Correlación entre sodio, cloro y potasio del cuerpo vítreo y el intervalo postmortem sobre los 2. 850 msnm / Correlation between sodium, chlorine and potassium of the vitreous body and the postmortem interval above 2. 850 msnm

RESUMEN: El intervalo Postmortem (IPM) es un importante desafío por resolver en la patología forense, y consiste en poder determinar el tiempo transcurrido desde la muerte hasta el momento de la autopsia. Dada la poca confiabilidad de algunos métodos por la gran influencia de factores externos y propios del cadáver, la bioquímica forense ha recibido considerable atención por sus niveles de seguridad. La ciudad de Quito se ubica en la cordillera de Los Andes a 2850 msnm, sin embargo, en la literatura no existen reportes de medición de estos parámetros a una altura como ésta. El objetivo fue establecer una correlación entre sodio (Na+), cloro (Cl-) y potasio (K+) del humor vítreo del cuerpo vítreo y el IPM a la altura de la ciudad de Quito. Para el estudio se utilizaron 128 muestras de cuerpo vítreo provenientes de 16 autopsias practicadas en la Unidad de Medicina Legal Zona 9, en IPM de 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 y 144 horas. Para la obtención del humor vítreo se siguió el método convencional, se dividió para las 8 alícuotas y se llevó a congelación -20 °C hasta el momento de su análisis. La cuantificación de la concentración de electrolitos Na+, Cl- y Potasio+ se realizó mediante analizador ISE de Roche Cobas (Roche Diagnostics) C501, calibrado para uroanálisis, y no fue necesaria la dilución. Durante la calibración y cada tres muestras, se midió un estándar interno para corregir los efectos de la desviación sistemática en la calibración. El enfoque estadístico se basó en un análisis de correlación lineal, utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. La correlación entre las horas postmortem y las concentraciones de los diferentes electrolitos, fueron estadísticamente significativas. Se pudo corroborar una correlación lineal significativa entre el IPM y el aumento del K+ en el HV.

SUMMARY: The postmortem interval (PMI) is an important challenge to be solved in forensic pathology, and it consists of being able to determine the time elapsed from death to the moment of autopsy. Given the unreliability of some methods due to the great influence of external factors and those specific to the corpse, forensic biochemistry has received considerable attention for its levels of safety. The city of Quito is located in the Andes mountain range at 2850 meters above sea level, however, in the literature there are no reports of measurement of these parameters at a height like this. The objective was to establish a correlation between sodium (Na+), chlorine (Cl-) and potassium (K+) of the vitreous humor and the MPI at a height of 2,850 masl. For the study, 128 samples of vitreous humor were used from 16 autopsies performed in the Zone 9 Legal Medicine Unit, in IPM of 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours. To obtain the vitreous humor, the conventional method was followed, it was divided for the 8 aliquots and it was frozen at -20 ° C until the moment of its analysis. The quantification of the concentration of electrolytes Na+, Cl- and K+ was carried out using an ISE analyzer from Roche Cobas (Roche Diagnostics) C501, calibrated for urinalysis, and no dilution was necessary. During calibration and every third sample, an internal standard was measured to correct for the effects of systematic deviation on the calibration. The statistical approach was based on a linear correlation analysis, using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The correlation between the postmortem hours and the concentrations of the different electrolytes were statistically significant. A significant linear correlation between the PMI and the increase in K+ in vitreous humor could be corroborated.

Identifying hydric, electrolytic and acid-base imbalances through traditional and quantitative approaches in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis / Identificação de desequilíbrios hídricos, eletrolíticos e ácido-base pelas abordagens tradicional e quantitativa em cães com gastroenterite hemorrágica

Vomiting and diarrhea are two important clinical signs that can cause significant electrolytic and acid-base imbalances. The purposes of this study were to characterize hydric, electrolytic and acid-base disorders presented by puppies with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and to compare the traditional and quantitative approaches to acid-base status interpretation. Sixty-one animals with a history of vomiting and/or diarrhea were used in this study and the following tests were performed: complete blood count, total plasma protein concentration and hemogasometry. Mean, standard deviation and Kappa values were calculated. The imbalances characterized by both approaches were: 42 (69%) animals without imbalance, 17 (28%) with metabolic alkalosis and 2 (3%) with metabolic acidosis by the traditional approach and 17 (28%) dogs without imbalance, 26 (43%) with metabolic alkalosis and 18 (29%) with metabolic acidosis by the quantitative approach. The agreement calculated between two approaches coincide in 28 cases, with a moderate Kappa value equivalent to 0.459. The most found imbalances were metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and mild dehydration. Most of acid-base disturbances were not identified by the traditional approach, whereas by the quantitative approach, they were easily determined. Thus quantitative approach proved to be superior in identification of possible acid-base imbalances.(AU)

