Clinical analysis of patients with oral and maxillofacial infections in oral emergency / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the composition, incidence and clinical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial infections in oral emergency.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study on patients with oral and maxillofacial infections who visited the Department of Oral Emergency in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2017 to December 2019 was conducted. General characteristics, such as disease composition, gender, age distribution and position of involved teeth were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 8 277 patients with oral and maxillofacial infections were finally collected, including 4 378 male patients (52.9%) and 3 899 female patients (47.1%), with gender ratio of 1.12:1. The common diseases were periodontal abscess (3 826 cases, 46.2%), alveolar abscess (3 537 cases, 42.7%), maxillofacial space infection (740 cases, 9.0%), sialadenitis (108 cases, 1.3%), furuncle & carbuncle (56 cases, 0.7%) and osteomyelitis (10 cases, 0.1%). Male patients were more easily affected by periodontal abscess, space infection and furuncle & carbuncle than female patients with the gender ratios 1.24:1, 1.26:1, 2.50:1 individually, while the incidence of alveolar abscess, sialadenitis, furuncle & carbuncle had no significant gender difference. Different diseases were prone to occur at different ages. The peak ages of alveolar abscess were 5-9 and 27-67 years, while the peak age of periodontal abscess was 30-64 years. Space infection tended to occur between 21-67 years. There were 7 363 patients with oral abscess (3 826 patients with periodontal abscess and 3 537 patients with alveolar abscess), accounting for 88.9% of all the patients with oral and maxillofacial infections, involving 7 999 teeth, including 717 deciduous teeth and 7 282 permanent teeth. Periodontal abscess usually occurred in permanent teeth, especially the molar teeth. Alveolar abscess may occur in both primary teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, the most vulnerable sites were primary molar teeth and maxillary central incisors while in permanent teeth the most vulnerable sites were first molar teeth.@*CONCLUSION@#Understanding the incidence of oral and maxillofacial infection was conducive to the correct diagnosis and effective treatment of clinical diseases, as well as targeted education for patients of different ages and genders to prevent the occurrence of diseases.

Comportamiento de la IgE y las subclases de IgG en las infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus / Manifestation of IgE and IgG subclasses in Staphylococcus aureus infections

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus, se presentan con alta frecuencia en la comunidad. La forma superficial de esta es la foliculitis. Una extensión hacia el tejido subcutáneo da como resultado la formación de una lesión supurativa local llamada forúnculo. Aproximadamente el 20 % de los pacientes con forúnculo presentan una o más recidivas durante el año siguiente, y cierto número presenta forunculosis recidivante crónica durante meses o años. Objetivo: Conocer el comportamiento de los niveles de IgE y las subclases de IgG expresadas en pacientes y controles, para inferir el patrón de la respuesta inmune a la infección. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo donde se determinaron las subclases de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) y los niveles de inmunoglobulina E (IgE) en suero de 25 enfermos con lesiones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus, y 25 controles sanos, provenientes del banco de sangre. Se elaboró un antígeno (Bacterina de Staphylococcus aureus) y en su enfrentamiento se procedió con la metodología de normalización y validación de ensayos inmunoenzimáticos para cuantificar IgG humana. Los resultados se expresaron en densidades ópticas y gráficamente como la relación matemática (IgG1/3) para Th1 e (IgE/IgG4) para Th2, en el suero de los pacientes. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta IgG1 e IgG4 en pacientes y controles y respuesta IgE anti Staphylococcus aureus en pacientes. Conclusiones: Como Staphylococcus aureus es flora normal de la piel, los controles ya han tenido contacto con él, lo que provoca el desarrollo de respuesta Th1 (IgG1) y anticuerpos bloqueadores (IgG4). Contrariamente, los enfermos desarrollan respuesta Th2 (IgE) y la infección.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus skin infections occur with high frequency in the community. Folliculitis is its superficial form. An extension into the subcutaneous tissue results in the formation of a local suppurative lesion known as a furunculosis. Approximately 20% of patients with a furuncle have one or more recurrences over the next year, and a certain number have chronic relapsing furunculosis for months or years. Objective: to know the manifestation of IgE levels and IgG subclasses expressed in patients and controls, to infer the pattern of the immune response to infection. Methods: we conducted a prospective study where immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined in serum of 25 ill patients with Staphylococcus aureus skin lesions, and 25 healthy controls, from the blood bank. An antigen (Staphylococcus aureus bacterin) was elaborated and in its confrontation, the normalization and validation methodology of immunoenzymatic assays to quantify human IgG was carried out. The results were expressed in optical densities and graphically as the mathematical ratio (IgG1/3) for Th1 and (IgE/IgG4) for Th2, in the serum of the patients. Results: IgG1 and IgG4 responses were obtained in patients and controls, and anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgE responses in patients. Conclusions: the controls have already had contact with Staphylococcus aureus, as it is normal flora of the skin, which causes the development of Th1 response (IgG1) and antibodies blockers (IgG4). On the contrary, ill patients develop a Th2 response (IgE) and the infection.

