Boletín Epidemiológico Semana 51/2023 (Periodo de vacaciones de fin de año) / Epidemiological Bulletin Week 51/2023 (Year-end holiday period)

Boletín Epidemiológico del periodo de vigilancia intensificada de fin de año 2022-2023. Datos preliminares. Principales causas de consulta, acumuladas del 23 de diciembre 2023 al 02 de enero-2024. Total, consultas, emergencias y referencias. Quemados por pólvora por departamento. Quemados por pólvora por grupos de edad. Porcentaje por Quemaduras por sitio anatómico

Epidemiological bulletin of the surveillance period intensified at the end of the year 2022-2023. Preliminary data. Main causes of consultation, accumulated from 23 December 2023 to 02 January 2024. Total, consultations, emergencies and references. Burned by gunpowder per department. Burned by gunpowder per age group. Percentage by Burns per anatomical site

Geração de renda para população em situação de rua: relato de experiência / Income generation for homeless people: an experience report / Generación de ingresos para la población en situación de calle: reporte de experiencia

Uma das demandas centrais das pessoas em situação de rua é a dificuldade de acesso a trabalho e renda, o que tanto pode levá-las a essa circunstância como dificultar sua saída das ruas. Nessa direção, em parceria com o Movimento Nacional da População em Situação de Rua em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte (MNPR/RN), Brasil, realizamos projeto de extensão com os objetivos de fortalecer as ações de geração de renda para os militantes do referido movimento e para o movimento em si e de promover a organização coletiva e política dos militantes do MNPR/RN em torno da pauta trabalho. Baseamo-nos na Economia Solidária para elaborar ações de geração de renda e fortalecimento político, e na Psicologia Social do Trabalho para informar sobre as intervenções realizadas pela equipe extensionista. Como estratégia de ação, foram realizados cinco bazares solidários em 2019, os quais envolveram militantes do MNPR/RN e extensionistas em reuniões preparatórias, arrecadação de materiais e efetivação dos bazares. Avaliou-se que os bazares foram uma ótima estratégia para a arrecadação de fundos para o movimento e a geração de renda imediata para os militantes envolvidos, mas que não garantiram a médio e longo prazo a renda dessas pessoas. Também possibilitaram o fortalecimento da autonomia, da participação ativa como trabalhadores e trabalhadoras e do aprendizado mútuo sobre princípios da Economia Solidária.(AU)

One of the main demands of people living on the streets is the difficulty in accessing work and income, which can either lead them to this circumstance or make it difficult for them to leave the streets. In this direction, in partnership with the National Movement of Homeless Population in Natal, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Movimento Nacional População de Rua - MNPR/RN), we carried out an extension project with the objectives of strengthening the actions to generate income for the militants of the referred movement and for the movement itself and to promote the collective and political organization of the MNPR/RN militants around the work agenda. We start with the Solidarity Economy for the elaboration of actions to generate income and political strengthening, and from the Social Psychology of Work to inform about the interventions carried out by the extension team. As an action strategy, five solidarity bazaars were held in 2019, involving MNPR/RN militants and extension workers in preparatory meetings, collection of materials, and holding the bazaars. The bazaars were considered an excellent strategy for raising funds for the movement and generating immediate income for the activists involved, but that they could not guarantee the income of these people in the medium and long term. It also allowed for the strengthening of autonomy, active participation as a female or male worker, and mutual learning on the principles of Solidarity Economy.(AU)

Una de las principales demandas de las personas en situación de calle es la dificultad para acceder al trabajo y a los ingresos, lo que puede llevarlos a esta situación o dificultarles su salida de la calle. En este sentido, en colaboración con el Movimiento Nacional de Población en Situación de Calle en Natal/RN (MNPR/RN), realizamos un proyecto de extensión con los objetivos de fortalecer las acciones de generación de ingresos para los activistas del referido movimiento y para el movimiento en sí y de promover la organización colectiva y política de los activistas del MNPR/RN en torno a las normas del trabajo. Partimos de la economía solidaria para desarrollar acciones de generación de ingresos y de fortalecimiento político, y desde la Psicología Social del Trabajo para informar de las intervenciones que realiza el equipo de extensión. Como estrategia de acción, en el 2019 se realizaron cinco ferias solidarias, en las cuales participaron activistas y grupos de extensión del MNPR/RN en reuniones preparatorias, recolección de materiales y realización de las ferias. Se consideró que las ferias son una excelente estrategia para recaudar fondos para el movimiento y generar ingresos inmediatos para los activistas involucrados, pero no pueden garantizar los ingresos de estas personas a mediano y largo plazo. También permiten fortalecer la autonomía, la participación activa como trabajador y trabajadora, y el aprendizaje mutuo sobre los principios de la economía solidaria.(AU)

