Prevalencia de la automedicación en odontología en adultos de Macas, Ecuador / Prevalence of self-medication in dentistry in adults in Macas, Ecuador

Introducción: el hecho de que una persona no puede acceder a un servicio de salud puede favorecer la automedicación, que es la administración de fármacos según la autopercepción del individuo sobre su posible diagnóstico y solución. Aunque es una situación considerada como problema de salud pública, por medio de la educación o futuras investigaciones que generen propuestas, se podrá erradicar las barreras al acceso de la salud oral. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la automedicación en odontología en adultos de Macas, Ecuador, durante el año 2021. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, documental, comunicacional y transversal actual, donde se trabajó sobre la población de edad adulta de Macas, Ecuador; los datos se recolectaron mediante una encuesta online, para luego ser analizados en prevalencia, frecuencia y chi cuadrado. Resultados: 49% de los encuestados respondió que se automedican, los analgésicos fueron el tipo de medicamento más consumido (44.2%); 27% de los individuos respondió que el dolor dental era una causa para tomar medicamentos sin receta, el principal motivo para automedicarse y no acudir al odontólogo fue por indicación del técnico de farmacia (26%). Conclusiones: los datos epidemiológicos obtenidos en esta investigación demuestran la marcada tendencia de las personas a consumir medicinas sin receta médica, por lo que, se deduce que existe una barrera para acceder a los servicios de salud oral; por ello, debería darse la importancia y atención oportuna (AU)

Introduction: the fact that a person cannot access a health service, may favor self-medication, which is the administration of drugs according to the individual's self-perception about their possible diagnosis and solution. Although, it is a situation considered as a public health problem, through education or future research that generates proposals, it will be possible to eradicate the barriers to oral health access. Objective: to determine the prevalence of self-medication in dentistry in adults in Macas, Ecuador, during the year 2021. Material and methods: a descriptive, quantitative, documentary, communicational and current cross-sectional study was carried out on the adult population of Macas, Ecuador; data were collected by means of an online survey and then analyzed in terms of prevalence, frequency and chi-square. Results: 49% of those surveyed responded that they self-medicate, analgesics were the most consumed type of medicine (44.2%), 27% of the individuals responded that dental pain was a cause for taking medicines without prescription, the main reason for self-medicating and not going to the dentist was because of the indication of the pharmacy technician (26%). Conclusions: the epidemiological data obtained in this investigation show us the marked tendency of people to take medicines without a medical prescription; therefore, it can be deduced that there is a barrier to accessing oral health services, and for this reason it should be given importance and timely attention (AU)

Cannabis. Usos y aplicaciones en la práctica odontológica diaria: revisión de la literatura / Cannabis. Uses and applications in daily dental practice: a review of the literature

La evidencia científica presente en la literatura indica que el cannabis puede ser utilizado con fines terapéuticos para tratar distintas afecciones odontológicas. Dado el acceso sencillo a la cavidad bucal, las distintas formulaciones de cannabis pueden aplicarse de forma tópica. La aplicación local de dosis bajas de cannabis ha demostrado alta efectividad para tratar distintas afecciones bucales, constituyendo un tratamiento seguro con baja probabilidad de generar repercusiones sistémicas indeseadas. En la actualidad, está siendo incorporado a materiales convencionales de uso e higiene odontológica con la finalidad de aprovechar sus efectos terapéuticos. El cannabis tiene múltiples usos en odontología: como componen-te de enjuagues bucales y soluciones para la desinfección de conductos radiculares, en tratamientos de trastornos de ansiedad bucal, como complemento en terapias oncológicas, como analgésico para atenuar el dolor inflamatorio y el neuropático, como miorrelajante y condroprotector para tratar trastornos de articulación témporomandibular (ATM) y bruxismo, como osteomodulador para el tratamiento de patologías que comprometen la integridad ósea, como la enfermedad periodontal y la osteoporosis, y para la cicatrización ósea asociada a fracturas, extracciones dentarias e implantes, y como inmunomodulador con potencial terapéutico para tratar patologías autoinmunes como las enfermedades reumáticas. El trata-miento local con cannabis es efectivo, bien tolerado por el paciente y con pocos efectos adversos. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el cannabis aporta un enorme abanico de posibilidades terapéuticas para tratar distintas afecciones odontológicas, aunque aún se requiere mayor cantidad de estudios científicos que avalen su utilización en cada situación fisiopatológica particular (AU)