Vômito e diarreia são dois sinais clínicos importantes, que podem causar desequilíbrios eletrolíticos e ácido-base importantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar os desequilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base apresentados por filhotes de cães com gastroenterite hemorrágica e comparar as abordagens de interpretação do equilíbrio ácido-base tradicional e quantitativa. Sessenta e um animais com histórico de vômito e/ou diarreia foram utilizados neste estudo, e os seguintes testes foram realizados: hemograma, concentração de proteína total plasmática e hemogasometria. Média, desvio-padrão e valor de Kappa foram calculados. Os desequilíbrios caracterizados pelas duas abordagens foram: 42 (69%) animais sem desequilíbrio, 17 (28%) com alcalose metabólica e dois (3%) com acidose metabólica, pela abordagem tradicional, e 17 (28%) cães sem desequilíbrio, 26 (43%) com alcalose metabólica e 18 (29%) com acidose metabólica, pela abordagem quantitativa. A concordância calculada entre as duas abordagens coincidiu em 28 casos, com um valor de Kappa moderado, equivalente a 0,459. Os desequilíbrios mais encontrados foram alcalose metabólica, hipocalemia e desidratação leve. A maioria dos distúrbios não foram identificados pela abordagem tradicional, enquanto, pela abordagem quantitativa, foram facilmente determinados. Portanto, a abordagem quantitativa provou-se superior na identificação de possíveis desequilíbrios ácido-base.(AU)

Acid base disorders in hospitalized cattle / Distúrbios ácido-base em bovinos hospitalizados

The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine the main acid-base and electrolytes disorders in hospitalized cattle, using both Henderson-Hasselbalch and the physicochemical approach and to compare their diagnostic and therapeutic utility. A total of 31 medical records were reviewed of bovines admitted to the Large Animal Hospital at Universidad Nacional de Colombia, that met the inclusion criteria of the measurement of blood gases, blood electrolytes and plasma protein on admission before providing any treatment. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch approach, acid base abnormalities were found in 83.3% of the patients, compared to 93.5% using the physicochemical approach. The principal acid-base disorders found were strong ion acidosis (61.29%) and weak acid acidosis (38.7%); strong ion gap (SIG) acidosis was found in 73.68% of cases showing strong ion acidosis. These results highlight the importance of the diagnosis of acid-base disorders in sick cattle for proper recognition of pathophysiological phenomena and its understanding to guide treatment decisions.(AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo retrospectivo foram determinar os principais distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos em bovinos internados, utilizando a abordagem Henderson-Hasselbalch e a abordagem físico-química comparando a utilidade diagnóstica e terapêutica de tais procedimentos. Foram revisados 31 prontuários de bovinos admitidos no Hospital de Animais de Grande Porte da Universidad Nacional de Colombia, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão da medição de gases sanguíneos, eletrólitos sanguíneos e proteínas plasmáticas na admissão antes de fornecer qualquer tratamento. Com o emprego da abordagem de Henderson-Hasselbalch, as anormalidades da base ácida foram encontradas em 83,3% dos pacientes, enquanto com a abordagem físico-química o valor obtido foi de 93,5%. Os principais distúrbios ácido-base encontrados foram forte acidose iônica (61,29%) e acidose ácida fraca (38,7%). A acidose com Ion Gap Forte (SIG) foi encontrada em 73,68% dos casos com forte acidose iônica. Estes resultados destacam a importância do diagnóstico de distúrbios ácido-base em bovinos doentes para o reconhecimento adequado dos fenômenos fisiopatológicos e sua compreensão para orientar as decisões de tratamento.(AU)

Composição eletrolítica e mineral do leite de lactantes a termo pré e pós-pasteurização e de leite cru de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo / Electrolyte and mineral composition of term donor human milk before and after pasteurization and of raw milk of preterm mothers

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar e comparar as concentrações de eletrólitos e minerais no leite humano em três grupos: amostras analisadas antes e após pasteurização de lactantes doadoras a termo e amostra de leite cru colhida à beira do leito de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal. Foram dosadas concentrações de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), sódio (Na) e potássio (K) em amostras aleatórias de leite humano nos três grupos. As amostras foram analisadas por mineralização ácida assistida por radiação micro-ondas e posteriormente por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado e expressas em mg/L, com cálculo de médias e desvio padrão. A comparação entre os grupos foi feita por análise de variância (ANOVA)/teste de Tukey. Nível de significância aceito de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se redução significante dos teores de Ca (259,4±96,8 vs. 217,0±54,9; p=0,003), P (139,1±51,7 vs. 116,8±33,3; p=0,004) e K (580,8±177,1 vs. 470,9±109,4; p<0,0001) após a pasteurização. As amostras de leite cru colhidas à beira do leito apresentaram teores estatisticamente mais elevados de Na (2 vezes) do que o leite a termo de doadora. Ca e P só atingiriam a ingestão recomendada pela European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition se o leite materno fosse ofertado em volume de 60 mL a cada 3 horas. Concentrações de Mg não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusões: Houve uma redução significativa de Ca, P e K nas amostras após pasteurização e os valores de Na no leite cru coletado à beira do leito foram superiores àqueles pré-pasteurização.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine and compare the concentrations of electrolytes and minerals in three different types of maternal milk samples: term donor milk before pasteurization, term donor milk after pasteurization and raw milk of mothers of preterm newborns at bedside. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Concentrations of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were measured in random samples of three human breast milk groups. Samples were analyzed using acid mineralization assisted by microwave radiation and further analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Concentrations were expressed in mg/L, described as mean and standard deviation. The one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test were applied to determine the variability between the means of each group. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: There was a significant reduction in the content of Ca (259.4±96.8 vs. 217.0±54.9; p=0.003), P (139.1±51.7 vs. 116.8±33.3; p=0.004) and K (580.8±177.1 vs. 470.9±109.4; p<0.0001) in donor maternal milk before and after pasteurization. Samples of raw milk presented higher contents of Na than the donated milk (twice). The elements P and Ca would only reach the daily intake levels recommended by the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition if at least 60 mL of milk could be offered every 3 hours. Mg levels were not different between the three groups. Conclusions: There was a significant reduction in Ca, P and K levels in samples after pasteurization. The Na value in raw milk, collected at bedside, was higher than in the samples of donor's milk before pasteurization.