Boletín Epidemiológico Semana 14 (Informe de Salud de Vacaciones de Semana Santa 2022) / Epidemiological Bulletin Week 14 (Easter Holidays Health Report 2022)

Informe que presenta la situación epidemiológica El Salvador al 18 de abril de 2022 (Datos preliminares) Principales causas de consulta, acumuladas desde el 11 de abril a la fecha, años 2021 ­ 2022 Total consultas, emergencias y referencias, Semana Santa El Salvador 2020 ­ 2021 Informe de COVID-19 I. Contexto mundial de COVID -19 II. Contexto Centroamérica y República Dominicana III. Situación Nacional, Programación semanal de tamizajes comunitarios, semana santa 2022 Recursos Humanos a disposición para este periodo del sistema integrado de salud

Report presenting the epidemiological situation of El Salvador as of April 18, 2022 (Preliminary data) Main causes of consultation, accumulated from April 11 to date, years 2021 - 2022 Total queries, emergencies and referrals, Easter El Salvador 2020 ­ 2021 COVID-19 Report I. Global Context of COVID -19 II. Context Central America and the Dominican Republic III. National Situation, Weekly programming of community screening, Holy Week 2022 Human resources available for this period of the integrated health system

Boletín Epidemiológico Semana 30 (Periodo de vacaciones agostinas al 8 de agosto de 2021) / Epidemiological Bulletin Week 30 (August holiday period to August 8, 2021)

El Boletín Epidemiológico Semana 30, presenta el informe de salud de vacaciones agostinas, detallado de la siguiente manera: Informe de eventos sujetos a vigilancia intensificada, informe de atenciones, consultas médicas, emergencias y referencias, comparativo de eventos de periodo 2019-2021 y el Informe de Covid-19, dentro del contexto mundial, centroamericano y Nacional

The Epidemiological Bulletin Week 30, presents the August holiday health report, detailed as follows: Report of events subject to intensified surveillance, report of care, medical consultations, emergencies and referrals, comparative of events for the period 2019-2021 and the Covid-19 report, within the global, Central American and National context

Can elastic band resistance training programs mitigate holiday weight gain and improve hand-grip strength in older women? / ¿Pueden los programas de entrenamiento de resistencia con banda elástica mitigar el aumento de peso durante las vacaciones y mejorar la fuerza de agarre de las manos en mujeres mayores?

SUMMARY: This study evaluated the effect of resistance exercise training (RET) on body composition and muscle strength in 16 older women during summer holidays (70.5 ± 8.4 years old; Range 60-87). Exercise sessions were carried out for twelve weeks, two sessions per week, with 60 minutes of exercise per session. We measured body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (FM%, by bioimpedance) and grip strength with a dynamometer before and after the intervention. The participants showed a significant increase in BMI (p<0.05), FM% (p<0.001), and a significant gain in grip strength (p<0.05). The RET program could be an important strategy for improving strength for older women, but we would suggest combining it with other interventions, such as aerobic exercises with gradually increasing intensity and nutrition interventions, in order to maintain a steady weight during holiday periods.

RESUMEN: Este estudio evaluó el efecto del entrenamien- to con ejercicios de resistencia (EER) sobre la composición corpo- ral y la fuerza muscular en 16 mujeres adultas mayores durante las vacaciones de verano (70,5 ± 8,4 años; Rango 60-87). Las sesio- nes de ejercicio se llevaron a cabo durante doce semanas, dos ve- ces por semana, con 60 minutos de ejercicio por sesión. Se evaluó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el porcentaje de masa grasa (% MG, por bioimpedancia) y la fuerza de presión con un dinamómetro manual antes y después de la intervención. Las participantes mos- traron un aumento significativo en el IMC (p< 0,05), % de MG (p<0,001) y un incremento significativo en la fuerza prensil (p <0,05). El programa de EER podría ser una estrategia importante para mejorar la fuerza de mujeres adultas mayores durante el periodo estival. El EER se sugiere combinarlo con otras variables, como ejercicios aeróbicos con intensidad gradualmente creciente y una intervención nutricional, para mantener un peso constante durante los períodos de vacaciones.