Proteinograma e inmunoglobulinas séricas en las infecciones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus / Proteinogram and serum immunoglobulins in skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

RESUMEN Introducción: lesión típica ocasionada por el Staphylococcus aureus es el furúnculo o cualquier otro absceso localizado. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento del proteinograma y los niveles de inmunoglobulinas séricas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo con 70 pacientes portadores de forúnculos infectados por Staphylococcus aureus, que acudieron a las consultas de Inmunología en varias localidades de Villa Clara. Resultados: se determinaron las fracciones proteicas por método de elusión; se cuantificaron las inmunoglobulinas séricas por inmunodifusión radial simple, según edad, sexo y color de la piel de los pacientes. Se contrastaron las variables bajo la prueba de Ji cuadrado, con una significación de confianza del 95 %. Predominaron los pacientes con el color de la piel blanca sobre los no blancos. En la electroforesis de proteínas se obtuvieron resultados normales para las proteínas totales y la fracción gamma. Para la albúmina, fracción alfa 1, alfa 2 y beta globulina se obtuvieron valores bajos, por encima del 95 % válido. Conclusiones: todas las inmunoglobulinas resultaron normales o altas, según los intervalos de referencia para cada grupo de edad. Al correlacionar los valores de las inmunoglobulinas con las fracciones de la electroforesis, fue llamativo el resultado obtenido en la correlación entre la IgA y la fracción beta. De manera general, los anticuerpos no mostraron variaciones significativas en sus correlaciones, lo cual evidenció un pobre papel en la infección. Se concluyó que los valores de alfa 1, alfa 2 y beta globulina pueden tener importancia en la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the typical lesion caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the furuncle or any other localized abscess. Objective: to describe the manifestation of the proteinogram and serum immunoglobulin levels. Methods: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out in 70 patients with furuncles infected by Staphylococcus aureus, who came to the Immunology consultations from various locations of Villa Clara. Results: protein fractions were determined by elution method; serum immunoglobulins were quantified according to age, gender and skin color of the patients by simple radial immunodiffusion. Variables were contrasted under the Chi-square test, with 95% confidence significance. White patients predominated over non-white ones. Normal results were obtained for total proteins and gamma fraction in protein electrophoresis. Low values were obtained for albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin fraction, above 95% valid. Conclusions: all immunoglobulins were normal or high, according to the reference intervals for each age group. The result obtained in the correlation between IgA and the beta fraction was striking when correlating the immunoglobulin values with the electrophoresis fractions. In general, the antibodies did not show significant variations in their correlations, which evidenced a poor role in infection. We concluded that alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin values may be important in the disease.

Pediculosis capitis grave en una niña inscrita en una guardería / Severe pediculosis capitis in a nursery school girl

La pediculosis capitis es la ectoparasitosis más frecuente a nivel mundial. La infestación es causada por Pediculus humanus capitis (piojo de la cabeza) y afecta el cabello, el cuero cabelludo y la piel. Rara vez se manifiesta con otro tipo de sintomatología y, por lo general, su curso es benigno si se trata adecuadamente. Se presenta el caso de una menor con pediculosis capitis de 18 meses de evolución, asociada con forúnculos, lesiones cutáneas, múltiples adenopatías y anemia, que no mejoró tras la aplicación del champú. Inicialmente, llamó la atención la presencia de forúnculos, alopecia y adenopatías. La persistencia de la pediculosis capitis y el rascado intenso alteraron la integridad de la epidermis y facilitaron las infecciones secundarias por bacterias patógenas y oportunistas que produjeron impétigo, forunculosis, excoriaciones, costras hemáticas, anemia, alopecia y linfadenopatías. La pediculosis capitis afectó notoriamente a la paciente al causarle problemas psicológicos y de salud, agudizados por su condición económica y social. La paciente presentó manifestaciones clínicas poco frecuentes (forunculosis, anemia, fiebre, alopecia y adenopatías), lo cual se vio facilitado por la persistencia de los factores de riesgo y el hecho de que no se le inspeccionaba la cabeza ni se removían los insectos. La educación sobre los factores de riesgo y el control sanitario es indispensable para controlar la infestación.