Fractional excretion of electrolytes and paradoxical aciduria in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum / Excreção fracionada de eletrólitos em acidúria paradoxal em vacas leiteiras com deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda

The fractional excretion of electrolytes is used to assess renal function and interpret electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. Left displaced abomasum is a common disorder in dairy cows, which causes hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. There is limited information on fractional excretion of electrolytes in cows with displaced abomasum. This study aimed to measure the fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride and paradoxical aciduria in dairy cows with displaced abomasum. Blood and urine samples were collected from 30 dairy cows before and 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery. The cows were divided into two groups (G1: laparoscopy and G2: laparotomy) with 15 cows each. The concentrations of chloride, sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured in serum and urine. Urinary pH and packed cell volume were measured. Fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride and urinary strong ion difference [SID]urine were calculated using published formulas. Cows in both groups showed hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis before surgery; however, hypochloremia was observed only in G2. Potassium concentration significantly increased 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery in G1 and 48 and 72 h after surgery in G2. There were no significant changes in fractional excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium and urinary pH and [SID]urine between treatments and time points. Paradoxical aciduria was observed before and 24 h following surgery in G1. Fractional excretion and urinary SID are valuable tools to understand hypochloremic, hypokalemic alkalosis in dairy cows with displaced abomasum, as well as paradoxical aciduria and return of abomasal flux.(AU)

A excreção fracionada de eletrólitos é calculada para verificar a função renal e auxiliar na interpretação de distúrbios eletrolíticos e ácido-base. O deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda é frequente em vacas leiteiras, ocasionado alcalose hipoclorêmica e hipocalêmica. Há pouca informação na literatura sobre excreção fracionada de eletrólitos em vacas com deslocamento de abomaso. Este estudo objetivou mensurar a excreção fracionada de sódio, potássio e cloro e a acidúria paradoxal em vacas leiteiras com deslocamento abomasal. Amostras sanguíneas e urinárias foram coletadas de 30 vacas antes e 24, 48 e 72 horas após operação. As vacas foram divididas em dois grupos (G1: laparoscopia e G2: laparotomia) com 15 animais cada. As concentrações de cloro, sódio, potássio e creatinina foram dosadas no soro e urina. Mensurou-se pH urinário e o hematócrito. A excreção fracionada e diferença de íons fortes urinário [SID]urina foram calculados utilizando fórmulas publicadas. Vacas de ambos os grupos apresentaram alcalose hipocalêmica antes da operação. Não houve alterações significativas na excreção fracionada de sódio, potássio e cloro, no pH urinário e na [SID]urina entre os tratamentos e momentos. Acidúria paradoxal foi observada no G1 antes e 24h após operação. A excreção fracionada e [SID]urina são ferramentas importantes para interpretar a alcalose hipoclorêmica e hipocalêmica em vacas leiteiras com deslocamento de abomaso, como também a acidúria paradoxal e o retorno do fluxo abomasal.(AU)

Excess fluid volume: sociodemographic and clinical analysis in haemodialysis patients / Excesso de volume de líquidos: análise clínica e sociodemográfica em pacientes de hemodiálise / El exceso de volumen de líquido: el análisis sociodemográfico y clínico en pacientes en hemodiálisis

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the defining characteristics and related factors in the nursing diagnosis Excess fluid volume and its relationship to sociodemographic and clinical variables in haemodialysis patients. Method: Cross-sectional study, conducted using a form and physical examination, with a sample of 100 patients, between December 2012 and April 2013 at a university hospital and a dialysis clinic. Results: It was found 10 significant statistical associations between the defining characteristics/ related factors of Excess fluid volume and the sociodemographic and clinical variables. Conclusion: The defining characteristics and related factors of Excess fluid volume could be influenced by sociodemographic and clinical variables in haemodialysis clientele.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as características definidoras e fatores relacionados ao diagnóstico de enfermagem excesso de volume de líquidos e sua relação com variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas em pacientes em hemodiálise. Método: estudo transversal, desenvolvido com a utilização de um formulário e exame físico, com uma amostra de 100 pacientes, entre dezembro 2012 e abril 2013 em um hospital universitário e uma clínica de diálise. Resultados: dez associações estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre as características definidoras/fatores relacionadas ao excesso de volume de líquidos e as variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas. Conclusão: as características definidoras e fatores relacionados ao excesso de volume de líquidos podem ser influenciados por variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas em pacientes em hemodiálise.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las características definitorias y los factores relacionados con el diagnóstico enfermero de exceso de volumen líquido y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes de hemodiálisis. Método: estudio transversal, realizado mediante un formulario y examen físico, con una muestra de 100 pacientes, entre diciembre de 2012 y abril de 2013 en un hospital universitario y una clínica de diálisis. Resultados: se encontraron 10 asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las características definitorias, factores relacionados de volumen de exceso de líquido y las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Conclusión: las características definitorias y los factores relacionados de exceso de volumen líquido podrían estar influenciados por variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en clientes de hemodiálisis.