The effect of bisphosphonate discontinuation on the incidence of postoperative medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after tooth extraction

OBJECTIVES: The discontinuation of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment before tooth extraction may induce medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Whether the long-term discontinuation of BP treatment before tooth extraction affects the risk of developing MRONJ after tooth extraction or whether extended drug holidays induce systemic side effects remains unclear. The present study assessed the incidence of MRONJ among patients who underwent tooth extraction and did not discontinue BP therapy prior to the procedure.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were classified according to whether or not they discontinued BP therapy before tooth extraction. Differences in the incidence of MRONJ after tooth extraction were compared between the two groups using the chi-squared test.RESULTS: The BP-continuation (BPC) and BP-discontinuation (BPDC) groups included 179 and 286 patients, respectively. One patient in the BPC group and no patients in the BPDC group developed MRONJ (P=0.385). The patients in the BPDC group stopped receiving BP therapy at a mean of 39.0±35.5 months prior to tooth extraction.CONCLUSION: The possibility of pre-existing MRONJ in the extraction area must be considered during the extraction procedure. Routine discontinuation of BP medications for several months before the extraction procedure should be carefully considered, as evidence of its efficacy in reducing the development of post-extraction MRONJ is limited.

Changes in the Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus According to Physician and Patient Behaviors

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence worldwide. According to a previous study, physicians' treatment patterns or patients' behaviors change when they become aware of the risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease in patients with DM. However, there exist controversial reports from previous studies in the impact of physicians' behaviors on the patients' quality of life (QoL) improvements. So we investigate the changes in QoL according to physicians and patients' behavioral changes after the awareness of CV risks in patients with type 2 DM.METHODS: Data were obtained from a prospective, observational study where 799 patients aged ≥40 years with type 2 DM were recruited at 24 tertiary hospitals in Korea. Changes in physicians' behaviors were defined as changes in the dose/type of antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and anti-platelet therapies within 6-month after the awareness of CV risks in patients. Changes in patients' behaviors were based on lifestyle modifications. Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life comprising 19-life-domains was used.RESULTS: The weighted impact score change for local or long-distance journey (P=0.0049), holidays (P=0.0364), and physical health (P=0.0451) domains significantly differed between the two groups; patients whose physician's behaviors changed showed greater improvement than those whose physician's behaviors did not change.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that changes in physicians' behaviors, as a result of perceiving CV risks, improve QoL in some domains of life in DM patients. Physicians should recognize the importance of understanding CV risks and implement appropriate management.

Current Status of the Operations of Clinical Microbiology Laboratories at Night, on Weekends, and during Public Holidays in Korea: Proposing a Consensus Guideline

BACKGROUND: Clinical microbiological tests are conducted at night, on weekends, and during public holidays in various manners due to the fact that both manual processes and the form of working type, are not well known. Therefore, we surveyed the current running condition of these laboratories and made some suggestions for better-quality clinical microbiology tests. METHODS: We conducted a survey, both online and offline, focusing on the operating styles of clinical microbiological tests within laboratories that had participated in an external quality assessment program, conducted by the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service (KEQAS). RESULTS: Out of 341 laboratories that participated in the microbiology program of KEQAS, 128 replied to our questionnaires. In Korea, various types of operations occur within clinical microbiology laboratories. Those in night duty operate in either shifts or dedicated duties. In the case of weekend shifts, they either operated on single-day schedules (either on a Saturday or a Sunday), or over the entire weekend. For public holidays, the laboratories operated in various manners, depending on the number of days off. Among the clinical microbiological tests conducted at night, on weekends, and during public holidays, Gram staining and inoculations are the most common tasks carried out, with some laboratories conducting antibiotic susceptibility tests as well. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid reporting of clinical microbiological test results is currently inadequate due to both cost and labor constraints, despite its many advantages. It would be ultimately beneficial for both the patient and the hospital to switch to a 24/7 operating schedule through the utilization of a variety of methods, including cost control, coordination of a fine workforce, and prioritization of tests needing to be reported.