The scientific evidence present in the literature indicates that cannabis can be used for therapeutic purposes to treat different dental conditions. Given the easy access to the oral cavity, the different cannabis formulations can be applied topically. The local application of low doses of cannabis has shown high effectiveness in treating different oral conditions, constituting a safe treatment with a low probability of generating unwanted systemic repercussions. It is currently being incorporated into conventional materials for dental use and hygiene in order to take advantage of its therapeutic effects. Cannabis has multiple uses in dentistry: as a component of mouthwashes and solutions for disinfecting root canals, in the treatment of oral anxiety disorders, as a complement in oncological therapies, as an analgesic to reduce inflammatory and neuropathic pain, as a muscle relaxant and chondroprotective to treat temporomandibular joint disorders and bruxism, as an osteomodulator for the treatment of pathologies that compromise bone integrity, such as periodontal disease and osteoporosis, and or bone healing associated with fractures, dental extractions and implants, and as immunomodulator with therapeutic potential to treat autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatic diseases. Local treatment with cannabis is effective, well tolerated by the patient and with few adverse effects. Local treatment with cannabis is effective, well tolerated by the patient and with few adverse effects. Therefore, it can be concluded that cannabis provides an enormous range of therapeutic possibilities to treat different dental conditions, although more scientific studies are still required to support its use in each particular pathophysiological situation (AU)

Progress on photodynamic therapy in oral diseases / 华西口腔医学杂志

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has developed rapidly in basic and clinical research, and its therapeutic prospects have received increasing attention. PDT has the advantages of minimally invasive, low toxicity, high selectivity, good reproducibility, protection of appearance and vital organ function, and has become a treatment. With the development of medicine, the field of application of PDT becomes more wildly, and brings a new direction for the treatment of oral diseases. This article reviews the basic principles, treatment elements and research results of PDT in the treatment of oral diseases.

Diagnosing acquired syphilis through oral lesions: the 12 year experience of an Oral Medicine Center / Diagnosticando sífilis adquirida através de lesões orais: a experiência de 12 anos de um Centro de Medicina Oral

Abstract Introduction: A resurgence of syphilis in Brazil has been reported in recent years. Objective: With this in mind, the present study sought to investigate the frequency, demographics, and clinical characteristics of patients with acquired syphilis with oral involvement who received medical care at an Oral Medicine Reference Center in a Brazilian Public Hospital. Methods: A retrospective study, spanning a period of 12 years, was performed to identify changing trends in syphilis over time. Medical records from all patients diagnosed with acquired syphilis who received medical care at the Hospital's Oral Medicine Clinic from 2005 to 2016 were reviewed, and the demographic and clinical data were collected. Results: A total of 85 patients had been diagnosed with acquired syphilis, with a significant increase in the number of cases over the past 5 years. Patients ranged from 16 to 76 years of age, with a peak in the third and fourth decades. Forty-eight cases affected males (56.5%), while 37 cases affected females (43.5%). Most of the oral lesions appeared as unique ulcers or plaques, with the lips and tongue representing the most affected sites. All cases were positive for Venereal Disease Research Laboratory or Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption, and treatment was performed with Penicillin G benzathine in most cases (84.7%). Conclusion: The frequency of oral syphilis has been rising over time and oral lesions may well represent a diagnostic clue; therefore, oral health professionals must be made aware and properly trained in an attempt to develop a high degree of clinical suspicion in the diagnosis of syphilis.