Avaliação endoscópica das vias aéreas, do perfil de gases, dos eletrólitos e do equilíbrio ácido-base em equinos submetidos ao treinamento de três tambores / Endoscopic airway, blood gas, electrolytes, and acid-base in equine submitted to three-barrel training

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as vias aéreas por endoscopia, o perfil de gases, de eletrólitos e o equilíbrio ácido-base de equinos da raça Quarto de Milha (QM) antes e após o exercício de três tambores. Dezesseis cavalos, divididos em dois grupos de oito animais, treino regular (TR - cinco vezes) e treino esporádico (TE - duas vezes por semana), foram utilizados no experimento. A endoscopia foi realizada antes e 90 min após o exercício. Foram realizadas duas coletas de sangue por punção da artéria facial transversa antes do aquecimento (M0) e imediatamente após o exercício (M1), e as leituras foram realizadas com o I-Stat(r). Foram determinadas PCO2, PO2, SO2, pH, BE, HCO3 e TCO2, Na+, K+, iCa, glicose, Hg e Ht. Foi utilizada ANOVA com medidas repetidas no tempo para comparações dos grupos e dos momentos (P<0,05). A HFL acometeu em grau leve (1-2) os animais de ambos os grupos, com 8/8 (100%) no TR e 5/8 (62,5%) no TE. Observou-se presença de secreção serosa na traqueia em 4/8 (50%) para ambos os grupos. A HPIE acometeu em grau leve (1-2) os animais de ambos os grupos, com 4/8 (50%) no grupo TR e 3/8 (37,5%) no grupo TE. Os animais com grau 2 de HPIE apresentaram leve hipoxemia e hipercapnia pós-exercício. SO2, PCO2, pH, HCO3, BE, K e iCa+ não diferiram estatisticamente (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Os cavalos da raça QM submetidos ao exercício de TT apresentam HPIE e acidose metabólica.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the airways by endoscopy, gas profile, electrolytes and acid-base balance of horses in the Quarter Horse (QM) race before and after training three drums. Sixteen horses divided into two groups of 8 animals, with regular training (RT - 5 times a week) and sporadic training (ET - 2 times a week) were used in the experiment. Endoscopy was performed before and 90 min after training. Two blood samples were taken by puncturing the transverse facial artery before heating (M0) and immediately after training (M1), and the readings were performed with the I-Stat(r). PCO2, PO2, SO2, pH, BE, HCO3 and TCO2, Na +, K +, iCa, Glucose, Hg, and Ht were determined. ANOVA was used with repeated measures over time for comparisons of groups and time (P<0.05). The HFL befell was mild (1-2), the animals from both groups with 8/8 (100%) in the TR and 5/8 (62.5%) for the TE. There was presence of serous trachea 4/8 (50%) for both groups. The EIPH befell was mild (1-2) in the animals from both groups with 4/8 (50%) in the RT group and 3/8 (37.5%) for the TE group. Animals with grade 2 EIPH had mild hypoxemia and hypercapnia after exercise. The SO2, PCO2, pH, HCO3, BE, K, and iCa did not differ P <0.05 between groups. QM race submitted to TT exercise have EIPH and metabolic acidosis.(AU)

Determinação de valores de referência séricos para os eletrólitos magnésio, cloretos, cálcio e fósforo em ovinos das raças Dorper e Santa Inês / Determination of magnesium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus serum reference values for Dorper and Santa Inês sheep breeds

A ovinocultura no Brasil é uma atividade em grande expansão e, com o aumento da demanda mundial por carne ovina, aumentou-se o interesse no monitoramento da sanidade do rebanho, utilizando diversas ferramentas como auxiliares no diagnóstico clínico, tais como os intervalos de referência séricos. Os elementos minerais constituem 2 a 5,5% do corpo dos vertebrados, exercendo diversas funções no organismo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter intervalos de referência para os eletrólitos magnésio, fósforo, cloreto e cálcio para ovinos das raças Dorper e Santa Inês. Foram coletados soros de 487 animais clinicamente sadios, sendo 146 da raça Dorper e 341 da raça Santa Inês. Os eletrólitos foram mensurados utilizando-se kits comerciais. Os dados foram analisados quanto à raça, sexo e idade, e os intervalos de referência determinados. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas nos intervalos de referência obtidos para os eletrólitos cálcio e magnésio na variável raça, e para o eletrólito fósforo na variável faixa etária e, quando confrontados com valores de referência já publicados, comprovou-se a existência de diferença estatística significativa entre os mesmos em todos os analitos estudados.

The sheep industry in Brazil is an important economic activity, and with the increasing global demand for sheep meat there is a great interest in the monitoring of the herd health, and serum reference ranges are basic tools for veterinary clinical pathology assays. Mineral elements correspond to 2-5.5% of the body of vertebrates, holding different functions in their physiology. The objective of this study was to obtain reference intervals of the electrolytes magnesium, phosphorus, chloride and calcium for the Dorper and Saint Ines sheep breeds. Sera samples were collected from 487 clinically healthy sheep, 146 from Dorper and 341 from Santa Ines breed. Electrolytes were measured using commercial kits. Data were analyzed taking the race, sex and age variables in account, and reference ranges were established. The results revealed significant statistical differences in reference ranges obtained for the electrolytes calcium and magnesium concerning the variable race, and for the electrolyte phosphorus in the variable age and, when compared with reference values already published, proved the existence of significant differences.