Study on the Establishment of Fixed Night Shifts and Flexible Work Arrangements for Nurses / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the welfare status of nurses and the status of fixed night shifts and flexible work arrangements in both general hospitals and advanced general hospitals in Korea. METHODS: A total of 167 hospitals participated in this study, done from April to October 2018. RESULTS: There were 103 hospitals utilizing the fixed night shift system, 22 in the two-shift system, 3 in the fixed holiday shift, 79 in the fixed shift system, and 39 in the short-time working system. The average welfare benefits for nurses increased to 33.02 million won on average. However, welfare services for the nurses were poor: 41.8% of the respondents had a nurses' lounge, 81.7% were given dormitory space at their place of employment, 41.8% had access to welfare facilities, and 56.4% were provided with welfare support countermeasures. CONCLUSION: The results show an increasing trend of hospitals to utilize fixed night shift and flexible work arrangements. An institutional strategy at the national policy level should be established to implement flexible work arrangements including the fixed night shift system, which has a poor level of welfare.

An Norovirus Outbreak at a Local Festival in Chungnam Korea

Noroviruses (NoV) are the major viral pathogen causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis and outbreaks of foodborne and waterborne illness. During the local festival in Chungnam province, group food poisoning occurred outbreak by NoV infections in Jan 2019. In this study, epidemiological analysis and molecular characterization were conducted such as genotyping, phylogeny. The prevalent genotypes of food poisoning events were NoV GII.3 and GII.17, and NoV GII.3 and GII.17 isolates of this study were completely matched in nucleotide sequence comparison of capsid gene region, respectively. In underground water and stream water, various multiple genotypes of noroviruses were detected including NoV GII.3, GII.8 and GI.4 in aquatic environment of the local festival site. Among 32 worker samples, various NoVs of five genotypes (GI.7, GI.8, GII.3, GII.8, GII.17) were detected in 12 samples and expected to causing NoV contaminated by exposure to groundwater. NoV genotype GII.3, which was detected from groundwater 2, was completely consistent with that of patients and workers. Therefore, groundwater within the local festival site could be main cause of food poisoning event. Because NoV outbreaks are caused by fecal to oral transmission, proper management of sewage purification facilities, groundwater and sanitary toilets is required for many visitors, and efforts are needed to maintain clean environment.

The Role of Regular Physical Therapy on Spasticity in Children With Cerebral Palsy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of physical therapy (PT) intervention on spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), and to assess the degree of deterioration of spasticity when regular PT is interrupted in those patients. METHODS: We recruited 35 children with spastic CP who visited our hospital for PT, and whose Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) scores were serially recorded including before and after a 10-day public holiday time frame period. The outcome measures were the angle of range of motion (ROM) of dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (R1 and R2) in the knee flexion and extension positions as assessed using the MTS. RESULTS: The range of dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (R1 and R2) after the holiday period was significantly decreased as compared with that measured ROM noted before the holiday period, regardless of the knee position, age, or gross motor function. The dynamic component of the MTS (R2–R1) showed a slight decrease in the knee flexion position. CONCLUSION: Interruption of regular PT aggravated spasticity and decreased ankle joint ROM in children with spastic CP. Our findings suggest that regular PT in the care continuum for children with CP is crucial for the maintenance of ROM in the spastic ankle joints.

Predicting the Number of People for Meals of an Institutional Foodservice by Applying Machine Learning Methods: S City Hall Case

Predicting the number of meals in a foodservice organization is an important decision-making process that is essential for successful food production, such as reducing the amount of residue, preventing menu quality deterioration, and preventing rising costs. Compared to other demand forecasts, the menu of dietary personnel includes diverse menus, and various dietary supplements include a range of side dishes. In addition to the menus, diverse subjects for prediction are very difficult problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a method for predicting the number of meals including predictive modeling and considering various factors in addition to menus which are actually used in the field. For this purpose, 63 variables in eight categories such as the daily available number of people for the meals, the number of people in the time series, daily menu details, weekdays or seasons, days before or after holidays, weather and temperature, holidays or year-end, and events were identified as decision variables. An ensemble model using six prediction models was then constructed to predict the number of meals. As a result, the prediction error rate was reduced from 10%~11% to approximately 6~7%, which was expected to reduce the residual amount by approximately 40%.