Resumo Introdução: Um ressurgimento da sífilis no Brasil tem sido relatado nos últimos anos. Objetivo: Investigar a frequência, as características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes com sífilis adquirida com envolvimento oral que receberam atendimento médico em um centro de referência em medicina oral em um hospital público brasileiro. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, abrangeu 12 anos, feito para identificar tendências de mudança na sífilis. Registros médicos de todos os pacientes diagnosticados com sífilis adquirida que receberam atendimento médico na clínica de medicina oral do hospital de 2005 a 2016 foram revisados e os dados demográficos e clínicos foram coletados. Resultados: Foram diagnosticas 85 pacientes com sífilis adquirida, com um aumento significativo no número de casos nos últimos 5 anos. A idade dos pacientes variou de 16 a 76 anos, com pico na terceira e quarta décadas; 48 casos eram do sexo masculino (56,5%) e 37 do sexo feminino (43,5%). A maioria das lesões orais apareceu como úlceras ou placas únicas, os lábios e a língua representaram os locais mais afetados. Todos os casos foram positivos para Venereal Disease Research Laboratory e Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption Test e o tratamento foi feito com penicilina G benzatina na maioria dos casos (84,7%). Conclusão: A frequência da sífilis oral tem aumentado com o tempo e as lesões orais podem representar uma pista diagnóstica; portanto, os profissionais de saúde bucal devem ser conscientizados e devidamente treinados na tentativa de desenvolver um alto grau de suspeição clínica no diagnóstico da sífilis.

Medicamentos en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico y su repercusión en Estomatología / Medicine use in surgery risk patients and repercussion in Dentistry

RESUMEN • Introducción: Con el envejecimiento creciente de la población, la práctica estomatológica exige la utilización del conocimiento para identificar y tratar pacientes con enfermedades sistémicas cada vez más frecuentes, lo cual puede requerir el uso de medicamentos capaces de interactuar con el tratamiento farmacológico de su enfermedad de base. La literatura refleja esta relación de manera fragmentada y carente de un enfoque sistémico. Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura el uso de medicamentos en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico y describir su repercusión durante el tratamiento estomatológico. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y se consultaron artículos científicos, tesis de titulación de especialistas, maestrías y doctorales entre otras referencias principalmente de los últimos 5 años mediante Google. Desarrollo: Se abordan las generalidades, manejo estomatológico y las interacciones medicamentosas de cada una de las enfermedades a estudiar (Diabetes Mellitus, hipertensión arterial y cardiopatía), así como las situaciones que requieren profilaxis antibiótica. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico utilizan medicamentos que producen interacciones importantes con fármacos como AINES, anestésicos locales y glucocorticoides que habitualmente se emplean en los tratamientos estomatológicos; existen además enfermedades sistémicas en las cuales hay que tener en cuenta la profilaxis antibiótica antes de realizar determinados procederes estomatológicos.

ABSTRACT • Introduction: With the growing of population aging, the dental practice requires the adequate knowledge to identify and treat patients with increasingly frequent systemic diseases, which may require the use of drugs capable of interacting with the pharmacological treatment of their underlying diseases. The literature reflects this relationship in a fragmented manner and lacking a systemic approach. Objective: To identify the drugs used in risk patients undergoing surgery and describe their repercussion during dental treatment. Material and Method: A bibliographic review was carried out. Scientific articles, specialists´ theses, Master´s and PhD degrees among other references were consulted, mainly the ones obtained from the search carried out in Google during the last 5 years. Results: The generalities, dental management and drug interactions between the diseases studied (diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and heart disease) were addressed, as well as the situations that require antibiotic prophylaxis. Conclusions: The surgical risk patients studied use drugs that produce important interactions with drugs such as NSAIDs, local anesthetics and glucocorticoids that are usually used in dental treatments. There are also systemic diseases in which antibiotic prophylaxis must be taken into account before performing certain dental procedures.

Ashy dermatosis with involvement of mucous membranes

Abstract: Ashy dermatosis is a rare condition, of unknown aetiology, in which mucous membranes are typically spared. The authors report the case of a 57-year-old female with a history of asymptomatic gray-bluish macules located on the trunk and oral mucosa. There were no relief changes on examination. Skin biopsies from the oral mucosa and trunk were performed and both were compatible with ashy dermatosis. The patient started treatment with oral clofazimine but due to the absence of clinical improvement the drug was discontinued three months later. This case report illustrates an atypical case of ashy dermatosis owing to the involvement of mucous membranes, which is rarely described in the literature.

