comida típica argentina. Se extrajo sangre a 33 mujeres voluntarias después de 12 h de ayuno (T0), 1 h después de un desayuno estandarizado (T1) y 1 h después de un almuerzo estandarizado (T2). Se midieron los niveles de: colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL), colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) y triglicéridos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la prueba t de Student pareada. Para cada analito se calculó la diferencia porcentual media (DM%) en T1 y T2 respecto de T0 y se comparó con el valor de referencia del cambio (VRC). Las DM% mayores al VRC se consideraron clínicamente significativas. En T1 y T2, los valores de C-HDL fueron más bajos que en T0, mientras que los valores de C-LDL en T1 fueron más bajos que en T0. Los niveles de triglicéridos fueron significativamente más altos en T1 que en T0. En todos los casos, la variabilidad fue estadísticamente significativa, aunque no clínicamente. En este estudio puede observarse que el perfil de lípidos en T1 y T2 no mostró diferencias clínicamente significativas con respecto a los valores basales.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze postprandial lipid profile changes in response to a typical Argentine meal. Blood was collected from 33 female volunteers after a 12 h fasting period (T0), 1 h after a standardized breakfast (T1) and 1 h after a standardized lunch (T2). The levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were measured. Data were analyzed using paired Student's t-test. Mean difference % (MD %) was calculated for each analyte at T1 and T2 and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). MDs % higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. At T1 and T2, HDL-C values were lower than at T0, whereas LDL-C values at T1 were lower than at T0. Triglycerides levels were significantly higher at T1 than baseline values. In all cases, variability was statistically, though not clinically, significant. This study demonstrates that at T1 and T2 lipid profile showed no clinically significant differences with respect to basal values.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as alterações do perfil lipídico pós-prandial em resposta a uma refeição típica argentina. O sangue foi coletado de 33 mulheres voluntárias após um período de jejum de 12 horas (T0),1 h após um café da manhã padronizado (T1) e 1 h após um almoço padronizado (T2). Foram medidos os níveis de: colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (C-HDL), colesterol LDL (C-LDL) e triglicérides. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste t de Student pareado. A diferença média% (DM%) foi calculada para cada analito em T1 e T2 e foi comparada com o valor de mudança de referência (VRC). Os MDs% maiores que o VRC foram considerados clinicamente significativos. Em T1 e T2, os valores de C-HDL foram menores que em T0, enquanto os valores de C-LDL em T1 foram menores que em T0. Os níveis de triglicérides foram significativamente maiores em T1 do que os valores basais. Em todos os casos, a variabilidade foi estatisticamente, embora não clinicamente, significativa. Este estudo demonstra que no perfil lipídico em T1 e T2 não houve diferenças clinicamente significativas em relação aos valores basais.

Correlates of body fat and waist circumference in children from São Caetano do Sul, Brazil / Correlatos da gordura corporal e circunferência da cintura em crianças de São Caetano do Sul, Brasil

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine potential correlates of body fat (BF) and waist circumference (WC) in children. The sample included 328 children (169 boys) aged 9-11 years. BF (%) was measured using a bioelectrical impedance scale. WC measurements were made on exposed skin at the end of a normal expiration using a non-elastic anthropometric tape. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior were measured using accelerometers. Participants with complete individual, family and home, and school environmental data were included in the analysis. Children averaged 21.3% in boys and 25.8% in girls for BF and 68.0 cm in boys and 67.2 cm in girls for WC. There was higher BF among girls (p<0.001), but no significant sex differences with respect to WC. In boys, breakfast consumption, bad sleep quality, and MVPA were associated with BF. Among girls, the only variables associated with BF were breakfast consumption and bad sleep quantity. Bad sleep quality and MVPA were associated with WC in boys. Among girls, WC was associated with breakfast consumption and bad sleep quantity. We identified correlates of BF and WC in children; however, few correlates were common for both BF and WC, and for both boys and girls.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os potencias correlatos da gordura corporal (GC) e da circunferência da cintura (CC) em crianças. A amostra incluiu 328 crianças (169 meninos) de 9-11 anos. A GC (%) foi avaliada usando a bioimpedância elétrica e a CC (cm) usando uma fita antropométrica não elástica. A atividade física de moderada à vigorosa (AFMV) e o tempo sedentário (TS) foram mensurados usando acelerômetros. Os participantes que tinham informações completas individuais, familiares, e de ambiente da moradia e escolar foram incluídos nas análises. As médias das crianças foram 21,3% nos meninos e 25,8% nas meninas para GC e 68,0 cm nos meninos e 67,2 cm nas meninas para CC. A média das meninas foi maior do que nos meninos para GC (p<0.001). Não encontramos diferença significativa entre os sexos para CC. Nos meninos, o consumo de café da manhã, qualidade de sono ruim e AFMV foram associados com GC. Nas meninas, as únicas variáveis associadas foram o consumo do café da manhã e qualidade de sono ruim. Qualidade de sono ruim e AFMV foram associadas com CC nos meninos. Nas meninas, CC foi associada significativamente com consumo de café da manhã e qualidade do sono ruim. Identificamos correlatos da GC e da CC em crianças, no entanto, poucos correlatos foram comuns para GC e CC e em ambos os sexos.