Pediculosis capitis is the most frequent ectoparasitosis around the world. The infestation is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), which affects hair, scalp, and skin. It rarely presents with more symptoms and in the majority of the cases, it shows a benign course if treated properly. We present the case of a nursery school girl with head lice infestation for 18 months. She did not improve after the shampoo treatment. This case was associated with furunculosis, skin lesions, multiple adenopathies, and anemia. Initially, the presence of boils, alopecia, and lymphadenopathy was evident. The persistence of pediculosis capitis and intense scratching induced changes on skin integrity, facilitating opportunistic bacterial superinfection that led to impetiginization, furunculosis, excoriations, hematic scabs, anemia, alopecia, and lymphadenopathies. Pediculosis capitis affected the patient triggering psychological, economic, social, and other health problems. The patient presented uncommon symptoms (furunculosis, anemia, fever, alopecia, and adenopathies) resulting from the persistence of risk factors and the absence of head inspection and mechanical removal of insects. The education about the risk factors, as well as sanitary controls, are essential to contain the infestation.

Recurrent Familial Furunculosis Associated with Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST1

Staphylococcus aureus is now a major community-acquired pathogen worldwide, notably associated with skin and soft tissue infections. Staphylococci are present in the form of colonizers or environmental contaminants at home and increase the risk of recurrent infection. We are describing recurrent familial furunculosis caused by Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-positive methicillin susceptible S. aureus ST1 in Korea. An infant, his father and mother had furunculosis due to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infection with identical susceptibility patterns. ST1 accounted for all 3 isolates and they were confirmed of having agr group I. Both sec and seh were detected in all isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and all isolates contained Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes. Risk factors for the household spread of S. aureus include skin conditions and close physical contact among household members. The relationship between S. aureus colonization of household contacts and the occurrence of S. aureus infection should be studied into more detail.

O itinerário terapêutico do paciente em tratamento oncológico: implicações para a prática de enfermagem / El itinerario terapéutico del paciente en tratamiento oncológico: implicaciones para la práctica de enfermería / The therapeutic itinerary of patient in oncological treatment: implications for nursing practice

RESUMO A trajetória do cliente oncológico ainda é permeada por percalços que interferem em seu prognóstico e qualidade de vida. Assim, este estudo visa a mapear o itinerário do paciente oncológico desde o diagnóstico até o tratamento e analisar suas implicações nas ações de enfermagem para o controle do câncer. Estudo qualitativo, realizado através da técnica de história oral de dez clientes oncológicos atendidos em um hospital federal no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os dados foram tratados de acordo com a técnica de análise temática, além da confecção de representações do itinerário terapêutico de cada entrevistado. Foram identificados três eixos temáticos: trajetória antes do diagnóstico, trajetória do diagnóstico ao início do tratamento, e trajetória no tratamento. Percebe-se que o acesso aos serviços apresenta-se como um problema que culmina no agravamento da doença, no aparecimento de metástases e a morte do paciente, além de criar condições para a falta de adesão ao tratamento.

RESUMEN La trayectoria del cliente oncológico todavía es permeada por inconvenientes que interfieren en su pronóstico y calidad de vida. Así, este estudio pretende identificar el itinerario del paciente oncológico desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento y analizar sus implicaciones en las acciones de enfermería para el control del cáncer. Estudio cualitativo, realizado a través de la técnica de historia oral de diez clientes oncológicos atendidos en un hospital federal en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Los datos fueron tratados de acuerdo con la técnica de análisis temático, además de la confección de representaciones del itinerario terapéutico de cada entrevistado. Fueron identificados tres ejes temáticos: trayectoria antes del diagnóstico; trayectoria del diagnóstico al inicio del tratamiento; y trayectoria en el tratamiento. Se nota que el acceso a los servicios se presenta como un problema que culmina en el agravamiento de la enfermedad, el en surgimiento de metástasis y la muerte del paciente, además de crear condiciones para la falta de adhesión al tratamiento.