Fitoterapias en lesiones de mucosa oral: propiedades reparativas y aplicación clínica: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Phytotherapies in oral mucosa lesions: reparative properties and clinical application: systematic review of the literature

Dada la exposición constante a injurias, las lesiones de mucosa oral (LMO) y su cicatrización son asunto de importancia para la práctica odontológica, siendo relevante contribuir al restablecimiento de la integridad del área afectada. Se plantea la utilización de fitofármacos como coadyuvantes en la cicatrización de LMO, pero aun cuando los fitofármacos están socialmente valorados, no siempre existe evidencia que los respalde como alternativa terapéutica. Es por esto que consideramos necesario determinar que fitofármacos efectivamente ejercen acción sobre las LMO, para una práctica odontológica basada en evidencia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratoria pre-sistemático (scoping review), para lo cual se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Korean Journal Database, ProQuest Central, SciELO, Biblioteca Cochrane, CUMED, IBECS y LILACS, utilizando los términos MeSH "phytotherapy", "plant extracts", "medicinal plants", "ethnopharmacology", "mouth mucosa" y "oral mucosa". Se incluyeron artículos de los últimos 15 años escritos en español, inglés o portugués, siendo requisito el estudio de heridas o lesiones ulcerativas de la mucosa oral y la evaluación de fitofármacos como alternativa terapéutica para la resolución de las mismas. Resultados: Se seleccionaron mediante lectura de resumen un total de 21 artículos para revisión, correspondiendo 6 a estudios experimentales realizados en animales, 3 a estudios en cultivos celulares, 11 a ensayos clínicos y 1 a revisión Cochrane. Acorde a lo obtenido, los fitofármacos entregan una amplia gama de evidencia de mejorías clínicas e histológicas; existiendo un gran número de artículos científicos que avalan las propiedades benéficas de las plantas y sus componentes activos, sin embargo en cuanto a la cavidad oral, existe un menor número de ensayos clínicos en donde se observen resultados específicos para la mucosa oral. Es necesario ampliar el estudio e inversión en el campo de la fitoterapia, especilamente en lo que concierne a la cicatrización en cavidad oral y sus efectos en la regeneración celular, con el fin de avalar este tipo de terapias.

Given the constant exposure to injuries, oral mucosal lesions (OML) and their healing are important issues for dental practice, and it is important to contribute to the restoration of the integrity of the affected area. The use of phytopharmaceuticals as adjuvants in the healing of OML is considered, but even when phytopharmaceuticals are socially valued, there is not always evidence to support them as a therapeutic alternative. This is why we consider it necessary to determine that phytopharmaceuticals effectively exert action on the OMLs, for an evidence-based dental practice. A descriptive exploratory scoping study was carried out, for which MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Korean Journal Database, ProQuest Central, SciELO, Cochrane Library, CUMED, IBECS And LILACS, using the terms MeSH "phytotherapy", "plant extracts", "medicinal plants", "ethnopharmacology", "mouth mucosa" and "oral mucosa". We included articles of the last 15 years written in Spanish, English or Portuguese, being required the study of wounds or ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa and the evaluation of phytopharmaceuticals as a therapeutic alternative for the resolution of the same. Results: A total of 21 articles were selected for review, 6 for experimental studies in animals, 3 for studies on cell cultures, 11 for clinical trials and 1 for Cochrane review. According to the obtained, the phytopharmaceuticals deliver a wide range of evidence of clinical and histological improvements; There is a large number of scientific articles that support the beneficial properties of the plants and their active components, however in the oral cavity, there are fewer clinical trials where specific results are observed for the oral mucosa. It is necessary to expand the study and investment in the field of phytotherapy, especially with regard to healing in the oral cavity and its effects on cellular regeneration, in order to support this type of therapies.

