Desarrollo del lenguaje durante los primeros años de vida / Language development during the first years of life

El lenguaje oral es un sistema dinámico de símbolos convencionales que involucra múltiples estructuras anatómicas y funcionales interactuando entre si para codificar y decodificar señales durante el intercambio de información e ideas. El proceso de adquisición del lenguaje durante la infancia ha sido objeto de estudio desde diversas perspectivas teóricas complementarias. Aunque el desarrollo del lenguaje es un proceso complejo con numerosos eventos superpuestos, puede dividirse en dos fases principales. La etapa prelingüística abarca desde el nacimiento hasta aproximadamente los 12 meses. Durante este período, los niños adquieren habilidades comunicativas básicas, previas a la articulación de palabras, que incluyen la capacidad para discriminar sonidos del habla, categorizar fonemas propios de su lengua nativa y distinguir palabras en su idioma nativo. La etapa lingüística finaliza alrededor de los 6 a 7 años, cuando los niños ya dominan todos los fonemas de su idioma y han desarrollado una gramática madura. Esta etapa puede dividirse en varias subetapas que reflejan la adquisición de los fonemas de la lengua nativa, la expansión del vocabulario y el aumento de la comprensión y el uso de las funciones del lenguaje. Reconocer estas etapas con sus respectivos hitos es esencial para identificar posibles alteraciones en el desarrollo típico del habla y la comunicación, facilitando así una intervención temprana.

Spoken language is a dynamic system of conventional symbols that requires the interaction of multiple anatomical and functional systems. These structures work together to encode and decode signals to exchange information and ideas. Language acquisition in childhood has been extensively studied from several complementary theoretical perspectives. Although language development is a complex process involving a large number of overlapping events, it can be broadly divided into two stages. The prelinguistic phase occurs between birth and approximately 12 months of age. During this period, children develop basic communicative skills, such as recognizing speech sounds, classifying the phonemes of their native language, and understanding words in their language, all before they can articulate words themselves. By the age of 6 to 7, children have fully integrated all the phonemes of their language and have developed a mature grammar. This linguistic stage can be divided into several subphases that reflect the acquisition of native language phonemes, vocabulary expansion, and increased comprehension and use of language functions. Recognizing these stages and their corresponding milestones is essential for identifying potential deviations from typical language and communication development. This awareness allows for early intervention when needed

Research progress on brain functional near-infrared spectroscopy technology in the field of neonates / 中国当代儿科杂志

Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging tool that reflects the activity and function of brain neurons by monitoring changes in brain oxygen metabolism based on the neurovascular coupling mechanism. It is non-invasive and convenient, especially suitable for monitoring neonatal brain function. This article provides a comprehensive review of research related to the developmental patterns of brain networks concerning language, music, and emotions in neonates using fNIRS. It also covers brain network imaging in neonatal care, resting-state brain network connectivity patterns, and characteristics of brain functional imaging in disease states of neonates using fNIRS.

Knowledge Graph Enhanced Transformers for Diagnosis Generation of Chinese Medicine / 中国结合医学杂志