ABSTRACT The course of oncology patients is still crossed by setbacks that interfere with their prognosis and quality of life. This study aims to map the itinerary of cancer patients from diagnosis to treatment and to analyze its implications in nursing healthcare practices for the control of cancer. This is a qualitative study, conducted using oral history technique with ten cancer patients treated in a federal hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data were analyzed according to thematic analysis technique and with the making of representations of the therapeutic itinerary of each interviewee. Three main themes were identified: course before diagnosis, course from diagnosis to the beginning of treatment, and course during treatment. We observed that the access to medical services is presented as a problem that culminates in the worsening of the disease, appearing of metastases and death of the patient, in addition to creating conditions that hinder the adherence to treatment.

Análise combinada de casos homeopáticos de alta qualidade / Combined analysis of high-quality homeopathic cases

Um protocolo para Relato de Casos Clínicos Homeopáticos de Alta Qualidade (RCCHAQ) foi desenvolvido por C.N. Cámpora, tendo coerência interna como critério principal, além de categorizar a documentação clínico-patológica que fundamenta o diagnóstico e a pretensão de sucesso terapêutico. A análise conjunta de 4 estudos, no presente trabalho, permitiu elucidar como RCCHAQs podem ser utilizados para avaliar os efeitos da homeopatia hahnemanniana clássica em doenças crônicas de longa evolução. Todos os casos foram tratados de acordo com o método desenvolvido por Cámpora, denominado Fórmula Homeopática de Diagnóstico do Simillimum (FHDS). A duração média das queixas antes d tratamento homeopático foi de 5,4 anos e os casos foram acompanhados por 3 anos em média. Os casos estão completamente documentados em vídeo, atestados assinados, registros de testemunhas, resultados laboratoriais e escalas de dor e qualidade de vida. Todas as pacientes relataram mudanças substanciais, definidas como cura (melhora de mais de 90%) dos sintomas locais, gerais e mentais acompanhando uma profunda transformação de sua atitude vital, descrita como uma sensação de paz, liberdade ou felicidade, segundo a definição do Banco de Relato e Estudo de Casos Homeopáticos de Argentina (BRECHA]. Em todos os casos a medicação convencional prévia foi suspensa num período de 1 a 3 meses. Os resultados mostram que RCCHAQs contribuem a tornar os relatos de cais um recurso confiável no contexto da moderna medicina baseada em evidências, assim como podem ajudar a melhorar o desenho de estudos homeopáticos prospectivos, incluindo ensaios clínicos placebo-controlados.

A High Quality Homeopathic Clinical Case Report (HHQCR) Protocol exhaustively including requisites to constitute a reliable documented clinical report was developed by C.N. Cámpora. The protocol requires measuring homeopathic internal coherence and categorizes clinicalpathological backing documentation. Through joint analysis of 4 cases the present study elucidates how HHQCRs can be used to assess the effects of classical Hahnemannian homeopathy on longstanding chronic diseases. The mean duration of complaints before homeopathic treatment was 5.4 years and the duration of follow up 3 years on average. Cases are fully documented with complete video-recordings of consultations, signed certifications, third party recorded statements, laboratory results and pre-post treatment pain and quality-of-life scales. All the patients reported substantial change, defined as cure (>90% improvement) of local, general and mental symptoms accompanying a deep transformation their life attitude described as a feeling of peace, freedom or happiness. Also all of them were able to discontinue previous conventional treatment within the first 1 to 3 months of homeopathic treatment. The results show that HHQCRs contributes to make case reports a reliable resource within the context of modern evidence-based medicine and might help improving the design of prospective homeopathic studies, including randomized placebo-controlled trials.

A Case of Kerion Celsi Misdiagnosed as Ruptured Epidermal Cyst / 대한의진균학회지

Kerion celsi is an inflammatory infection, caused by a vigorous T-cell mediated host response to the dermatophyte infection. In the case of severe inflammation, it can be misdiagnosed as other disease like cellulitis, impetigo, furuncle and epidermal cyst. Microsporum(M.) canis is most likely transmitted by contact of animal hosts such as cats and dogs with humans. We report the 75-year-old female who presented two months history of tender erythematous scaly plaques with pustules, crusts on right scalp area. At first, from the histopathologic findings of the lesion, the patient was diagnosed epidermal cyst because of cyst-like structure in mid-dermis. But the fungal culture revealed M. canis as the causative fungus. Herein we report a educational case of kerion celsi mistaken for ruptured epidermal cyst.