Plasma cell granuloma in oral cavity: a case report / Granuloma de células plasmáticas en cavidad oral: informe de un caso

Plasma cell granuloma is a rare benign tumor lesion that is classified and described under the pseudo inflammatory tumor category. Its occurrence in the oral cavity is rare, making diagnosis and treatment really difficult, as it bears some clinical similarity with malignant tumor diseases. Proper diagnosis and treatment of PCG requires performing biopsy and a histopathological/immunohistochemicalstudy to rule out possible plasma and neoplastic cell dyscrasias. Consequently, the use of these auxiliary diagnostic devices will enable us to provide the appropriate treatment for the patient. In this study, we present the case of a 63-year-old female patient with a tumor/ulcerative lesion of the left buccal mucosa of a month of evolution and a tumor/ulcerative lesion on the right buccal mucosa of 15 days of evolution after the onset of the first lesion. The patient was treated successfully for a period of one year with immunosuppressive drugs, and to date the disease is inactive. The purpose of this paper is to show one of the most unusual locations in the oral cavity affected by this pathological entity, its clinical and histological features, and establish the differential diagnosis correctly with other malignant or benign disease entities, suggesting the most suitable treatment for this type of condition...

El Granuloma de Células Plasmáticas es una rara lesión tumoral benigna descrita dentro de la clasificación de tumores pseudoinflamatorios, es rara su aparición dentro de la cavidad oral, haciendo realmente complicado su diagnóstico y tratamiento, ya que presenta similitud clínica con patologías tumorales malignas. Para el adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento del GCP, se requiere de la realización de biopsia y estudio histopatológico/inmunohistoquímico, para descartar posibles discrasias de las células plasmáticas y neoplásicas, de tal forma que el uso de estos auxiliares de diagnóstico nos permitirá sustentar de manera adecuada el tratamiento otorgado al paciente. Se presenta el caso de paciente femenino de 63 años de edad, con una lesión tumoral/ulcerativa de la mucosa yugal izquierda de un mes de evolución y lesión tumoral/ulcerativa de la mucosa yugal derecha de 15 días de evolución posterior a la aparición de la primera lesión, tratada por un periodo de un año con inmunosupresores de forma exitosa ya que a la fecha la paciente presenta inactiva la enfermedad. El propósito de este manuscrito es mostrar una de las localizaciones más extrañas de esta entidad patológica en la cavidad oral, sus características clínicas e histológicas, establecer de forma correcta el diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades patológicas malignas ó benignas y así emplear el tratamiento requerido para la forma en que se presente la misma...

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy use on oral manifestations in pediatric patients infected with HIV.

Aims: The aim was to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV‑infected children undergoing highly active anti‑retroviral therapy (HAART), and the association between the duration of HAART usage and oral lesions. Subjects and Methods: Totally, 111 medical and dental records of HIV‑infected children, aged from 2 to 16 years old were reviewed for medical data, presence of oral lesions, and caries prevalence. According to the type of medication, the children were grouped as follows: 51 were under HAART (G1), 46 were using anti‑retroviral medication (G2), and 14 were using no medication (G3). Results: The majority of the HIV children had AIDS (65.8%), of which 86.3% were in G1, 63% in G2, and 0% in G3. The mean length of therapy was 34.4 months, with no difference between groups (Kruskal–Wallis; P = 0.917). The prevalence of the oral lesions was 23.4%, namely, G1 was 27.5%, G2 was 21.7%, and G3 was 14.3% (P > 0.05). Gingivitis was the most common oral manifestation (15.3%) seen in the three groups, followed by gingival linear erythema and pseudomembranous candidiasis in G1 and G2. The mean values regarding deft and DMFT indexes were, respectively, 3.2 and 1.9 (G1), 2.8 and 1.6 (G2), and 3.8 and 3.0 (G3). For the patients without AIDS (n = 38), oral manifestations were seen in 29.4% of G2 compared to G1, with 0% (Chi‑square; P > 0.05). In terms of therapy duration, 47.65% of the patients who had been under HAART for 18 months or less had oral manifestations, compared to 13.3% of those who had been treated for a longer time (Chi‑square; P = 0.007). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of oral lesions was similar between the groups, it was less in patients without AIDS and those under HAART. The duration of HAART usage had a significant influence on the prevalence of these lesions.

Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of Vitamin C in oral environment.

