Infección por hantavirus en la Provincia de Buenos Aires-Argentina. Comportamiento de la serie temporal 1997-2021 / Hantavirus infection in the Province of Buenos Aires-Argentina. Characteristics of the time series 1997-2021

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección por hantavirus es endémica en América del Sur, con un amplio espectro de gravedad y una letalidad que varía entre 17 y 40 por ciento. El presente estudio recoge información de 25 años de vigilancia epidemiológica en Buenos Aires, Argentina. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el comportamiento de la serie temporal 1997-2021, observando tendencia y estacionalidad. MÉTODOS: La función de serie temporal utilizada empleó la media móvil centrada según periodos trimestrales, de forma que cada año se dividió en cuartiles. Se consideró un modelo multiplicativo. RESULTADOS: Con una tasa de mortalidad de la serie de 0,15 por 100 mil y de letalidad de 22,6, la razón varones : mujeres fue de 3,4:1. La distribución sindrómica mostró mayor compromiso renal, siendo la tasa de mortalidad prácticamente igual en ambos sexos. CONCLUSIÓN: Como enfermedad infecciosa, la infección por hantavirus reflejó en los últimos 25 años un comportamiento, recurrente y estacional, endémico y compartido en sus características clínicas con el resto de la región andina.

BACKGROUND: Hantavirus infection is endemic in South America, with a wide spectrum of severity and a fatality rate that varies between 17-40 percent. This study collects information from 25 years of epidemiological surveillance in Buenos Aires, Argentina. AIM: To characterize the behavior of the 1997-2021 time series, observing trends and seasonality. METHODS: The time series function used the moving average centered according to quarterly periods, so that each year was divided into quartiles. A multiplicative model is missed. RESULTS: With a mortality rate for the series of 0.15 per 100,000 and a fatality rate of 22.6, the male : female ratio was 3.4:1. The syndromic distribution showed greater renal involvement, with the mortality rate being practically the same in both sexes. CONCLUSION: As an infectious disease, hantavirus has reflected in the last 25 years a behavior, recurrent and seasonal, endemic and shared in its clinical characteristics with the rest of the Andean region.

Epidemiology of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Korea, 2001-2010

This study describes the epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the past 10 yr (2001-2010) in Korea. During this period, a total of 3,953 HFRS patients and an average prevalence rate of 0.81 per 100,000 population were recorded, with a total of 40 fatal cases, corresponding to a case fatality rate of 1.01%. More HFRS cases were found in men than in women (57% vs 43%), and a higher prevalence rate of HFRS was observed in patients older than 40 yr (82.1%). The highest numbers of HFRS cases were found amongst farmers (35.6%). The majority of HFRS cases (71.3%) occurred in the last quarter of the calendar year (October to December). More HFRS cases occurred in the western part than in the eastern part of Korea (68.9% vs 31.1%). The incidence of HFRS was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in rural areas than in urban areas (80.3% vs 19.7%). HFRS still occurs commonly among men, in autumn, and in western rural area of Korea.

Uso e ocupação do solo e a disseminação da hantavirose na região de São Sebastião, Distrito Federal: 2004 - 2008 / Land use and occupation and hantavirosis dissemination in the São Sebastião region, Federal District: 2004 - 2008

INTRODUÇÃO: As hantaviroses apresentam distribuição mundial e constituem importante problema de saúde pública. A epidemiologia da hantavirose no Brasil mostra que vem aumentando a cada ano o número de casos que são notificados e de variantes que têm sido descobertas em diversos estados e no Distrito Federal. Neste contexto, o estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar o uso e da ocupação do solo na disseminação da hantavirose no Distrito Federal, no período de 2004 a 2008. MÉTODOS: Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram utilizados dados epidemiológicos e do uso da terra com fins de elaborar tabelas e cartogramas para detalhar a espacialização da hantavirose no território. RESULTADOS: Dos 40 locais prováveis de infecção (LPIs) plotados no Mapa de Cobertura e Uso da Terra, 19 (47 por cento) ocorreram em áreas de pastagens, 10 (25 por cento) em área urbana (periurbana), 6 (15 por cento) em áreas utilizadas para a agricultura e 5 (12 por cento) em espaços de cerrado. CONCLUSÕES: Sendo assim, as atividades agrícolas e a expansão urbana em direção às áreas de cerrado vêm favorecendo a disseminação da hantavirose no Distrito Federal e em especialmente em São Sebastião.