Furuncular myiasis -Eco-epidemiological view of a case report / Miasis furuncular. Visión ecoepidemiológica de un reporte de caso

Myiasis includes several entities recognized in the rural environment. It occurs generally in older adults and may compromise locations from the skin and scalp to mucous membranes. The responsibles are insects of the Diptera class, whose larvae develop in living tissues thus infesting of the host. We report the case of an 82-year-old patient with a furuncular right knee lesion associated with Dermatobia hominis myiasis. Following the extraction, full recovery was achieved after a 3-week follow-up. An eco-epidemiological study of the patient´s environment revealed all factors that favor the development of myiasis.

Las miasis son entidades reconocidas en el ambiente rural, se presentan generalmente en adultos mayores y pueden comprometer desde piel y cuero cabelludo hasta mucosas. Los responsables son insectos de la clase díptera cuyas larvas se desarrollan en los tejidos vivos del hospedero que infestan. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 82 años con lesión foruncular en rodilla derecha asociada a miasis por Dermatobia hominis . Posteriormente a la extracción hubo recuperación total después de 3 semanas de seguimiento. Se realizó un estudio ecoepidemiológico del entorno de vida de la paciente, encontrando todos los factores ambientales que favorecen el desarrollo de las miasis.

Absceso renal estafilocócico trasforunculosis cutánea / Staphylococcus renal abscess after cutaneous furunculosis

Los abscesos renales son patologías infrecuentes, pero de alta morbi-mortalidad si no son diagnosticados temprano y tratados precozmente. Su vaga e inespecífica sintomatología: dolor abdominal o lumbar, fiebre o mal estado general hacen que su diagnostico sea a veces tardío. La ecografía y/o la TAC dan el diagnóstico en el 100 por ciento de los casos lo que hace posible su tratamiento temprano. El objetivo de este artículo es poner de relieve que el absceso renal es una causa de urgencia urológica a tener presente en pacientes fundamentalmente del sexo femenino, con síntomas de dolor abdominal o fiebre sin clara focalidad urológica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 16 años con antecedente reciente de forunculosis cutánea supurada en rodilla derecha, que acudió a urgencias por dolor en flanco derecho y fosa iliaca derecha de 10 días de evolución sin fiebre ni síntomas miccionales. Se nos consultó para su valoración, siendo la ecografía el método diagnóstico que se utilizó para la localización de un absceso renal derecho subcapsular de 44 mm en polo superior, y posteriormente para su drenaje percutáneo al no responder porcompleto al tratamiento antibiótico i.v. El cultivo del material purulento del drenaje percutáneo aisló un Staphyloccocus aureus no meticilin resistente. El tratamiento antibiótico i.v asociado a drenaje percutáneo seguido de cloxacilina oral a su alta, curó a la paciente. A raíz de este caso se revisan las series y revisiones sobre abscesos renales de los últimos 10 años, con un total de 179 pacientes, y las publicaciones sobre abscesos renales por Staphyloccocus aureus con tan sólo 13 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Los abscesos renales han de tenerse en cuenta entre las urgencias urológicas. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento percutáneo es mayormente radiológico, reservándose la cirugía abierta o la nefrectomía para abscesos > de 5 cm o pacientes sépticos...

Renal abscesses are infrequent pathologies, but with a high morbidity-mortality if they are not diagnosed and treated early. Its vague and unspecific symptomatology: abdominal or lumbar pain, fever or poor general state, make its diagnosis late sometimes. The ultrasound and/or TAC provide a 100 percent diagnosis of the cases where its early treatment is possible. The objective of this article is to give importance to the fact that renal abscess is a cause of an urological emergency to keep in mind in patients, particularly females with symptoms of abdominal pain or fever without a clear urological focus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case of a 16-year-old adolescent is presented with a recent history of festered cutaneous furunculosis on the right knee. She went to the emergency room due to pain on the right side and right illiac fosa with 10 days evolution without fever or urinary symptoms. She came to us for its evaluation, an ultrasound was used for diagnosis to locate a right subcapsular renal abscess of 44 mm on the superior pole, and later for its percutaneous drainage when it did not completely responded to I.V. antibiotic treatment. The culture of the purulent material of the percutaneous drainage isolated a resistant non-methicillin Staphyloccocus aureus. The I.V. antibiotic treatment associated to percutaneous drainage followed by oral cloxacillin upon release cured the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Renal abscesses have to be taken into account among the urological emergencies. Their diagnosis and percutaneous treatment is mainly radiological, leaving open surgery or nephrectomy for abscesses > 5cm or with septic patients...

