S1000A12, Chitotriosidase, and Resolvin D1 as Potential Biomarkers of Familial Mediterranean Fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an auto-inflammatory disease characterised by periodic inflammatory attacks. We investigated changes in monocyte-granulocyte derived S10012A and chitotriosidase in both the attack and silent period of FMF for better estimation of inflammation. Endogenous resolvin was determined for utility to restrict inflammation. This study included 29 FMF patients (15 M/14 F) and 30 healthy controls (15 M/15 F). Serum levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, serum amiloid A (SAA), S100A12, chitotriosidase, and resolvin D1 were measured. Age, sex, body mass indexes, and lipids were similar between patients and controls. Biomarkers including hs-CRP, SAA, S100A12, chitotriosidase, and resolvin D1 were higher in the attack period of FMF patients compared to controls (P < 0.001). When FMF patients in the silent period were compared with their attack period, hs-CRP, SAA, and chitotriosidase were found elevated in the attack period (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.02 respectively). Serum levels of SAA, S100A12, chitotriosidase, and resolvin D1 in the silent period of FMF patients were still found elevated compared to healthy controls, indicating subclinical inflammation (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.009, and P < 0.001 respectively ). In subgroup analysis, patients with M694V homozygote and heterozygote mutations had higher S10012A and hs-CRP compared to other mutation carriers. Our findings indicate that chitotriosidase and S10012A are useful in diagnosis and detection of subclinical inflammation and/or assessment of disease activity in FMF patients. They could be more informative for inflammation in various disease states compared to hsCRP and SAA. Resolvin D1 is elevated in both the attack and silent periods of FMF. It may be helpful to restrict inflammation.

Pathophysiology of liver diseases: impact of tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 and hexosaminidase

Liver disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The spectrum of the disease ranged from fatty liver to hepatic inflammation; necrosis, progressive fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We evaluated the serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1, total B-hexosaminidase and its isoenzymes Hex A and B activities and nitric oxide in patients with liver diseases and their association with aminotransferase level. Seventy patients and 12 healthy subjects were recruited. Patients were divided into 3 groups; chronic hepatitis group [20 patients], liver cirrhosis group [30 patients] and malignant liver group [20 patients]. Serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1, total B-hexosaminidase and its isoenzymes Hex A and B activities and nitric oxide were measured. Serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1, total B-hexosaminidase activity and nitric oxide were significantly higher in the liver disease patients. Serum levels of isoenzvmes Hex A and B were significantly higher in malignant liver patients. Total Bhexosaminidase and its isoenzyme Hex A activity levels were significantly higher in +ve HBsAg and +ve Anti-HCV patients. Serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 were positively correlated with aminotransferase level. Taken together, these findings suggested that these biochemical indices might reflect ongoing disease activity and played an important role in the pathophysiology of liver diseases

Serum Chitotriosidase Activity in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Response to Treatment and Correlations with Clinical Parameters

BACKGROUND: Chitotriosidase is an accepted marker of macrophage activation. In this study, we investigated serum chitotriosidase levels in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS: Forth-two patients with PTB and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. The radiological extent of PTB, radiological sequela after treatment, and the degree of smear positivity were assessed. Chitotriosidase levels were measured by a fluorometric method. RESULTS: The serum chitotriosidase levels of the PTB patients were significantly higher than those of the control subjects (39.73+/-24.97 vs. 9.63+/-4.55 nmol/mL/h, P<0.001). After completion of the standard 6-month antituberculous treatment, chitotriosidase levels in PTB patients significantly decreased (10.47+/-4.54 nmol/mL/h, P<0.001). Chitotriosidase levels correlated significantly with the radiological extent of PTB, degree of smear positivity, and post-treatment radiological sequela score (r=0.439, r=0.449, and r=0.337, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that serum chitotriosidase levels increase in PTB; therefore, chitotriosidase can be used as a marker of disease activity, severity, and response to treatment.

Plasma chitotriosidase activity in children with lysosomal storage disorders.

Chitotriosidase (ChT) is an enzyme that is selectively activated in tissue macrophage. This property of ChT makes it a potential marker for many disease process and prognostication. Present study has been carried out to know the significance of ChT as a screening marker in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) where tissue macrophage activation is commonly observed due to accumulation of substrate in various organs of the body. Study comprises of 20 healthy children in the age range of 10 days to 5 yrs and 56 children in the age range of 2.5 months to 13 yrs with regression of milestones, skeletal dysplasia, neuroregression and hepatosplenomegaly were selected for plasma ChT who had confirmed LSDs as carried out by specific lysosomal enzyme study from the leukocytes or fibroblasts. Plasma ChT was 55.21 ± 20.81 nmol/ml /hr in twenty healthy age matched controls. Plamsa ChT level was 42.88 to 79.78 nmol/ml/hr in thirteen of 56 (23.21%) children with LSDs like Morquio- B, Pompe, Metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD), Sandhoff and Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPD-C). While in 43 (76.78%) children it was in the range of 213.74 to 23,511.40 nmol/ml/hr. who had LSDs like Morquio-B, Sly syndrome, MLD, GM2 Gangliosidosis, NPD-A/B and Gaucher disease (GD). Marked elevated ChT (4,000 to 23,511 nmol/ml/hr) was observed in all cases of GD (n=7) and NDP-A/B. It can be concluded from the present study that moderately raised activity of ChT can be utilized as a positive predictive test for certain LSD’s. Those with marked elevated ChT have confirmed GD or NPD-A/B making it a strong screening marker for this group of diseases.

