The Effect of Ferrous Nano-oxide Particles on Physiological Traits and Nutritional Compounds of Soybean ( Glycine max L) Seed

ABSTRACT Soybean (Glycine max L.) seed contains amounts of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and mineral elements, which protein and lipid have been known as a main part for soybean's trade value. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of ferrous nano-oxide particles on nutritional compounds of soybean seed, an experiment with 5 treatments and 3 replications was conducted as a randomized complete block design. Treatments were 5 concentrations of ferrous nano-oxide particles including 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g L-1 which were sprayed 3 times at 4 and 8 leaves stage and pod initiation. Lipid and protein contents, fatty acids profile, some of mineral elements such as Fe, Mg, Ca and P, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content were determined. Results showed that solution containing ferrous nano-oxide particles had significant effect on nutritional compounds of soybean seed (P<0.01) compared to control. The highest content of lipid and protein (25.4 and %33.8, respectively) observed by applying 0.75 g L-1 of ferrous nano-oxide and the lowest content was also in control. Changes in the trends of fatty acids profile (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids), some of mineral elements (Fe, Mg, Ca and P) and chlorophyll contents were similar to lipid and protein levels which by increasing in concentration of ferrous nano-oxide from 0 to 0.75 g L-1 all measured parameters also increased, but reduction in all parameters was observed in concentration from 0.75 to 1 g L-1. In conclusion, application of 0.75 to 1 g L-1 ferrous nano-oxide had the best effect on the nutrient composition of soybean seed.

Incorporation of Na+/H+ antiporter gene from Aeluropus littoralis confers salt tolerance in soybean (Glycine max L.).

To develop a salt-tolerant soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivar, a minimal linear Na+/H+ antiporter gene cassette (35S CaMV promoter, open-reading-frame of AlNHX1 from Aeluropus littoralis and NOS terminator) was successfully expressed in soybean cultivar TF-29. Southern and Northern blot analysis showed that AlNHX1 was successfully incorporated into the genome and expressed in the transgenic plants. The AlNHX1 transgenic plant lines exhibited improved growth in severe saline condition (150 mM NaCl). The transgenic lines accumulated a lower level of Na+ and a higher level of K+ in the leaves than wild-type plants under saline condition (150 mM NaCl). Observations on the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity indicated that transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to salt stress, growing normally at salt concentrations up to 150 mM. These results demonstrated that AlNHX1 was successfully transferred into soybean and the salt-tolerance was improved by the overexpression of AlNHX1.

Assessment of somatic embryogenesis potency in Indian soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars.

Majority of the Indian soybean cultivars are recalcitrant to tissue culture regeneration. The present communication reports the development of somatic embryogenesis in a liquid culture medium from immature cotyledons of G. max. Following induction with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), the number of somatic embryos and percentage of explants that responded were higher with 45.24 µM 2,4-D. The proliferation of somatic embryos for three successive cycles was achieved in 22.62 µM 2,4-D. Histodifferentiation of somatic embryos under NAA (10.74 µM) indicated that better embryo development and maturation was achieved without any growth regulator. The amino acids such as L-glutamine favoured the somatic embryo induction and histodifferentiation at 20 and 30 mM respectively, where as L-asparagine at 10 mM concentration enhanced the somatic embryo proliferation. In addition, somatic embryos that were desiccated (air-drying method) for 5 days showed better germination (40.88%). The Indian soybean cultivars also showed strict genotypic influence and cv. Pusa 16 was emerged as a best responding cultivar for somatic embryo induction with 74.42% of response.