Chinese medicine (CM) diagnosis intellectualization is one of the hotspots in the research of CM modernization. The traditional CM intelligent diagnosis models transform the CM diagnosis issues into classification issues, however, it is difficult to solve the problems such as excessive or similar categories. With the development of natural language processing techniques, text generation technique has become increasingly mature. In this study, we aimed to establish the CM diagnosis generation model by transforming the CM diagnosis issues into text generation issues. The semantic context characteristic learning capacity was enhanced referring to Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BILSTM) with Transformer as the backbone network. Meanwhile, the CM diagnosis generation model Knowledge Graph Enhanced Transformer (KGET) was established by introducing the knowledge in medical field to enhance the inferential capability. The KGET model was established based on 566 CM case texts, and was compared with the classic text generation models including Long Short-Term Memory sequence-to-sequence (LSTM-seq2seq), Bidirectional and Auto-Regression Transformer (BART), and Chinese Pre-trained Unbalanced Transformer (CPT), so as to analyze the model manifestations. Finally, the ablation experiments were performed to explore the influence of the optimized part on the KGET model. The results of Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU), Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation 1 (ROUGE1), ROUGE2 and Edit distance of KGET model were 45.85, 73.93, 54.59 and 7.12, respectively in this study. Compared with LSTM-seq2seq, BART and CPT models, the KGET model was higher in BLEU, ROUGE1 and ROUGE2 by 6.00-17.09, 1.65-9.39 and 0.51-17.62, respectively, and lower in Edit distance by 0.47-3.21. The ablation experiment results revealed that introduction of BILSTM model and prior knowledge could significantly increase the model performance. Additionally, the manual assessment indicated that the CM diagnosis results of the KGET model used in this study were highly consistent with the practical diagnosis results. In conclusion, text generation technology can be effectively applied to CM diagnostic modeling. It can effectively avoid the problem of poor diagnostic performance caused by excessive and similar categories in traditional CM diagnostic classification models. CM diagnostic text generation technology has broad application prospects in the future.

Estrategias de comunicación enfermero-paciente: propuesta de un video educativo para estudiantes de enfermería / Nurse-patient communication strategies: A proposal of an educational video for Nursing students / Estratégias de comunicação enfermeiro-paciente: proposta de um vídeo educativo para estudantes de enfermagem

Objetivo: elaborar, validar y evaluar un video educativo sobre estrategias de comunicación enfermero-paciente para estudiantes de la carrera de enfermería. Método: se trata de un estudio metodológico, con diseño longitudinal y análisis cuantitativo. El público objetivo cumplió las etapas de preproducción, producción, postproducción y evaluación del video. Resultados: cinco enfermeras evaluaron el storyboard del video y consideraron que la comprensión del tema, los tópicos abordados y el lenguaje utilizado eran apropiados y relevantes para el tema. Otras cinco enfermeras consideraron que la calidad de la técnica audiovisual utilizada, el ambiente simulado, la caracterización de los personajes y el desarrollo de las estrategias de comunicación enfermero-paciente estaban presentes y eran adecuados. La versión final del video fue evaluada por nueve estudiantes de enfermería que tuvieron un nivel de comprensión de los ítems igual o superior al 96%. El video presenta las siguientes estrategias: Estrategias Generales de Comunicación, Comunicación Intercultural, NURSE, Tell me more, Ask-Tell-Ask, Comunicación Terapéutica y Comunicación de Malas Noticias. Conclusión: este estudio describe la creación de un video, la validación que realizaron del mismo los expertos y la evaluación del público objetivo, quienes consideraron que es un recurso educativo importante para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las estrategias de comunicación. Los jueces y el público objetivo consideraron que el video era un instrumento válido para enseñar las estrategias de comunicación enfermero-paciente.

Objective: to create, validate and evaluate an educational video on nurse-patient communication strategies for undergraduate Nursing students. Method: this is a methodological study with a longitudinal design and quantitative analysis. The following stages were conducted: pre-production, production, post-production and evaluation of the video by the target population. Results: five female nurses evaluated the video storyboard and indicated understanding of the subject matter, the topics addressed and the language used as adequate and pertinent to the theme. Another five female nurses considered the following as present and desirable elements: quality of the audiovisual technique employed, simulated environment, characterization of the characters, and development of the nurse-patient communication strategies The final version of the video was evaluated by nine Nursing students that presented a level of item understanding of at least 96%. The video presents the following strategies: General communication strategies, Intercultural Communication, NURSE, Tell me more, Ask-Tell-Ask, Therapeutic Communication and Communicating Bad News. Conclusion: this study portrays the creation of a video, its validation by experts and its evaluation by the target population, which indicated it as a relevant educational resource for the teaching-learning process regarding communication strategies. Both the evaluators and the target population considered that the video is a valid instrument to teach content about the nurse-patient communication strategies.