Actividad de la chitotriosidasa plasmatica en pacientes argentinos con enfermedad de Gaucher, diversas lisosomopatias y en otras metabolopatias geneticas / Plasma chitotriosidase activity in Argentinean patients with Gaucher disease, various lysosomal diseases and other inherited metabolic disorders

Recientemente, una marcada y aparente específica elevación de la actividad de la chitotriosidasa plasmática (Ch-PI) fue demostrada en pacientes con Enfermedad de Gaucher (EG) Tipo 1 (Mc Kusick 230800); este indicador bioquímico contribuiría además, en la detección de la patología y en la valoración de la terapia de suplementación enzimática (TSE). Datos subsecuentes sugirieron que el incremento de la Ch-PI también era marcador de otras patologías de atesoramiento lisosomal (PAL), aunque las actividades fueron menores que los valores más bajos de la EG Tipo 1. Aquí presentamos nuestra experiencia en la investigación de la actividad de la Ch-PI en una población argentina distribuida en tres grupos: a) 25 controles sanos; b) individuos relacionados con la EG: 3 pacientes con EG Tipo 1, 3 heterocigotas obligadas y 1 pacientes con una variante atípica de EG; c) 42 pacientes con precisa definición nosológica de una Enfermedad metabólica Hereditaria (EMH) y 5 pacientes presumibles de padecer una PAL aunque sin confirmación enzimática. La actividad de la metilumbelliferil tri-N-acetilchitotriosa hidrolasa fue de 600-2000 veces mayor en la plasma de las pacientes con EG Tipo 1 respecto del valor medio normal autóctono (17 nmoles/min/ml; rango de 6-60, 4 nmoles/min/ml); en el paciente con EG atípica el incremento de la Ch-PI fue alrededor de 100 veces. El efecto de la TSE en 2 de las pacientes con EG Tipo 1, una de forma moderada y la otra severa, se manifestaron con un descenso del 50 por ciento de la actividad de la Ch-PI a los 10 meses de tratamiento a la dosis de 30 U/kg/mes de alglucerase. En las heterocigotas obligadas de EG Tipo 1 y en la del Tipo 2 como asimismo en el grupo de pacientes con diferentes EMH, la actividad de la Ch-PI resultó normal. Una deficiencia total de la Ch-PI se demostró en el 8 por ciento de los controles sanos y un 10,6 por ciento en el grupo patológico. La relación entre el incremento de varios cientos de veces de la Ch-PI uy la fisiopatología de la EG no está elucidada como tampoco los posibles efectos de la relativamente común deficiencia de la enzima en el ser humano. La demostración del rol de la enzima en la degradación de patógenos contentivos de chitina, la purificación y clonación de cADN de la enzima, abren interesantes aspectos a investigar en este nuevo capítulo de la genética médica.

Estimación de la frecuencia de heterocigotes de la enfermedad de Sandhoff en una población Argentina de alto riesgo: asignación predictiva del genotipo mediante un análisis estadístico / Estimation of the frecuency of heterozygotes in Sandhoff disease in an Argentine population of high risk: predictive assignment of the genotype through a statistical analysis

En trabajos preliminares hemos evidenciado una alta frecuencia de la Enfermedad de Sandhoff (ES), deficiencia génica de la actividad hidrolítica de la hexosaminidasa (Hex) en sus dos mayores isoenzimas Hex A y Hex B, en niños criollos de un semi-aislado geográfico de la Argentina. La presente comunicación se refiere a la estimación de la proporción de portadores del gen anormal entre 1400 escolares de la zona mediante la determinación con sustratos artificiales de la Hex Total y Hex B Sérica. Los valores de las actividades enzimáticas de 32 heterocigotos testigos, 15 de ellos obligados (padres), sirvieron de patrón de referencia autóctono para la detección de 71 heterocigotos de la muestra problema (4,93%). Los límites de confidencia del 99% determinaron que la proporción de los heterocigotos en la población estaba en el intervalo 0,0346-0,0636 o sea 1 portador por cada 16 a 29 habitantes de la región, resultado similar a la heterocigosis calculada según la ley de Hardy-Weinberg (1:14 a 1:26). El análisis estadístico de las dos variables empleadas (Hex Total y Hex B) de los subgrupos referenciales homocigotos normales y heterocigotos testigos, permitió la elaboración de una función discriminante cuadrática (FDC) capaz de discernir, con alta probabilidad, entre un genotipo mutado y otro normal. Los datos obtenidos indican una heterocigosis de ES exepcionalmente alta en la población de riesgo y coherente con la frecuencia de homocigotos enfermos reconocidos, otorgándose fundamento a un programa preventivo a nivel regional. Entre tanto, la FDC elaborada provee un recurso eficaz y práctivo de asesoramiento individual, sobre todo en el ámbito clínico vinculado al problema