The Anion Gap is a Predictive Clinical Marker for Death in Patients with Acute Pesticide Intoxication

Pesticide formulation includes solvents (methanol and xylene) and antifreeze (ethylene glycol) whose metabolites are anions such as formic acid, hippuric acid, and oxalate. However, the effect of the anion gap on clinical outcome in acute pesticide intoxication requires clarification. In this prospective study, we compared the anion gap and other parameters between surviving versus deceased patients with acute pesticide intoxication. The following parameters were assessed in 1,058 patients with acute pesticide intoxication: blood chemistry (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, lactic acid, liver enzymes, albumin, globulin, and urate), urinalysis (ketone bodies), arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl- HCO3 -, Ca++), pesticide field of use, class, and ingestion amount, clinical outcome (death rate, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit stay, and seriousness of toxic symptoms), and the calculated anion gap. Among the 481 patients with a high anion gap, 52.2% had a blood pH in the physiologic range, 35.8% had metabolic acidosis, and 12.1% had acidemia. Age, anion gap, pesticide field of use, pesticide class, seriousness of symptoms (all P < 0.001), and time lag after ingestion (P = 0.048) were significant risk factors for death in univariate analyses. Among these, age, anion gap, and pesticide class were significant risk factors for death in a multiple logistic regression analysis (P < 0.001). In conclusions, high anion gap is a significant risk factor for death, regardless of the accompanying acid-base balance status in patients with acute pesticide intoxication.

Conductividad iónica en nuevos compósitos (PEO)10(CF3COONa)-X% Al2O3 / Ionic conductivity of (PEO)10(CF3COONa)-X % Al2O3 composites

Se incrementó la conductividad iónica delelectrolito sólido polimérico (PEO)10CF3COONa medianteformación de nuevos compositos, adicionando partículasde óxido de aluminio (Al2O3) como relleno. Los compositosfueron preparados por disolución en solvente líquido y lacaracterización por espectroscopia de impedancias (EI)con configuración de electrodos Pt/electrolito/Pt. Reducciónde hasta dos órdenes de magnitud en la resistencia, seobservó en diagramas de Nyquist; combinando polióxido deetileno (PEO) con trifluoroacetato de sodio (CF3COONa).Al agregar partículas de Al2O3, la reducción en resistenciallego a ser hasta de tres órdenes de magnitud, a temperaturaambiente. Los gráficos de conductividad DC en función dela concentración, mostraron incremento de conductividadiónica a bajas concentraciones de alúmina. El compositoconductor iónico sintetizado mostró conductividadde 2.00x10-5 Scm-1 temperatura ambiente y 7.70x10-4Scm-1, temperatura de 383 K. Se presentó comportamientoArrhenius en dos regiones de diagramas de conductividadcon temperatura, indicando proceso térmicamenteactivado. Para altas concentraciones de Al2O3 se observócomportamiento Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF). Lasvariaciones de conductividad con concentración de Al2O3,están asociadas con número de sitios involucrados entrasporte iónico, a través de interacciones Lewis ácido–base,entre partículas de Al2O3 y especies iónicas del electrolito...

To increase the ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte, (PEO)10CF3COONa, we formed newcomposites by adding alumina particles as a filler. We prepared these composites by dissolving them ina liquid solvent, and characterized them through impedance spectroscopy (IS), using a Pt/electrolyte/Ptelectrode configuration. The combination of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with sodium trifluoroacetate(CF3COONa) produced a reduction in resistance of up to two orders of magnitude in Nyquist plots, andup to three orders of magnitude when we added Al2O3 particles at room temperature. DC conductivityconcentration graphs show an increase in the ionic conductivity with low alumina concentrations. Thenew synthesized ionic conductor composite presented conductivity values of 2.00x10-5 Scm-1 at roomtemperature and of 7.70x10-4 Scm-1 at a temperature of 383 K. Two sections of the conductivity diagramsalso evidenced a temperature induced Arrhenius behavior, indicating a thermally activated process. Higherconcentrations of Al2O3 induced a Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) behavior. Conductivity variationsproduced by Al2O3 concentration are linked to the number of sites involved in ion transport betweenAl2O3 ionic electrolyte species through Lewis acid-base interactions...