In Vitro Activity of Tedizolid Against Gram-Positive Bacteria in Patients With Skin and Skin Structure Infections and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: A Korean Multicenter Study

We compared the activities of tedizolid to those of linezolid and other commonly used antimicrobial agents against gram-positive cocci recovered from patients with skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in Korean hospitals. Gram-positive isolates were collected from 356 patients with SSSIs and 144 patients with HAP at eight hospitals in Korea from 2011 to 2014. SSSIs included impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, furuncles, abscesses, and infected burns. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by using the CLSI agar dilution method. All of the gram-positive isolates were inhibited by < or =1 microg/mL tedizolid. The minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]90 of tedizolid was 0.5 microg/mL for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which was 4-fold lower than that of linezolid. Tedizolid may become a useful option for the treatment of SSSIs and HAP caused by gram-positive bacteria.

Infecciones de piel y partes blandas en pediatría: consenso sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento: Parte 1 / Skin and soft tissue infections in children: consensus on diagnosis and treatment

Las infecciones de piel y partes blandas son una causa frecuente de consulta en los centros de atención primaria de la salud. Los datos de la epidemiología local de estas infecciones son escasos; el Staphylococcus aureus y el Streptococcus pyogenes son los principales agentes etiológicos. La emergencia, en los últimos años, de cepas de S. aureus meticilino resistentes provenientes de la comunidad y S. pyogenes resistentes a eritromicina plantea controversias en la elección del tratamiento empírico inicial. Este consenso nacional está dirigido a médicos pediatras, de familia, dermatólogos, infectólogos y otros profesionales de la salud. Trata el manejo clínico, especialmente el diagnóstico y tratamiento, de las infecciones de piel y partes blandas de origen bacteriano provenientes de la comunidad en pacientes inmunocompetentes menores de 19 años de edad.

Skin and soft tissue infections are a common reason for consultation in primary health care centers. Data from the local epidemiology of these infections are rare, but Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are known to be the major etiologic agents. The appearance in recent years of community-originated strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and erythromycin-resistant pyogenes raises controversy in the choice of initial empirical treatment. This national consensus is for pediatricians, dermatologists, infectologists and other health professionals. It is about clinical management, especially the diagnosis and treatment of commu-nity-originated skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompetent patients under the age of 19.

Risk factors for community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among 0-18 yrs old: A retrospective case- control study

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection is an emerging health problem in pediatrics. Risk factors are not well established in children.<br />OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for the development of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections arising in the community.<br /><strong>METHODOLOGY:</strong> A restrospective case-control study was performed from January 2004 to December 2011. Cases included patients who were culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus and resistant to methicillin/oxacillin while Control included patients who were sensitive to methicillin/oxacillin. The study identified and analyzed the epidemiology, risk factors and resistance pattern of CA-MRSA isolates.<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Three hundred twety three (323) patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections were enrolled: 172 were CA-MRSA infections (cases); and 151 were community acquired methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MSSA) infections (control). Demographic characteristics and clinical profile were skin (cellulitis, furunculosis and abscess) and pulmonary (pneumonica and empyema). The survival rate was high for both groups (>90%). The final multivariate logistic regresion model showed that level of crowding and socio-economic status remained model showed that level of crowding and socio-economic status remained as risk factors for CA-MRSA. The odds of having CA-MRSA in crowded households is 0.35 (90%CI 0.20-0.62) less likely when compared to the odds of acquiring MRSA in less crowded households (p=0.003). Those who had low socio-eonomic had 2.49 times higher chance (90%CI; 1.39 -4.47) of aquiring CA-MRSA compared to those with higher socio-economic status (p=0.01).<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> CA-MRSA is an emerging problem. This warrants recognition of patients with significant risk factors such as low socio-economic status and level of crowding. This may serve guide in choosing the appropriate antimicrobial theraply.</p>