Hypoparathyroidism: what is the best calcium carbonate supplementation intake form? / Hipoparatireoidismo: qual é a melhor forma de ingestão de suplemento de carbonato de cálcio?

Abstract Introduction: In hypoparathyroidism, calcium supplementation using calcium carbonate is necessary for the hypocalcemia control. The best calcium carbonate intake form is unknown, be it associated with feeding, juice or in fasting. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the calcium, phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product serum levels of hypoparathyroidism women after total thyroidectomy, following calcium carbonate intake in three different forms. Methods: A crossover study was carried out with patients presenting definitive hypoparathyroidism, assessed in different situations (fasting, with water, orange juice, breakfast with a one-week washout). Through the review of clinical data records of tertiary hospital patients from 1994 to 2010, 12 adult women (18-50 years old) were identified and diagnosed with definitive post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. The laboratory results of calcium and phosphorus serum levels dosed before and every 30 min were assessed, for 5 h, after calcium carbonate intake (elementary calcium 500 mg). Results: The maximum peak average values for calcium, phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product were 8.63 mg/dL (water), 8.77 mg/dL (orange juice) and 8.95 mg/dL (breakfast); 4.04 mg/dL (water), 4.03 mg/dL (orange juice) and 4.12 mg/dL (breakfast); 34.3 mg2/dL2 (water), 35.8 mg2/dL2 (orange juice) and 34.5 mg2/dL2 (breakfast), respectively, and the area under the curve 2433 mg/dL min (water), 2577 mg/dL min (orange juice) and 2506 mg/dL min (breakfast), 1203 mg/dL min (water), 1052 mg/dL min (orange juice) and 1128 mg/dL min (breakfast), respectively. There was no significant difference among the three different tests (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The calcium, phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product serum levels evolved in a similar fashion in the three calcium carbonate intake forms.

Resumo Introdução: No hipoparatireoidismo, a suplementação de cálcio com carbonato de cálcio é necessária para o controle da hipocalcemia. A melhor forma de ingestão de carbonato de cálcio ainda é desconhecida, seja concomitante com alimentação, no suco ou em jejum. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e produto cálcio-fósforo em mulheres pós-tireoidectomia por hipoparatireoidismo, após a ingestão de carbonato de cálcio em três formas diferentes. Método: Foi realizado um estudo cruzado em pacientes com hipoparatireoidismo definitivo, avaliados em diferentes situações (em jejum, com água, suco de laranja, café da manhã, após washout de uma semana). A revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes de um hospital terciário de 1994 a 2010 identificou 12 mulheres adultas (18-50 anos), diagnosticadas com hipoparatireoidismo definitivo pós-tireoidectomia. Os resultados laboratoriais dos níveis séricos de cálcio e fósforo foram mensurados antes e a cada 30 minutos durante 5 horas, após a ingestão de carbonato de cálcio (cálcio elementar 500 mg). Resultados: Os valores de pico máximo médio de cálcio, fósforo e produto cálcio-fósforo foram 8,63 mg/dL (água), 8,77 mg/dL (suco de laranja) e 8,95 mg/dL (café da manhã); 4,04 mg/dL (água), 4,03 mg/dL (suco de laranja) e 4,12 mg/dL (café da manhã); 34,3 mg2/dL2 (água), 35,8 mg2/dL2 (suco de laranja) e 34,5 mg2/dL2 (café da manhã), respectivamente, e a área sob a curva foi 2.433 mg/dL.min. (água), 2.577 mg/dL.min. (suco de laranja) e 2.506 mg/dL.min. (café da manhã), 1.203 mg/dL.min. (água), 1.052 mg/dL.min. (suco de laranja) e 1.128 mg/dL.min. (café da manhã), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significante entre os três diferentes testes (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Os níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e produto cálcio-fósforo evoluíram de forma semelhante nas três formas de ingestão de carbonato de cálcio.