INTRODUCTION: Hantavirosis has worldwide distribution and is an important public health problem. The epidemiology of hantavirosis in Brazil shows that the number of cases notified and the number of variants discovered in several states and the Federal District have been increasing year by year. Within this context, the main objective of this study was to examine land use and occupation in relation to the spread of hantavirosis in the Federal District, between 2004 and 2008. METHODS: To carry out this investigation, epidemiological and land use data were used to drafting tables and cartograms in order to detail the special spread of hantavirosis in this area. RESULTS: Out of the 40 likely infection sites plotted on the coverage and land use map, 19 (47 percent) were in pasture areas, 10 (25 percent) in urban areas (periurban), 6 (15 percent) in areas used for agriculture and 5 (12 percent) in savanna areas. CONCLUSIONS: It can thus be seen that agricultural activities and urban expansion towards the savanna areas have favored the spread of hantavirosis in the Federal District and especially in São Sebastião.

Correlations Between Climate Change-Related Infectious Diseases and Meteorological Factors in Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Infectious diseases are known to be affected by climate change. We investigated if the infectious diseases were related to meteorological factors in Korea. METHODS: Scrub typhus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), leptospirosis, malaria and Vibrio vulnificus sepsis among the National Notifiable Infectious Diseases were selected as the climate change-related infectious diseases. Temperature, relative humidity and precipitation were used as meteorological factors. The study period was from 2001 through 2008. We examined the seasonality of the diseases and those correlations with meteorological factors. We also analyzed the correlations between the incidences of the diseases during the outbreak periods and monthly meteorological factors in the hyper-endemic regions. RESULTS: All of the investigated diseases showed strong seasonality; malaria and V. vulnificus sepsis were prevalent in summer and scrub typhus, HFRS and leptospirosis were prevalent in the autumn. There were significant correlations between the monthly numbers of cases and all the meteorological factors for malaria and V. vulnificus sepsis, but there were no correlation for the other diseases. However, the incidence of scrub typhus in hyper-endemic region during the outbreak period was positively correlated with temperature and humidity during the summer. The incidences of HFRS and leptospirosis had positive correlations with precipitation in November and temperature and humidity in February, respectively. V. vulnificus sepsis showed positive correlations with precipitation in April/May/July. CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, the incidences of the infectious diseases were correlated with meteorological factors, and this implies that the incidences could be influenced by climate change.

Epidemiology of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Endemic Area of the Republic of Korea, 1995-1998

We conducted an epidemiologic study to understand temporal and spatial patterns of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Republic of Korea (ROK). We estimated the incidence among civilians in endemic areas through the active surveillance system during the major epidemic periods, from September to December, between 1996 and 1998. We also estimated the prevalence among Korean military personnel from 1995 to 1998. In addition, we assessed seroprevalence, subclinical infection rate, and vaccination rates in both civilians and military personnel. The incidence in civilians ranged from 2.1 to 6.6 per 100, 000 person-months. The annual prevalence in the military personnel was 40-64 per 100, 000 military populations, and remained generally constant throughout the study period with seasonal variation. This is the prospective epidemiologic data set on HFRS in the ROK since the inactivated Hantaan virus vaccine was licensed for use in the late 1990s. These results will be invaluable in establishing a national immunization program against HFRS.

Hantaviroses / Hantaviruses

As hantaviroses constituem infecções zoonóticas amplamente distribuídas em todo o mundo. A febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal mostra-se endêmica na Asia e Europa, acometendo milharea de pessoas anualmente. A síndrome cardiopulmonar pelo hantavírus, reconhecida como entidade clínica desde 1993, representa o protótipo das doenças emergentes e encontra-se distribuída em diversos países do continente americano, inclusive o Brasil. Ambas säo transmitidas ao homem através da inalaçäo de partículas virais eliminadas nas fezes e urina de roedores domésticos e silvestres. Trata-se de doenças sistêmicas febris que podem acometer vários órgäos, destacando-se o rim na febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal e os pulmöes e o coraçäo na síndrome cardiopulmonar. A taxa de letalidade da hantavirose americana alcança 50 por cento. Diagnostica-se as hantaviroses através de provas sorológicas imunoenzimáticas ao identificar-se anticorpos específicos das classes IgM e IgG. Näo há tratamento específico. Recomenda-se hidrataçäo cuidadosa, indicaçäo precoce de diálise nas formas renais e administraçäo de drogas vasoativas nos períodos de hipotensäo e choque. A administraçäo de corticoesteróides e da ribavirina está sendo avaliada em estudos controlados. O número de casos dessas viroses tem crescido no Brasil ano a ano, e cumpre alertar os profissionais de saúde sobre a ocorrência dessas entidades nos vários estados do país, possibilitando diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado nos casos suspeitos da doença

Estudio de Hantavirus seoul en una población humana y de roedores en un asentamiento precario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Study of Hantavirus seoul in a human and rodent population from a marginal area in Buenos Aires City