Infecciones por Staphylococcusaureus meticilino resistenteadquirido en la comunidad(SAMR-AC) en afeccionesdermatológicas habituales / Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections in dermatology daily practice

Introducción: El aumento mundial en las últimas décadas de la tasa de infecciones por SAMR-AC (Staphylococcus aureusmeticilino resistente adquirido en la comunidad) lo convierte en uno de los principales patógenos emergentes. Debido al aumentoprogresivo en la atención de pacientes con infecciones de piel, primarias y/o secundarias, y muchas de ellas recurrentes;consideramos de interés realizar un estudio con el objetivo de establecer las características de la población afectada, las formasclínicas más frecuentes y el perfil de sensibilidad de la población que acudió a nuestro servicio.Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo donde se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 4 años que consultaron en el Servicio deDermatología del Hospital Tornú en el período de un año con infecciones de piel comunes.Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 50 pacientes. El 40% de las muestras cultivadas fue SAMR-AC positivo. El rango etariomás afectado: 26 a 45 años. La lesión más frecuente fue el forúnculo (75%).Conclusiones: El SAMR-AC es hoy en día el agente etiológico identificable más frecuente en infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos.En nuestro país la prevalencia es de 62%. Se sugiere la necesidad de reconsiderar las opciones terapéuticas antimicrobianasempíricas en zonas donde es común el SAMR-AC.

Cutaneous Angiosarcoma Developed at Site of Herpes Zoster Scar: Wolf's Isotopic Response / 대한피부과학회지

Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant vascular tumor of endothelial origin. It can involve any organ, including the skin, soft tissue, liver, bone, spleen, and orbit. Skin is the most frequent site of primary angiosarcoma, however, metastatic skin involvement of angiosarcoma is exceptional. Wolf's isotopic response implies that the new disease appeared at the site of an already healed skin disease. Several types of cutaneous lesions have been described, occurring within cleared cutaneous herpes zoster, or herpes simplex lesions. These lesions include comedones, granulomatous diseases, tinea, furunculosis, wart, psoriasis, pseudolymphoma, leukemia, lymphoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous metastases, from internal carcinoma. Herein, we report a case of cutaneous angiosarcoma of unknown origin that has developed at the site of a scar, after herpes zoster in a 79-year-old man as isotopic response.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Beta-lactamase Production in Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Recurrent Furunculosis in Southwestern; Nigeria

Furuculosis is a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterised by honey crusted 'cropped' latent boil with potential to recur in a susceptible host. Isolates of S.aureus obtained from both hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients with furuncles in Southwest; Nigeria were characterised in relation to their resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Exudates of 'cropped-boils' from one hundred and forty (140) individuals consisting of forty (40) hospitalised and one hundred (100) non-hospitalised cases of recurrent furunculosis were screened for S. aureus. One hundred and two (102) were positive for the organism by conventional biochemical tests. Detection of ?-Iactamase was determined by cell-suspension iodometric method. Of the 102 isolates; 30(29.4) strains possessed ?-lactamase and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of selected antibiotics was in the range of 3.95- 250?g/ml. The multiple drug resistance as evident in high MICs of the antibiotics tested could probably be due to abuse/misuse of antibiotics resulting in recurrence of furuncles in the patients

CA-MRSA em furunculose: relato de caso do sul do Brasil / CA MRSA in furunculosis: case report of Southern Brazil

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA), outrora isolado especificamente em ambientes hospitalares, vem sendo identificado como causador de infecções cutâneas em pacientes da comunidade. Neste artigo, é relatado um caso do sul do Brasil com furunculose por CA-MRSA. O microrganismo isolado foi submetido a exames de PCR para o gene mecA e para o gene que codifica a leucocidina de Panton-Valentine. Esses exames permitiram a identificação genotípica do CA-MRSA.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly isolated at hospital setting, has been identified in cutaneous infections of community patients. This paper reports a case of furunculosis from the southern Brazil. Dermatologists must be attentive to this emergent etiological diagnosis. The isolated microorganism was subjected to PCR for gene mecA and to PCR for the gene that encodes the leukocidin of Panton-Valentine. These exams enabled genotypic identification of CA-MRSA.