Objetivo: construir, validar e avaliar um vídeo educativo sobre estratégias de comunicação enfermeiro-paciente para estudantes da graduação em enfermagem. Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico, com delineamento longitudinal e análise quantitativa. Foram percorridas as etapas de pré-produção, produção, pós-produção e avaliação do vídeo pelo público-alvo. Resultados: cinco enfermeiras avaliaram o storyboard do vídeo e apontaram a compreensão do tema, os tópicos abordados e a linguagem utilizada como adequadas e pertinentes à temática. Outras cinco enfermeiras consideraram presentes e desejáveis: qualidade da técnica audiovisual empregada, ambiente simulado, caracterização das personagens e desenvolvimento das estratégias de comunicação enfermeiro-paciente. A versão final do vídeo foi avaliada por nove estudantes de enfermagem que apresentaram nível de compreensão dos itens igual ou acima de 96%. O vídeo apresenta as seguintes estratégias: Estratégias gerais de comunicação, Comunicação Intercultural, NURSE, Tell me more, Ask-Tell-Ask, Comunicação Terapêutica e Comunicação de Más Notícias. Conclusão: este estudo retrata a criação de um vídeo, sua validação por peritos e sua avaliação pelo público-alvo, que manifestaram tratar-se de um recurso educativo relevante para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de estratégias de comunicação. Os juízes e o público alvo consideraram o vídeo como um instrumento válido para ensinar sobre as estratégias de comunicação enfermeiro-paciente.

Fronteiras da Língua: Desarraigamento e Testemunho em Psicanálise / Borders of Language: Uprooting and Testimony in Psychoanalysis / Fronteras de la Lengua: Desarraigamiento y Testimonio en Psicoanálisis

Abordamos o problema da língua na psicanálise, apontando como esta lida com os limites nos quais esbarra em seu exercício linguageiro. Mostramos a relação entre letra, lugar e as fronteiras da língua. A partir da abordagem do exílio e do desarraigamento no campo da arte e da literatura, problematizamos o monolinguismo e situamos a importância do ato de recepção do testemunho em psicanálise. Como escutar o que escapa à representação? Apontamos a dimensão política da prática d'alíngua como via de reabitar a língua, recurso cuja escrita viabiliza novas leituras do mundo. A psicanálise encontra, assim, o desafio de fazer surgir/emergir aquilo que foi apagado/silenciado, contribuindo para a produção de novos territórios linguísticos que sejam respeitosos com a diferença e viabilizem o trânsito entre línguas. Ler com o translinguístico é uma maneira de grifar o movimento daqueles que estão à margem e fornece pistas para a reinvenção necessária do lugar de escuta.

We address the problem of language in psychoanalysis, pointing out how it deals with the limits it encounters in its language exercise. We show the relationship between letter, place, and language borders. From the approach of exile and uprooting in the field of art and literature, we problematize monolingualism and place the importance of the act of receiving testimony in psychoanalysis. How to listen to what escapes representation? We point out the political dimension of the practice of lalangue as a way to reinhabit the language, a resource whose writing enables new readings of the world. Psychoanalysis thus faces the challenge of bringing to light/emerging what has been erased/silenced, contributing to the production of new linguistic territories that are respectful of difference and make transit between languages possible. Reading with the translinguistic is a way of highlighting the movement of those who are on the margins and provides clues for the necessary reinvention of the place of listening.

Abordamos el problema de la lengua en psicoanálisis, señalando cómo lidia con los límites que encuentra en su ejercicio del lenguaje. Mostramos la relación entre letra, lugar y fronteras de la lengua. Desde el enfoque del exilio y del desarraigo en el campo del arte y la literatura, problematizamos el monolingüismo y ubicamos la importancia del acto de recibir testimonio en el psicoanálisis. ¿Cómo escuchar lo que escapa a la representación? Señalamos la dimensión política de la práctica del lenguaje como forma de rehabitar la lengua, recurso cuya escritura posibilita nuevas lecturas del mundo. El psicoanálisis enfrenta así el desafío de sacar a la luz/emerger lo borrado/silenciado, contribuyendo a la producción de nuevos territorios lingüísticos respetuosos de las diferencias y posibilitando el tránsito entre lenguas. Leer con el translingüístico es una forma de evidenciar el movimiento de los que están en los márgenes y da pistas para la necesaria reinvención del lugar de la escucha.