Foi Aumentada a condutividade iônica doeletrólito de polímero sólido (PEO)10CF3COONa, através daformação de um novo compósito, adicionando partículas deóxido de alumínio (Al2O3). Os compósitos foram preparadospor dissolução num solvente líquido e a caracterizaçãofoi feita por espectroscopia de impedância (EI) com aconfiguração utilizando eletrodo de platinum - Pt/eletrólito/Pt. A redução de até duas ordens de grandeza na resistênciaé observada em diagraamas de Nyquist quando se combinapoli (óxido de etileno) (PEO) com trifluoroacetato de sodioCF3COONa. Quando as partículas de Al2O3 são adicionadasao composição, é observado uma redução na resistênciade três ordens de grandeza à temperatura ambiente. Osgráficos do logaritmo da condutividade dc em função daconcentração, mostra um aumento da condutividade parabaixas concentrações de alumína. Do compósito condutorde íons sintetizado, apresenta valores de condutividade2.00x10-5 Scm-1 à temperatura ambiente e 7,70x10-4 Scm-1a uma temperatura de 383 K. Um comportamento do tipoArrhenius é apresentado em duas regiões dos diagramas decondutividade com a temperatura, indicando um processotermicamente ativado. Para concentrações elevadas deAl2O3, uma mudança de comportamento para Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) foi observado. As variações nacondutividade com a concentração de Al2O3, está associadaa alteração do número dos sítios envolvidos no transportede íons através de interações do tipo ácido-base de Lewisentre partículas de Al2O3 e espécies iônicas...

Electrolyte Imbalance in Cataract Patients.

100 cataract patients of IGGMC attending Biochemistry OPD for routine Blood sugar, were estimated for serum electrolyte level i.e. Sodium, Potassium level and compared with normal healthy age related ( 50-70 yrs) control by t test. Plasma Glucose level (to rule out Diabetes) and serum Creatinine (to rule out renal disorder) in both cases and control were also studied. Result of our study shows Elevation in serum Na level in cataract pts mean 148.52 + /-4.13 meq/lt compared to control mean 139.26 +/-3.08 meq/lt (p value 0.001) which is significantly high. Normal Serum Na level is required to maintain proper water electrolyte balance across lens membrane that in turn is also responsible for maintaining lens membrane permeability. Elevation in serum Na level in cataract pts may result into its further increase in aqueous humor of lens which may lead to osmotic imbalance across lens membrane and aggravate, progression of disease. We conclude that salt restricted Diet must be advised in Cataract patients so as to maintain normal electrolyte balance which may prevent further progression of disease.

Plasma electrolytes in healthy individuals and elective surgical patients in Khartoum

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate if the frequently observed low preoperative values of the plasma electrolytes Na+; K+; and Ca+2 in our surgical patients; in Khartoum; is a reflection of their levels in the population at large or it is a genuine finding in patients.Methods: 90 male and female subjects were included in this study. 60 healthy; young and elderly individuals were selected randomly from amongst medical students and employees of the University of Khartoum. 30 elective orthopedic and general surgical patients were randomly selected from Khartoum teaching hospital. Plasma Na+ and K+ were measured using a digital flammometer; and plasma Ca+2 was measured using a spectrophotometer. Results were compared to international data using the Z test. Comparison between the groups in the study was done using the student t-test. Results: Plasma Na+; K+; and Ca+2of the healthy subjects and the surgical patients were found to be low compared to the international reference values. Plasma K+ is higher and Ca+2is lower in the older subjects when compared to young ones. Conclusion: a larger study is needed to set the normal values for plasma electrolytes in the Sudan. The high environmental temperature and nature of our diets could be the reason for the observed differences between our subjects and international reference values

Effects of radiation and alpha-tocopherol on saliva flow rate, amylase activity, total protein and electrolyte levels in oral cavity cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate early and late effects of radiation and a-tocopherol on the secretion rate of saliva and on selected saliva salivary parameters in oral cavity cancer patients. PATIENTS & METHODS: Eighty-nine histologically confirmed oral cavity cancer patients (OCC) were enrolled in the study. Resting whole saliva was collected before, during and at the end of the radiation therapy (RT) and simultaneous supplementation with alpha - tocopherol to the radiation treated patients (RT + AT). RESULTS: Salivary flow rate, pH, amylase activity, total protein, sodium and potassium were analyzed. Increased pH, potassium and decreased flow rate, amylase activity, protein content and sodium were observed in 6 weeks of radiation treated patients when compared to OCC patients. A significant improvement of those parameters was observed on alpha - tocopherol supplementation in RT + AT patients. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with alpha - tocopherol improves the salivary flow rate thereby, maintains salivary parameters.

Comparison of some electrolytes in hydatid cyst fluid and serum of liver hydatidosis of sheep

In this study, we collected 100 samples of liver hydatid cyst and blood of infected sheep from the Ahvaz abattoir. The existing Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were measured by an auto analyzer apparatus. The result of T. student test showed that there are a significant difference between serum and fluid of cyst in all electrolytes [p<0.05]. There was also a significant difference between these electrolytes in infected sheep and normal sheep [p<0.05]. These results confirmed that the entrance of essential electrolytes have depended on selective permeability and parasite requirement. Ca and P have vital roles in the prevention of hydatid cyst fluid acidity. Understanding parasite nutrition behavior would help us to conduct a better drug treatment in inoperative cyst via selection of effective drug and adherence of this drug to biological material that promote distribution of drug to the cyst

Changes in serum electrolytes and lipid profile in diabetes subjects in freetown Sierra Leone