Context: Antioxidant properties and Vitamin C. Background: Vitamin C is a naturally occurring organic compound and a potent antioxidant preventing oxidative damage to lipids and other macromolecules. It can also exhibit bimodal activity as a pro‑oxidant at a higher concentration. Vitamin C has a switch over role from being an antioxidant in physiologic conditions to a pro‑oxidant under pathologic conditions. A systematic review of this role would help to elucidate whether it is an antioxidant or a pro‑oxidant in the oral environment. Objective: To review studies reported in the literature elucidating the activity of Vitamin C and determine whether it is an antioxidant or a pro‑oxidant. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE using appropriate key words like “Vitamin C,” “antioxidant activity,” “pro‑oxidant activity,” “oral health” “oral disease.” Hand search of journals was also performed. Articles were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Search strategy reviewed 10 relevant articles which studied the dual role of Vitamin C. 65% of authors analyzed antioxidant action of ascorbic acid compared to 35% of the pro‑oxidant potential. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant and a pro‑oxidant by a plethora of mechanisms. Factors determining its bimodal activity were studied, and the frequencies of their occurrence in the literature were depicted in percentage. Conclusion: The data validates the role of Vitamin C as an antioxidant under physiologic conditions exhibiting a cross over role as a pro‑oxidant in pathological conditions. Further studies are required to substantiate its pro‑oxidant activity to draw concrete conclusions.

Histiocitosis dendrocítica (histiocitosis de células de langerhans), manifestaciones orales y craneofaciales: reporte de tres casos / Dendrocitic histiocytosis (langerhans cell histiocytosis), oral and craniofacial manifestations: report of three cases

La Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans (HCL) corresponde a una proliferación anormal de células dendríticas, de tipo clonal, cuyo espectro clínico general incluye compromiso de la piel y las mucosas, las uñas, el hueso, la médula ósea, el hígado, el bazo, linfonodos, el pulmón, el tracto gastrointestinal inferior, el sistema endocrino y el sistema nervioso central. En este trabajo presentamos tres casos de la enfermedad, con manifestaciones orales y craneofaciales, analizadas desde el punto de vista clínico (examen extra e intra oral), imagenológico (tomografías computadas) e histopatológico (expresión de marcador específico CD1a). Dos casos fueron clasificados como HCL de presentación aguda diseminada y uno como presentación crónica. Los pacientes fueron tratados oportunamente con quimioterapia según el protocolo del Programa Infantil Nacional de Drogas Antineoplásicas.

The Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) corresponds to an abnormal proliferation of dendritic cells, clonal type, which usually involves compromise of skin and mucous membranes, nails, bone, bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, lower gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system and the central nervous system. We present three cases of the disease, with oral and craniofacial manifestations, analyzed from the clinical perspective (intra and extra oral exam), imaging (CT scans) and histopathological (specific marker CD1a expression). Two cases were classified as acute disseminated LCH presentation and one as a chronic disease. Patients were treated with chemotherapy timely according to the protocol of the National Child Program of Antineoplastic Drugs.

Oral cavity eumycetoma / Eumicetoma da cavidade bucal

Mycetoma is a pathological process in which eumycotic (fungal) or actinomycotic causative agents from exogenous source produce grains. It is a localized chronic and deforming infectious disease of subcutaneous tissue, skin and bones. We report the first case of eumycetoma of the oral cavity in world literature. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old male patient, complaining of swelling and fistula in the hard palate. On examination, swelling of the anterior and middle hard palate, with fistula draining a dark liquid was observed. The panoramic radiograph showed extensive radiolucent area involving the region of teeth 21-26 and the computerized tomography showed communication with the nasal cavity, suggesting the diagnosis of periapical cyst. Surgery was performed to remove the lesion. Histopathological examination revealed purulent material with characteristic grain. Gram staining for bacteria was negative and Grocott-Gomori staining for the detection of fungi was positive, concluding the diagnosis of eumycetoma. The patient was treated with ketoconazole for nine months, and was considered cured at the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Histopathological examination, using histochemical staining, and direct microscopic grains examination can provide the distinction between eumycetoma and actinomycetoma accurately.