Editorial: ¿Cuál es el idioma de la ciencia? Nuevas declaraciones de consenso en español / Editorial: What is the Language of Science? New Consensus Statements in Spanish / Editorial: Qual é a linguagem da ciência? Novas declarações de consenso em espanhol

Resumen Se presentan algunas reflexiones relacionadas con la publicación de las primeras dos declaraciones de consenso en español. Se plantea la importancia de divulgar información de este tipo para promover la práctica profesional en ciencias del movimiento humano basada en la evidencia.

Abstract Reflections are presented about the publication of the first two consensus statements in Spanish. Publication of this type of information is key to promote evidence-based practice in human movement science professionals.

Resumo Algumas reflexões são apresentadas em relação à publicação das duas primeiras declarações de consenso em espanhol. Aborda-se a importância da divulgação de informações desse tipo para promover a prática profissional baseada em evidências na ciência do movimento humano.

Perspectivas metodológicas del análisis del discurso aplicadas al estudio de los sistemas de salud / Methodological perspectives of discourse analysis applied to the study of health systems

Introducción: El análisis del discurso es un abordaje alternativo de investigación de sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Describir la producción científica que investiga los sistemas de salud utilizando el análisis del discurso como perspectiva teórico-metodológica. Métodos: Revisión sistemática exploratoria de literatura, que incluyó la búsqueda de textos en inglés y español en cinco bases de datos (SciELO, MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO y ScienceDirect). Se utilizaron los descriptores "sistema OR salud" AND "análisis OR discurso" y sus traducciones al inglés. Se incluyeron artículos originales con metodología cualitativa, revisiones sistemáticas exploratorias de la literatura, ensayos y tesis doctorales, cuya metodología o tema de revisión fuese expresamente descrita como análisis de discurso de sistemas de salud, de sus funciones o estructura organizativa, publicados en el periodo entre enero de 1994 a diciembre de 2019; se excluyeron textos con metodología cuantitativa, estudios mixtos y metaanálisis. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 27 textos en la revisión, se describió en cuatro categorías la forma como el análisis del discurso puede ser utilizado en el estudio de los sistemas de salud: el concepto del proceso salud enfermedad, la autonomía del sujeto, los discursos de gestión y los sistemas de salud como política pública. Discusión: Los sistemas de salud son campos para el ejercicio de las relaciones de poder que construyen sujetos, configuran la autonomía del sujeto y determinan las intervenciones del proceso salud-enfermedad. Conclusiones: Esta revisión identificó que el discurso es utilizado como dispositivo de poder que configura sujetos y la forma como se interviene el proceso salud-enfermedad.

Introduction: An alternative approach to health systems research is discourse analysis. Objective: To describe the scientific production that investigates health systems using discourse analysis as a theoretical-methodological perspective. Methodology: Systematic review. The search was conducted in five databases (SciELO, MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO and Science Direct), in both Spanish and English. The descriptors used were "sistema OR salud" AND "análisis OR discurso", and their English equivalents. Qualitative studies, scoping reviews, essays and PhD theses, published between January 1994 and December 2019, were included; in all cases their subject was described clearly as discourse analysis of health systems, their functions or organizative structure. Results: A total of 27 texts were included in the revision; four categories describe how discourse analysis can be used in the study of health systems as well, the concept of the health-disease process, subject autonomy, management discourses, and health systems as public policy. Discussion: Health systems are fields for the exercise of power relations that construct subjects, configure the autonomy of the subject, and determine the interventions of the health-disease process. Conclusions: This review identifies that discourse is used as a device of power that configures subjects and the way in which the health-disease process is intervened.