High Incidence and Mortality of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest on Traditional Holiday in South Korea

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to confirm the effects of traditional holidays on the incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in South Korea. METHODS: We studied 95,066 OHCAs of cardiac cause from a nationwide, prospective study from the Korea OHCA Registry from January 2012 to December 2016. We compared the incidence of OHCA, in-hospital mortality, and neurologic outcomes between traditional holidays, Seollal (Lunar New Year's Day) and Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving Day), and other day types (weekday, weekend, and public holiday). RESULTS: OHCA occurred more frequently on traditional holidays than on the other days. The median OHCA incidence were 51.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 44.0–58.0), 53.0 (IQR, 46.0–60.5), 52.5 (IQR, 45.3–59.8), and 60.0 (IQR, 52.0–69.0) cases/day on weekday, weekend, public holiday, and traditional holiday, respectively (p<0.001). The OHCA occurred more often at home rather than in public place, lesser bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed, and the rate of cessation of CPR within 20 minutes without recovery of spontaneous circulation was higher on traditional holiday. After multivariable adjustment, traditional holiday was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.339; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.058–1.704; p=0.016) but better neurologic outcomes (adjusted HR, 0.503; 95% CI, 0.281–0.894; p=0.020) than weekdays. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of OHCAs was associated with day types in a year. It occurred more frequently on traditional holidays than on other day types. It was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and favorable neurologic outcomes than weekday.

Are Traditional Holidays (Seollal and Chuseok) Harmful for Cardiac Arrest?

No abstract available.

Hand Hygiene Compliance among Visitors at a Long-term Care Hospital in Korea: A Covert Observation Study

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess hand hygiene (HH) compliance among visitors at a long-term care hospital in South Korea. METHODS: The study was conducted at a 502-bed long-term care hospital located in Gyeonggi-do Province. From July 1 to August 15, 2017, including more than 6 weekends and one holiday, a trained observer covertly assessed visitors' HH at all five units (360 beds in total) of the study hospital building until the completion of 1,000 HH opportunities (i.e., 200 opportunities per unit). The modified World Health Organization (WHO) HH observation form was used. Instead of professional categories and the “before clean/aseptic procedure” moment, the estimated age range for each visitor were recorded in four categories: children (<14 years old), adolescents (14~18), adults (19~64), and the elderly (≥65). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: A total of 1,000 HH opportunities were observed from 766 visitors (an average of 1.31 per visitor) and the overall HH compliance rate was 20.3%. Overall, 53.7% of the HH cases were performed with soap and water. Among the 4 HH moments, the “after body fluid exposure risk” moment showed the highest compliance rate (83.5%); 93.9% used soap and water. The most commonly exposed potential body fluid among visitors was saliva (48.1%). CONCLUSION: For hospital visitors in long-term care hospitals, HH education programs including HH moments need to be developed and implemented. Further studies are necessary to evaluate visitors' HH compliance in various hospital settings and find the related variables influencing visitors' HH.

Estudio comparativo de los usos del tiempo en las ciudades de Rosario y Buenos Aires, Argentina / Comparative study of the uses of time in the cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario, Argentina

El presente trabajo estudia los patrones de uso del tiempo de la población de las ciudades de Buenos Aires y Rosario, Argentina, sobre la base de las Encuestas de Uso del Tiempo realizadas en 2005 y 2010, respectivamente. Ambos relevamientos utilizan en su metodología el "diario de actividades" del día anterior y el mismo codificador de actividades, el cual es una reformulación del Clasificador Internacional de Actividades de Uso del Tiempo (ICATUS) de Naciones Unidas. A partir de un estudio comparativo de los principales resultados, se pretende determinar cuáles son las similitudes y diferencias en el "día promedio" de los habitantes de las ciudades de Rosario y Buenos Aires, desagregando por género y diferenciando días "laborables" y "no laborables". De este modo, se busca visibilizar los nexos entre los usos del tiempo (o cantidad de vida) y la calidad de vida. Además, se estudian los tiempos simples y compuestos y el vínculo entre trabajo no remunerado y los patrones demográficos. (AU)