Silicon influence on resistance induction against Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and on vegetative development in two soybean cultivars

The potential of populations of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) to become resistant to insecticides has stimulated research into alternative tactics of integrated pest management such as the induction of host-plant resistance. Recent data have shown that silicon can increase the degree of resistance of host plants to insect pests. Therefore the aim of our work was to study the effects of silicon application on the vegetative development of soybean plants and on the induction of resistance to the silverleaf whitefly, B. tabaci biotype B. We performed choice and no-choice tests of oviposition preference on two soybean cultivars, IAC-19 (moderately resistant to B. tabaci biotype B) and MONSOY-8001 (susceptible), with and without application of silicon. Silicon did not affect silverleaf whitefly oviposition preferences, but caused significant mortality in nymphs. Thus, silicon increased the degree of resistance to silverleaf whitefly. Silicon decreased the production of phenolic compounds, but did not affect lignin production. However, when applied to cultivar IAC-19, it increased the production of non-protein organic nitrogen. Silicon had no effect on the vegetative development of soybean plants, but it increased the degree of resistance to the silverleaf whitefly. We conclude that silicon applications combined with cultivar IAC-19 can significantly decrease silverleaf whitefly populations, having a positive impact both on the soybean plant and on the environment.

Intellectual property rights related to the genetically modified glyphosate tolerant soybeans in Brazil

The present work analyzes the different modalities of protection of the intellectual creations in the biotechnology agricultural field. Regarding the Brazilian legislations related to the theme (the Industrial Property Law - no. 9. 279/96 and the Plant Variety Protection Law - no. 9. 456/97), and based in the international treaties signed by Brazil, the present work points to the inclusions of each of them, as well as to their interfaces using as reference the case study of glyphosate tolerant genetically modified soybean. For this case study, Monsanto's pipelines patents were searched and used to analyze the limits of patent protection in respect to others related to the Intellectual Property (IP) laws. Thus, it was possible to elucidate the complex scenario of the Intellectual Property of the glyphosate tolerant soybeans, since for the farmer it is hard to correlate the royalties payment with the IP enterprise's rights.

O presente trabalho analisa as diferentes modalidades de proteção das criações intelectuais no campo da biotecnologia agrícola. A partir das leis Brasileiras relacionadas ao tema (Lei da Propriedade Industrial - nº 9.279/96 e Lei da Proteção de Cultivares - nº 9.456/97), e com base nos tratados internacionais assinados pelo Brasil, o presente trabalho aponta as inclusões de cada uma, assim como, suas interfaces usando como referência o estudo de caso da soja geneticamente modificada para tolerância ao glifosato. Para este caso, patentes pipelines da Monsanto foram buscadas e usadas para analisar os limites de proteção das patentes frente às outras leis de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) relacionadas. Assim, foi possível elucidar o cenário complexo da Propriedade Intelectual das sojas tolerantes ao glifosato, já que para o agricultor não é fácil correlacionar o pagamento dos royalties com os direitos de PI da empresa.

Ameliorative effects of whole soybean and oat grains in adrenaline-induced dyslipidemia

This investigation was planned to clarify the anti-dyslipidemic therapeutic effects of a food product containing soybean and/or oat grains in experimental dyslipidemia. A total of 35 adult male albino rats were divided into five groups, normal control, dyslipidemic control, dyslipidemic experimental group fed with soybean product, dyslipidemic experimental group fed with oat grains product and dyslipidemic experimental group fed with the two products in combination Dyslipidemia was induced to rats by injection intraperitonealy with adrenaline. After 30 days of treatment with the plant products, data analysis revealed that there were highly significant increases in the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol and triglycerides in the dyslipidemic group compared with the normal group. On the other hand, High-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol concentration was highly significantly decreased. Administration of soybean product exhibited a significant decreasing effect on serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations, a significant increasing effect on serum HDL cholesterol level and an obvious improvement in serum triglycerides level which was not statistically significant. Treatment with oat grains containing product showed highly significant decreasing effect on the serum level of total cholesterol, non- significant improvement in LDL cholesterol concentration, a significant increasing effect on serum HDL cholesterol level and non- significant decreasing effect on the level of triglycerides. Administration of the two products in combination exhibited a significant decreasing action on total cholesterol concentration, a highly significant modulation in the impaired LDL cholesterol level, a highly significant increasing effect on serum I-1DL cholesterol level and a significant reduction in triglycerides level as compared with the dyslipidemic control group. The current data demonstrated that regular consumption of whole soybean and oat grains products exhibited marked anti-dyslipidemic modulatory actions on the impaire4 serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in adrenaline-induced experimental dyslipidemia. Generally, the effect of the two products in combination was more effective than the effect of cacti of them alone

Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. XX. comparative effects of salinity on growth, metabolism and yield of three different bean plants

The effects of increasing NaCl concentrations [up to 1.5 percent being equivalent to 255 mM] on growth, yield and chemical composition of three different bean plants [Glycine max var. Crowford, Phaseolus vulgaris var. Giza 3 and Phaseolus vulgaris var. Contender] have been studied. Thus, all growth, development and yield parameters appeared to remain unaltered, accelerated or, in most cases, suppressed with particular significance. These changes appeared to be dependent on [1] the concentration of NaCl, [2] the plant tested and 3 the stage of plant growth and development. Teatrnent of the three bean plants with various salinity levels led to marked changes in the total amounts and in the relative composition of carbohydrate and nitrogen pools in shoots and the yield of beans. Variable changes were also obtained for the contents of oil as well as for the constituent saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, the results of seed protein fractionation showed marked changes in the composition of polypeptides with a wide range of molecular weights. In conclusion, the following sequence of plants: soybean > kidney bean > bush bean appears to be displayed with respect to the degree of tolerance to salinity

Evaluation of the effect of soybean on bone metabolism in the rat model with ovariectomized osteoporosis

Soybean is well known to have a wide variety of beneficial biological effects. In the present work we demonstrate another new beneficial action of soybean on bone metabolism. The effects of soybean on bone metabolism and skeletal growth were studied in mature intact and ovariectomized [Ovx] female rats. Experiment I was designed to observe the effect of soybean on bone metabolism in intact rats and included two groups: [1] intact control group [2] intact feeded on soybean. Experiment II was designed to investigate the effect of soybean on Ovx rats and included another two groups: [3] ovariectomized rats [4] ovariectomized feeded on soybean. After eight weeks, ovariectomy perse produced a significant increase in serum free calcium, alkaline phosphatase, parathormone hormone [PTH], osteocalcin and active vitamin D [1,25[OH]2D] with significant increase in urinary excretion of calcium and deoxypridinoline. Supplementation of Ovx rats with soybean reduced the increased serum ionized calcium, alkaline phosphatase, PTH while osteocalcin and 1,25 [OH]2D still increased accompanied with significant decrease in urinary excretion of calcium and deoxypridinoline. Alkaline phosphatase and serum osteocalcin significantly increased in intact rats supplemented with soybean while the other parameters showed insignificant changes. Our findings indicate that soybean is an estrogen agonist affecting bone metabolism in Ovx rats, however, its effect in intact rats is less

Biochemical and physiological aspects of soybean seeds under the effect of benzyl adenine

Two pot experiments were performed in two successive years [1990, 1991] to study the effect of foliar application of benzyl adenine [at 50, 100 and 200 ppm] at flowering and fruiting stages on carbohydrate, protein, oil of the soybean seeds yielded. The results revealed that benzyl adenine at the lowest concentration [50 ppm] induced a marked increase in the carbohydrate content whereas the relatively high concentrations [100 and 200 ppm] induced a marked decrease in the carbohydrate content. The protein content of soybean seeds was increased significantly in response to all doses of benzyl adenine. Also, the results showed that benzyl adenine induced marked changes in amino acid composition of soybean seed protein were dependent upon the concentration of benzyl adenine. Treatment with benzyl adenine at different concentrations induced an appreciable increase in the total saturated fatty acids of soybean oil relative to unsaturated ones and to the control values

carcinogenic nitrosamine and nucleic acids content in rat liver and some related enzymes

The carcinogenic nitrosamine inhibited DNA and RNA content in liver tissues of rat. It also inhibited DNase, endonuclease, nuclease, RNase A and RNase T1 in liver tissues from 1, 3, 6 and 9 - month-old rats. This inhibition decreased on adding soybean flour to the rat diet