Riesgo neuropsicológico en epilepsia del lóbulo temporal / Neuropsychological risk in temporal lobe epilepsy

Introducción: Los síntomas neuropsicológicos son una preocupación importante para los pacientes con epilepsia y pueden llegar a ser muy influyentes en la percepción de calidad de vida. En el caso de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal, existen muchas variables que influyen en el desempeño cognitivo de los pacientes, entre las más importantes se encuentran la etiología, la edad de inicio, la duración de la enfermedad y la frecuencia de crisis; sin embargo, una de las variables más importantes es la lateralidad de la epilepsia. Está claramente demostrado que los síntomas cognitivos de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal varían en función del hemisferio cerebral afectado. Contenido: La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal es una de las principales epilepsias focales que es susceptible de manejo quirúrgico, y, en este sentido, el tipo de procedimiento también tiene una gran importancia en el desenlace cognitivo de estos pacientes. En este artículo, realizamos una revisión narrativa de la literatura, con el objetivo de describir el riesgo neuropsicológico relacionado no solamente con la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal per se, sino también con las intervenciones quirúrgicas que se realizan en pacientes refractarios a la medicación. Conclusiones: Es importante conocer los conceptos sobre las implicaciones del impacto cognitivo en los pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal antes de tomar decisiones quirúrgicas en pacientes refractarios, así como entender que el tipo de cirugía también influye en su desempeño cognitivo. Se debe buscar un equilibrio entre la libertad de crisis y las posibles secuelas neuropsicológicas posquirúrgicas.

Introduction: Neuropsychological symptoms are a major concern for patients with epilepsy and can highly influence the perception of quality of life. In the case of temporal lobe epilepsy, there are many variables that impact the cognitive performance of these people, among the most important are the etiology, the age of onset, the duration of the disease and the frequency of seizures, however, one of the most important variables is the lateralization of the seizure. It has been demonstrated that the cognitive symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy vary depending on the affected cerebral hemisphere. Contents of the review: Temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the main focal epilepsies that is susceptible to surgical management, and the type of surgery also has great importance in the cognitive outcomes of these patients. In this article, we carry out a narrative review of the literature in order to describe the neuropsychological risk related not only to temporal lobe epilepsy per se, but also to surgical interventions performed in drug-resistant patients. Conclusions: It is important to know the concepts about the implications of cognitive impact in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy before making surgical decisions in refractory patients and to understand that the type of surgery also influences the cognitive performance of these patients. A balance must be sought between the freedom of seizures and the possible postoperative neuropsychological sequelae.

Afasia primaria progresiva variante no fluente/agramática / Non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia

Introducción: Entre las enfermedades neurodegenerativas se encuentra un grupo de patologías que se caracterizan por un compromiso prominente del lenguaje, denominadas usualmente afasias primarias progresivas, las cuales se subdividen en 3 tipos: variante logopénica, variante semántica y variante no fluente o agramática. Presentación del caso: Paciente con cuadro clínico que inicia a los 65 años, con disminución en la interacción social. Un par de meses después, la esposa nota que el lenguaje del paciente se torna poco fluido, habla con palabras o frases cortas, no logra decir oraciones completas, además de presentar cambios en la entonación de las palabras y alteraciones del lenguaje escrito. El paciente manifiesta que su principal limitación en el momento es el no poder expresar lo que quiere decir, y por este motivo consulta. Discusión: En el caso de este paciente, se describe inicialmente un cambio en su personalidad que no compromete su funcionalidad, sin embargo, al poco tiempo se presenta compromiso del lenguaje como síntoma prominente y que genera mayor compromiso en su calidad de vida, con pruebas neuropsicológicas y hallazgos de neuroimagen que apoyan el diagnóstico de afasia primaria progresiva (APP) variante no fluente o agramatical, con síntomas comportamentales y motores asociados. Conclusión: Las APP son un grupo de trastornos neurocognitivos cuya característica primordial es el compromiso en el lenguaje, cada variante de APP tiene unas características clínicas y criterios diagnósticos específicos que se deben conocer para lograr sospechar el diagnóstico y hacer un abordaje apropiado en el paciente.