Clinical characteristics and recurrence-related factors of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) and to elucidate factors affecting recurrence in surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 51 patients who were diagnosed with MRONJ were analyzed according to demographic and clinical features and treatment results through a retrospective chart review from 2013 to 2017 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul in Korea. RESULTS: Alendronate composed the majority of medication doses (55.6%), followed by ibandronate (20.0%), risedronate (15.6%), and zoledronate (6.7%). Forty patients (88.9%) were given oral medication, and five patients (11.1%) were intravenously treated, and the mean duration of medication use was 61.1±42.9 months. A total of 10 patients (22.2%) had a drug holiday before MRONJ-induced dental treatment lasting an average of 6.8±7.0 months. MRONJ occurred 2.7 times more in the mandible, with 41 cases (73.2%) occurring in the mandible and 15 cases (26.8%) occurring in the maxilla, and the prevalence of affected posterior parts (premolar-molar) was six times greater than that of the anterior parts (incisor-canine) (48 cases vs 8 cases, 85.7% vs 14.3%). The most common dental cause of MRONJ was tooth extraction (69.6%). Regarding recurrence, there was no statistical difference in recurrence rate according to either site or stage. However, recurrence occurred in 4 out of 34 cases (11.8%) in the primary closure group and 9 out of 20 cases (45.0%) in the secondary healing group, and there was a statistical difference with respect to closure technique. CONCLUSION: The identified risk factors in patients taking bone resorption inhibitors can aid dental clinicians in ensuring prevention and proper treatment of MRONJ.

Effect of Socioeconomic Status and Underlying Disease on the Association between Ambient Temperature and Ischemic Stroke

PURPOSE: Inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the effect of ambient temperature on ischemic stroke. Furthermore, little is known about how underlying disease and low socioeconomic status influence the association. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between ambient temperature and emergency department (ED) visits for ischemic stroke, and aimed to identify susceptible populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using medical claims data, we identified ED visits for ischemic stroke during 2005–2009 in Seoul, Korea. We conducted piecewise linear regression analyses to find optimum ambient temperature thresholds in summer and winter, and estimated the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per a 1℃ increase in temperature above/below the thresholds, adjusting for relative humidity, holidays, day of the week, and air pollutant levels. RESULTS: There were 63564 ED visits for ischemic stroke. In summer, the risk of ED visits for ischemic stroke was not significant, with the threshold at 26.8℃. However, the RRs were 1.055 (95% CI, 1.006–1.106) above 25.0℃ in medical aid beneficiaries and 1.044 (1.007–1.082) above 25.8℃ in patients with diabetes. In winter, the risk of ED visits for ischemic stroke significantly increased as the temperature decreased above the threshold at 7.2℃. This inverse association was significant also in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus above threshold temperatures. CONCLUSION: Ambient temperature increases above a threshold were positively associated with ED visits for ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes and medical aid beneficiaries in summer. In winter, temperature, to a point, and ischemic stroke visits were inversely associated.

Colônias de férias: disciplina e biopolítica infantil / The vacation camp: infant discipline and biopolitics

O presente trabalho versou sobre o biopoder e o poder disciplinar à luz de Michel Foucault, na intenção de discutir alguns saberes e práticas características das Colônias de Férias. Estas são espaços informais de ensino-aprendizagem com atividades lúdicas, cooperativas, competitivas e coletivas, objetivando a promoção do lazer. A partir dessa pesquisa, encontramos fortes propriedades do poder disciplinar e da biopolítica na educação e regulação dos corpos nas Colônias de Férias pesquisadas. O poder disciplinar se manifesta por meio da presença de atividades obrigatórias, regulação de costumes, da vigilância permanente, entre outros. A biopolítica, discutida por Foucault, aparece por intermédio da preocupação com a saúde da população que, por vezes, é colocada como prioridade, acima das escolhas dos indivíduos, dos desejos das crianças e das finalidades sociopolíticas da educação.

The present study examines biopower and disciplinary power, according to Michel Foucault, in order to discuss about some knowledge and practices of Vacation Camps. These camps are teaching-learning informal spaces where recreational, cooperative, competitive and collective activities are found, aiming at promoting leisure time. From this research, we found strong properties of disciplinary power and biopolitics in education and regulation of bodies in the Vacation Camps studied. The disciplinary power exists through the presence of mandatory activities, regulation of habits, permanent surveillance, among others. The biopolitics, discussed by Foucault, emerges from the concern for the health of population, which is sometimes placed as a priority, staying above the individuals' choices, children's desires and sociopolitical purposes of education.