Micetoma é um processo patológico no qual agentes eumicóticos (fungos) ou actinomicóticos de origem exógena podem causar formação de grãos. É uma doença infecciosa localizada, crônica e deformante do tecido subcutâneo, pele e ossos. Relatamos o primeiro caso de eumicetoma da cavidade bucal da literatura mundial. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente masculino, de 43 anos, com queixa de edema e fístula no palato duro. Ao exame clínico, observava-se edema da região anterior e média de palato duro, com fístula drenando líquido escuro. A radiografia panorâmica mostrou área radiolúcida extensa, envolvendo a região dos dentes 21 ao 26 e a Tomografia computadorizada evidenciou comunicação com a cavidade nasal, sugerindo o diagnóstico de cisto periapical. Foi realizada cirurgia para remoção da lesão. O exame histopatológico revelou material purulento com grãos característicos. A coloração de Gram para pesquisa de bactérias foi negativa e a coloração de Gomori-Grocott para pesquisa de fungos foi positiva, concluindo o diagnóstico de eumicetoma. O paciente foi tratado com Cetoconazol durante nove meses, obtendo cura ao final do tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: O exame histopatológico, usando colorações histoquímicas, e o exame dos grãos por microscopia direta podem proporcionar adequada distinção entre eumicetoma e actinomicetoma.

A remarkable role of growth factors in resolving oral and specific periodontal pathologies: A strategic review.

The knowledge and the understanding of the role of growth factors, their mechanisms of action, and molecular signaling pathways, which have been reviewed in this article, suggest the potential for many novel therapeutic targets, not only for applying growth factors but also for the potential use of growth factor inhibitors or agents that target specific parts of the intracellular signaling pathways in controlling oral pathologies. There remains an enormous challenge to convert some of the knowledge from basic studies of bone cell physiology and inflammatory cells to therapeutically useful techniques for the future.

Homeopatía en odontología / Homeopathy in dentistry

La homeopatía, rama de las ciencias médicas, tiene una orientación esencialmente terapéutica basada fundamentalmente en el llamado principio de similitud. Este último sostiene que una sustancia capaz de producir determinados síntomas en un individuo sano también es capaz de curar esos mismos síntomas en un enfermo. La terapia basada en estos principios se caracteriza fundamentalmente porque no es invasiva, es de bajo costo, emplea remedios no tóxicos, puede utilizarse en trastornos agudos y crónicos y esencialmente holística, pues considera al enfermo en su nivel emocional, mental y físico, teniendo como objetivo devolverle el equilibrio perdido. En odontología, esta ciencia nos brinda múltiples ventajas y beneficios con mínimos efectos secundarios: ahorro de gastos y apertura de una nueva línea de investigación y tratamiento, coexistiendo con la terapéutica alopática tradicional, buscando sumar y en definitiva, abrir el camino hacia una forma integradora de comprender el arte de curar.

Efficacy of hydrocortisone acetate/hyaluronidase vs triamcinolone acetonide/hyaluronidase in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis.

Background & objective: Oral submucous fibrosis is a common premalignant condition caused by chewing arecanut and other irritants in various forms. Its medical treatment is not yet fully standardized, although the optimal doses of its medical treatment is in the form of hydrocortisone acetate combined with hyaluronidase. The problem with the prevailing treatment was injections at weekly interval. In this study we compared the efficacy of hydrocortisone acetate and hyaluronidase at weekly interval versus triamcinolone acetonide and hyaluronidase at 15 days interval. Methods: Patients of OSMF (100) were randomly divided into two groups A and B. Group A patients received combination of hydrocortisone acetate (1.5 ml)/hyaluronidase (1500 IU) at weekly interval submucosally in pterygomandibular raphe, half dose on each side for 22 wk. Group B patients received combination of triamcinolone acetonide (10 mg/ml)/ hyaluronidase (1500 IU) at 15 days interval for 22 wk. Treatment outcome was evaluated on the basis of improvement in symptom score, sign score and histopathological improvement. Student’s ‘t’ test was applied for comparing the results. Results: No statistically significant difference in symptom score, sign score and histopathological improvement was seen between the two groups. Interpretation & conclusion: Treatment regimen of group B was more convenient to the patients because less number of visits required and cheap. No side effects were seen. A follow up study is required to see long term effects.