Measurement of blood electrolytes level and lipid profile usually give good indications of the disease progression in a number of non communicable diseases. To investigate the effect of diabetes on electrolyte and lipid status of male and female diabetics in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Subjects and Serum concentrations of electrolytes and lipids in one hundred and twenty [120] adult diabetics attending some diagnostic centers in Freetown Sierra Leone were measured and compared with those of one hundred and twenty [120] non-diabetic individuals. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and coronary heart disease [CHD] risk ratio in diabetic patients were significantly higher [P<0.05] than those of non-diabetics. Diabetic subjects also have low HDL-cholesterol compared with the non-diabetics. Analysis of serum electrolytes in diabetic individuals also shows significant reduction in serum K[+], Na[+] and HCO[3] while Cl[-] was significantly elevated compared with non-diabetics. There was no significant difference between the sexes in all parameters studied. We conclude that lipid abnormalities and electrolyte imbalance contribute towards complications observed in diabetes

El Laboratorio de Urgencia en la detección de errores preanalíticos. Exceso de Heparina en una muestra de sangre arterial para evaluación de gases, electrolitos y equilibrio ácido-base / The urgency laboratory in the preanalytical mistakes detection

Introducción: La utilización de solución de heparina sódica como anticoagulante en muestras de sangre para determinación de gases y electrolitos, si bien es una práctica muy empleada en nuestro medio, no es aconsejable ya que es la causa más importante de múltiples errores pre-analíticos de distinta magnitud. Objetivo: describir la detección de errores pre-analíticos en el laboratorio de urgencia en un caso clínico. Material y métodos: Dos muestras de sangre de un paciente para determinación de gases en sangre y electrolitos. La muestra N° 1 de sangre arterial fue tomada en una jeringa descartable Prexajet con solución de heparina sódica 25.000 UI/5ml siguiendo el método usual de obtener dicha solución directamente de la ampolla y descartando el exceso de líquido de la jeringa antes de realizar la punción a la paciente. La Muestra N° 2 se obtuvo con jeringa heparinizada para extracción de sangre arterial tamponada con calcio y liofilizada (BD A-Line, Becton-Dickinson). Las determinaciones fueron efectuadas con el equipo automático multiparamétrico de gases en sangre RAPIDLAB 865 (Bayer). Resultados: (Ver Tabla 1). Estos datos no se validaron por falta de lectura del Ca iónico, evidencia de error preanalítico por exceso de solución de heparina. (Ver Tabla 2) Estos datos se validaron y enviaron inmediatamente al profesional tratante. Conclusiones: El procedimiento adecuado propuesto es: a) Toma de muestra en jeringas con heparinato de litio liofilizado tamponado con calcio, anulando por completo los errores causados por la dilución. b) Saturación de la molécula de heparina con iones calcio para minimizar el error en la determinación de calcio iónico.

Biochemical profile of coconut water from coconut palms planted in an inland region

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil bioquímico da água de coco de coqueiros-anões plantados em região não litorânea, no período de maturação (sexto ao nono mês). MÉTODOS: Selecionaram-se por sorteio oito de 15 coqueiros plantados em região não litorânea, e os cocos foram enviados ao laboratório para extração e análise da água de coco. Avaliou-se glicose, eletrólitos, proteínas totais, osmolaridade, e identificaram-se açúcares da água de coco, em um total de 45 cocos, do sexto ao nono mês de maturação. RESULTADOS: A análise da água de coco do sexto ao nono mês não demonstrou diferença da mediana da concentração do sódio (3 mEq/L; 2 e 3), glicose (0,6 g/L; 0,3 e 17,3) e proteínas totais (9 g/L; 6 e 12); houve redução na concentração de potássio (64 mEq/L; 46 e 99), cálcio (6,5 mmol/L; 5 e 8,5), magnésio (8 mmol/L; 3,9 e 9,8), cloro (38,5 mEq/L; 30 e 48,7) e osmolaridade (419 mOsmol/L; 354 e 472). Com relação aos açúcares identificados por cromatografia em papel, observou-se aumento da concentração de frutose (68 mg/µL; 44 e 320) e de glicose (299 mg/µL; 262 e 332) e redução na concentração de sacarose (340 mg/µL; 264 e 390) do sexto ao nono mês. CONCLUSÕES: O perfil bioquímico da água de coco variou durante a maturação do fruto, observando-se redução da concentração de potássio, cálcio, magnésio, cloro e osmolaridade. Segundo a cromatografia em papel descendente, observou-se aumento da concentração de frutose e de glicose, bem como redução da concentração de sacarose.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biochemical profile of coconut water from dwarf coconut palms planted in non-coastal regions, during the maturation period (sixth to ninth month). METHODS: Eight of 15 coconut palms planted in a non-coastal region were selected by lots and their coconuts sent to a laboratory for extraction and analysis of the coconut water. Coconut water from a total of 45 coconuts, from the sixth to ninth months' maturity, were analyzed to measure glucose, electrolytes, total proteins and osmolarity and to identify the sugars contained. RESULTS: The analysis of coconut water from the sixth to ninth month did not find any differences in the median concentrations of sodium (3 mEq/L; 2 and 3), glucose (0.6 g/L; 0.3 and 17.3) or total proteins (9 g/L; 6 and 12), but detected a reduction in the concentration of potassium (64 mEq/L; 46 and 99), calcium (6.5 mmol/L; 5 and 8.5), magnesium (8 mmol/L; 3.9 and 9.8), chloride (38.5 mEq/L; 30 and 48.7) and osmolarity (419 mOsmol/L; 354 and 472). With relation to the sugars, identified by chromatography on paper, an increase was observed from the sixth to the ninth month in the concentration of fructose (68 mg/µL; 44 and 320) and glucose (299 mg/µL; 262 and 332) and in conjunction with a concentration of sucrose (340 mg/µL; 264 and 390). CONCLUSIONS: The biochemical profile of coconut water varied as the coconuts matured, observing reductions in the concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and osmolarity. Descending paper chromatography revealed an increase in the concentration of fructose and glucose and also a reduction in the concentration of sucrose.