Se realizó un estudio seroepidemiológico transversal para determinar la circulación de Hantavirus seoul, de distribución mundial y asociado con fiebre hemorrágica con síndrome renal (FHSR), en una población humana (n: 106) de un asentamiento precario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y en población de Rattus norvegicus, (n: 29) capturados en el perodomicilio. Se estudiaron además 35 personas, con igual relación epidemiológica, que eran asistidas por hipertensión arterial. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos antihantavirus en los roedores fue del 31% mientras que no se encontraron indicios serológicos de infección en los humanos.(AU) Se realizó un estudio seroepidemiológico transversal para determinar la circulación de Hantavirus seoul, de distribución mundial y asociado con fiebre hemorrágica con síndrome renal (FHSR), en una población humana (n: 106) de un asentamiento precario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y en una población de Rattus norvegicus, (n: 29) capturados en el peridomicilio. Se estudiaron además 35 personas, con igual relación epidemiológica, que eran asistidas por hipertensión arterial. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos antihantavirus en los roedores fue del 31% mientras que no se encontraron indicios serológicos de infección en los humanos.

Surto de glomerulopatia epidêmica em Minas Gerais: estudo morfológico / Outbreak of epidemic glomerulopathy in Minas Gerais: morphological study

No decurso do ano de 1997 a 1998 ocorreu um surto de nefropatia epidêmica na cidade de Nova Serrana, MG, envolvendo centenas de pessoas. No período de janeiro a maio de 1998 foram analisadas, no Serviço de Nefropatologia do Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, 8 biópsias renais de pacientes (3 do sexo masculino e 5 do feminino) provenientes dessa cidade, que apresentaram clinicamente febre, perda da função renal, oligoanúria, hipertensão e linfadenopatia cervical anterior. A idade dos pacientes variou entre 27 e 73 anos. O estudo anatomopatológico foi realizado à microscopia óptica (MO), à imunofluorescência direta (IMF) e à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (ME). Todos os casos apresentaram lesões glomerulares de caráter exudativo e proliferação endotelial de grau variado. Em três casos observou-se também proliferação extracapilar. Os túbulos, vasos e interstício apresentaram alterações discretas. O padrão morfológico observado nesses casos foi compatível com glomerulopatia proliferativa difusa aguda, pós-Infecciosa.

During 1997 and 1998 occurred an outbreak of epidemic glomerulopathy in Nova Serrana city involving hundred of people. During January and May/1998 there were retrospectively analysed in the Nephropathology Service of Pathology Department of Federal University of Minas Gerais, 8 renal biopsies (3 male and 5 female) coming from that city. The patients presented fever, renal insuficiency, oliguria, hipertension and cervical limphadenopathy. The patients were between 27 and 73 years old. Pathological analysis was perfomed by light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. All cases showed glomerular lesions charecterisitic of exudative glomerulonephritis and endothelial proliferation. In three cases there were crescents. The tubules, vesels and interstitium were also injured in different grade. The histological analysis demonstrated that the lesions were characteristic of post-infectious glomerulopathy.

Infecçäo humana por Hantavirus no Brasil. Regiäo Sudeste / Human infection by Hantavirus in Brazil Southeast region

Descrevem-se os resultados da investigaçäo sorológica conduzida, de 1986 a 1990, em grupos populacionais humanos dos Estados de Säo Paulo e Paraná, Brasil, que apresentavam estreito contato com ratos urbanos ou com roedores e outros pequenos mamíferos silvestres, com o objetivo de identificar infecçäo humana causada por Hantavírus, agentes etiológicos da febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal. O isolamento da Hantavirus de Rattus norvegicus capturado em Belém, Pará em 1981/1983 despertou o interesse em investigar infecçäo humana no país por esses agentes etiológicos. Os resultados sorológicos de 1063 pessoas mostraram presença de anticorpos anti-Hantavirus em 32 delas, evidenciados por testes imunoenzimático e de imunofluorescência usando-se antígenos dos vírus Haantan, Seoul, Puumala, e em 5 delas, por testes de neutralizaçäo com reduçäo em placa. Uma dessas pessoas apresentou alto título, em todos os testes, para o vírus Seoul. Trata-se de um morador da zona rural da regiäo do Vale do Ribeira, que nasceu, sempre viveu no local e nunca viajou para fora do Estado de Säo Paulo. Discute-se a importância médico-sanitária desse achado e dos resultados positivos obtidos com os testes imunoenzimático e de imunofluorescência em portuários de Paranaguá, Estado do Paraná, em doentes internados com suspeita de leptospirose em Hospital de Säo Paulo e em moradores da área rural

Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever in Korea

Korean Hemorrhagic Fever was recognized during the Korean War (1950-1953) and intensive studies have been done especially in early 1950's. However, the etiologic agent, vector, and reservoir are not known conclusively. The occurrence has two peak seasons in spring and autumn, and is not limited to military personnel in front lines but also civilians are attacked. Still the study is going on.