Actividad antibacteriana y clínica de la moxifloxacina comparada con otros antibióticos para el manejo de infecciones bucales / Clinical antibacterial activity and moxifloxacin compared with other antibiotics for oral infections handling

La cavidad bucal constituye uno de los principales nichos ecológicos para bacterias aerobias y principalmente anaerobias. Estos microorganismos juegan un papel importante en la patogénesis de las infecciones bucales y en las infecciones focales de origen oral. Las infecciones bucales más frecuentes incluyen caries, periodontitis, absceso periapical, absceso periodontal, pericoronitis, pulpitis, osteítis e infección de los espacios aponeuróticos. Algunos estudios indican un aumento en la prevalencia de microorganismos presentes en la cavidad bucal que son resistentes a algunos de los antibióticos usualmente empleados para combatir este tipo de infecciones, por lo cual es necesario tener presente antibióticos alternativos para uso terapéutico o profiláctico. Moxifloxacina (MXF) es una 8-methoxiquinolona de amplio espectro, eficaz contra patógenos respiratorios intracelulares típicos y atípicos, bacterias gram negativas y muchas bacterias anaeróbicas obligadas. MXF es también muy activo contra cepas que son resistentes a la penicilina, macrólidos, tetraciclinas, thrimethoprim/sulfa y algunas fluroquinolonas. Cuando se compara con la amoxicilina/clavulánico (AMX-CLA), el esquema de dosificación de la MXF (400 mg/diarios), podría garantizar un mayor cumplimiento con las prescripciones. Además, su mecanismo de acción también puede proporcionar un alivio más rápido de los síntomas de la infección odontogénica, convirtiéndose en una posible alternativa antimicrobiana contra anaerobios obligados residentes en la cavidad bucal

The oral cavity constitutes one of the principal ecological niches for obligate anaerobic bacteria. These microorganisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral infections and focal infections of oral origin. Most of these infections are odontogenics, being the most frequent decays, periodontitis, periapical abscess, periodontal abscess, pericoronitis, pulpitis, osteitis and infection of the aponeurotic spaces. Some published studies highlight the growing prevalence of obligate anaerobes in oral origin that are resistant to some of these antibiotics, giving rise to the need to investigate alternative antibiotics for therapeutic or prophylactic use. Moxifloxacin (MXF) is an 8-methoxyquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity, including activity against typical, atypical and intracellular respiratory pathogens, gram negative pathogens and many obligate anaerobic bacteria. MXF is also highly active against strains that are resistant to penicillin, macrolides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and some fluoroquinolones. The dosing schedule of the MXF (400 mg / day) could ensure greater compliance with the requirements and its mechanism of action may also provide a faster relief of symptoms of infection odontogenic, when compared with amoxicillin / clavulanate (AMX-CLA). In addition, may represent a possible alternative antimicrobial against oral anaerobes

Penfigóide cicatricial no trato aerodigestivo superior: relato de dois casos / Cicatricial pemphygoid in the upper aerodigestive tract: report of two cases

Penfigóide Cicatricial (Penfigóide Cicatricial de Membrana Mucosa) é uma doença auto-imune inflamatória crônica caracterizada pela presença de bolhas subepiteliais em membranas mucosas e, ocasionalmente na pele. Pode haver acometimento oral, nasal, faríngeo, laríngeo, ocular, esofágico, anogenital e de pele, predominantemente em pacientes na quinta e sexta décadas de vida. O tratamento preconizado inclui corticóides sistêmicos e agentes imunossupressores. Descrevemos neste trabalho dois casos com a doença em atividade, sendo que um evoluiu com complicação séptica pelo uso de imunossupressor e outro que apresentou estenose supraglótica exigindo traqueotomia.

Cicatricial pemphygoid (mucous membrane cicatricial pemphygoid) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by subepithelial bubbles in mucous membranes and, occasionally on the skin. It may affect the mouth, the nose, pharynx, larynx, the eyes, esophagus, anus, genitals and skin; especially affecting patients between fifty and sixty years of life. Treatment includes systemic steroids and immunosuppressive agents. In the present paper we describe two cases with the active disease, and one of them had sepsis because of using immunosuppressive agents and another that presented supraglottic stenosis requiring tracheostomy.