Introduction: In the group of neurodegenerative diseases, there is a group of pathologies that are characterized by a prominent compromise of language, normally called primary progressive aphasias, these are subdivided into 3 types: logopenic variant, semantic variant and non-fluent or agrammatic variant. Case presentation: Patient with a clinical picture that begins at age 65, with decreased social interaction, a couple of months later his wife notices that his language becomes not fluent, speaks in short words or phrases, cannot say complete sentences, in addition to changes in the intonation of words and alterations in written language, the patient states that his main limitation at the moment is not being able to express what he wants to say and for this reason they consult. Discussion: In the case of this patient, a change in his personality is initially described that does not compromise his functionality, however soon after a language involvement is presented as the main symptom and the one that generates a compromise in his quality of life, with neuropsychological tests and findings on neuroimaging that supports the diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) non-fluent or agrammatical variant, with associated behavioral and motor symptoms. Conclusion: APPs are a group of neurocognitive disorders whose primary characteristic is language impairment. Each APP variant has specific clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria that must be known in order to suspect the diagnosis and make an appropriate approach to the patient.

Los hermanos cuervo. Violencias cotidianas amalgamadas en la ilusión de estabilidad de la lenga y de la identidad del sujeto / The Cuervo Brothers: Everyday Violence Amalgamated in the Illusion of Stability of the Language and the Identity of the Subject

La novela Los hermanos Cuervo, del colombiano Andrés Felipe Solano, subraya, a través de la parodia, la ilusión de estabilidad de la lengua y del sujeto en la que se amalgama una violencia simbólica, naturalizada en la familia, el colegio y la ciudad. Esta subjetividad resuena en un territorio rígidamente dividido en estratos socioeconómicos, amalgamados simbólica e imaginariamente en narrativas culturales clasistas y profundamente excluyentes, organizadas en torno a la pareja de opuestos: todo o nada

The novel Los hermanos Cuervo, by the Colombian Andrés Felipe Solano, underlines, through parody, the illusion of stability of the language and of the subject in which a symbolic violence is amalgamated, naturalized in the family, school and the city. This subjectivity resonates in a territory rigidly divided into socioeconomic strata, symbolically and imaginarily amalgamated in classist and deeply exclusive cultural narratives, organized around the pair of opposites: all or nothing

La escritura académica y la irrupción del lenguaje inclusivo / Academic writing and the irruption of inclusive language

El lenguaje científico en Medicina estuvo dominado por la lengua francesa hasta la segunda mitad del. Siglo XIX. Desde 1950 en adelante, el idioma inglés ha adquirido paulatinamente una mayor importancia. El lenguaje médico actual se construye sobre la precisión, la corrección, la claridad y la concisión. El lenguaje no sexista, aparecido en los últimos años ha sido adoptado por universidades y ministerios para sus comunicaciones internas, pero no se ha comunicado su uso en los textos científicos y esto se debe a que choca con este último ya que agrega nuevos vocablos que dificultan la lectura. En el presente artículo se desarrolla el concepto de lenguaje científico en Medicina y la irrupción del lenguaje no sexista

The scientific language in Medicine was dominated by the French language until the second half of the XIX century. From the 1950s onwards, the English language has gradually gained in importance. Today's medical language is built on precision, correctness, clarity, and conciseness. The non-sexist language, which has appeared in recent years, has been adopted by universities and ministries for their internal communications, but its use has not been reported in scientific texts, and this is because it clashes with the latter, since it adds new words that make it difficult to the reading. This article develops the concept of scientific language in Medicine and the irruption of non-sexist language.