Interactive effects of imidacloprid, profenofos and carbosulfan at low concentrations on homeostasis and haematological indices in male albino rats

Toxicity data with single pesticides to test animals are far more abundant than with mixtures [Flipo et al., 1992]. Consequently, these data cannot be used directly to predict the effect of pesticide combinations. Three pesticides; imidacloprid, profenofos and carbosulfan, administered to rats per OS at low level dose equal 1/30 LD50 for each insecticide, which represent 111, 70 and 43 ppm, respectively on homeostasis status and haematological indices [El-Kashory and El-Said, 2001], were selected to explore their combined action of subchronic exposure studies for 90 days in adult male albino rats. Homeostasis-related parameters such as; aldosterone [Ald.], sodium ions [Na+], potassium ions [K+], total chloride ions [T.Cl-] levels, pH value and haematological indices were examined in rats after an administration with different insecticide combinations. Moreover, after withdrawal the pesticide combinations for 30 days, as a recovery period, the above mentioned parameters were evaluated, in comparison with the control group. Results showed that, pesticide combination imidacloprid/profenofos [I + P] induced significant decrease in Na+ and T.Cl- ions levels and significant increase in pH value. While, it did not alter both Ald. and K+ ions levels. Combination imidacloprid/carbosulfan [I + C] increased significantly Ald., T.Cl- ions levels and pH values. On the contrary, it reduced Na+ and K+ ions levels significantly. Combination of profenofos/carbosulfan [P + C] decreased Ald. and Na+ significantly, while, K+ and T.Cl- level and pH value did not alter. In addition, tri-combination imidacloprid/ profenofos/carbosulfan [I + P + C] increased Na+ and T.Cl- ions level and pH value; while, a marked decline in Na+ ions level was occurred, as well as, no appreciable changes in K+ ion levels were observed. The combinations of I + P and I + C caused erythropenia [reduced RBC mass] associated with a significant decrease in PCV in I + C-treated rats. While, di-combinations P + C, I + P and I + P + C tri-combinations increased markedly of PCV and MCV. However, leukocytosis [elevated WBCS count] was observed in I + P + C-treated rats. After the pesticides combination withdrawal, changes in some parameters returned to the normal values, in comparison with the control group; while, the others still altered. Moreover, some parameters did not exhibit any changes unless after the stop of the treatment. In conclusion, this study supports the notion that; an interactions effects of pesticide combinations may be consider as contributor factor enhance their side effects

Double logarithmic, linear relationship between postmortem vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio and time since death in subjects of Chandigarh zone of Northwest India.

Present authors had recently demonstrated a highly significant double logarithmic linear relationship between time since death and serum sodium/potassium concentration ratio and also with the serum chloride concentration in humans. Consecutively the present study was carried out to substantiate this disposition in vitreous humour. The data on postmortem vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio in 1026 subjects, revealed a highly significant relationship between logarithm of vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio and logarithm of time since death upto 66 hrs. of death. Postmortem interval can be predicted from vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio with standard error of estimate 0.1800 hrs. However, factors like environmental temperature, age & gender also influences it significantly.

Normal electrolytes value in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in the Iranian Khuzestan buffaloes

To determine concentrations of certain electrolytes in cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] and serum of Khuzestan native buffaloes, samples of CSF from lumbosacral cistern and blood from jugular vein were obtained from 70 clinically-healthy male [n = 30] and female [n = 40], mature [n = 34] and immature [n = 36] animals. Samples were analyzed for sodium and potassium by flame photometry, magnesium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, calcium by ortocresol phetalein method and phosphorous by phosphomolibdate method using an automated biochemical analyzer. Statistical analyses showed that regardless of age and sex, the mean values of sodium [139.0 +/- 0.70 mmol/1] and magnesium [1.50 +/- 0.24 mmol/1] in CSF were significantly [P<0.001] higher than their mean values in serum; 134.5 +/- 6.3 mmol/1 and 0.72 +/- 0.08 mmol/1, respectively. However, the mean values of potassium [3.47 +/- 0.67 mmol/1], calcium [2.14 +/- 0.25 mmol/1] and phosphorus [1.22 +/- 0.17 mmol/1] in CSF were significantly [P<0.001] lower than their mean values in serum; 5,34 +/- 0.92 mmol/1, 2.33 +/- 0.17 mmol/1 and 1.44 +/- 0.08 mmol/1, respectively. Moreover, in males, females, matures and immature animals, the mean values of sodium and magnesium in CSF were significantly higher than those in the serum and the mean values of potassium, calcium and phosphorus in serum were significantly higher than those in CSF [P<0.01]. Age of animals did not affect any of these electrolytes. The mean value of serum phosphorus in females was significantly higher than that in males [P<0.001]. However, the mean values for potassium, calcium and phosphorus in CSF were significantly higher in males than in females [P<0.05]