O papel da frequência a instituições de educação infantil e de variáveis do ambiente doméstico no desenvolvimento da criança de zero a seis anos / El papel de la asistencia a las instituciones de educación inicial y las variables del entorno familiar en el desarrollo de los niños de cero a seis años / The Role of Attending Child Daycare Institutions and Domestic Environment in the Development of Children from Zero to Six Years of Age

O desenvolvimento infantil é um campo de estudo complexo e deve ser analisado de maneira integrada, considerando os contextos nos quais a criança está in-serida. A frequência a instituições de educação infantil (iei) é indicada pela literatura internacional como um facilitador dos domínios do desenvolvimento, contudo, não há consenso nos dados brasileiros já apresentados. Pontua-se que outras variáveis do ambiente doméstico, como dispor de brinquedos e materiais variados e o tempo de interação com a mãe, possam influenciar nes-sa relação. O objetivo do estudo é comparar crianças que frequentam ou não iei em relação aos domínios do desenvolvimento, considerando grupo etário, tipo de escola e variáveis do ambiente doméstico. Participa-ram 1.843 mães de crianças de quatro a 72 meses, que responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e ao Inventário Dimensional de Avaliação do Desenvolvi-mento Infantil. Os resultados apontaram que crianças que não frequentam iei apresentaram melhores médias nos domínios Motricidade Ampla e Linguagem Recepti-va em faixas etárias específicas. Dispor de brinquedos e materiais variados e o tempo que a mãe empregava para brincadeiras com a criança demonstraram um impacto positivo em diferentes domínios do desenvolvimento, no entanto, não houve interação com a frequência à iei. Verificou-se que quanto mais horas a mãe dispõe para brincadeiras durante a semana, melhores são as médias alcançadas em diferentes domínios do desenvolvimento de crianças de iei públicas e privadas. Discute-se o papel da educação infantil no desenvolvimento integral da criança, especialmente sobre a qualidade das iei e a necessidade de práticas baseadas em evidências.

El desarrollo infantil es un campo de estudio complejo y debe ser analizado de forma integrada, consideran-do los contextos del niño. La literatura internacional señala a la asistencia a las instituciones de educación infantil (iei) como un facilitador de los dominios del desarrollo, pero, no hay consenso en los datos brasileños. Otras variables del ambiente doméstico, como tener juguetes y materiales diferentes, y el tiempo de interacción con la madre, podrían influir en esta relación. El objetivo del estudio es comparar a los niños que asisten o no a una iei en relación a los dominios de desarrollo, considerando grupo etario, tipo de es-cuela y variables del ambiente del hogar. Participaron 1.843 madres de niños de cuatro a 72 meses, quienes respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el Inventario Dimensional para la Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil. Los niños que no asisten a una iei tienen mejores promedios en los dominios Motricidad Gruesa y Lenguaje Receptivo en grupos de edad específicos. Tener diferentes juguetes y materiales, y el tiempo que la madre dedicaba a jugar con el niño demostró un impacto positivo en diferentes dominios, pero, no hubo interacción con la asistencia a una iei. Mientras más horas tiene la madre para jugar durante la semana, mejores son los promedios en los diferentes dominios de desarrollo de los niños con iei pública y privada. Se discute el papel de la educación inicial en el desarrollo integral, especialmente la calidad de la iei y la necesidad de prácticas basadas en evidencias.

Child development is a complex field that should be ana-lyzed comprehensively, considering children's contexts. The international literature indicates attendance to child daycare institutions (cdi) as a facilitator for child development. However, there is no consensus regarding Brazilian data. Other variables of the child's domestic environment, such as having various toys and materials and the time of interaction with the mother, may influence this relationship. This study aimed to compare children attending or not attending cdi regarding developmental domains and considering age group, type of school, and do-mestic environment variables. A total of 1.843 mothers of children aged zero to 72 months participated, answer-ing a sociodemographic questionnaire and the In-ventário Dimensional de Avaliação do Desenvolvimento Infantil (idadi). The results showed that children who did not attend cdi had better averages in Gross Motor Skills and Receptive Language domains in specific age groups. Having a variety of toys and materials and the time the mother spends playing with the child had a positive impact on different developmental domains; however, there was no interaction with attending cdi. It was found that the more hours the mother played with the child during the week, the better the averages achieved in different domains of development for chil-dren attending public or private cdi. The role of early childhood education in integral child development is discussed, especially the quality of cdi and the need for evidence-based practices.

Construction of jingjin differentiation system based on holistic concept / 中国针灸

As a diagnostic method to guide the treatment of sinew/fascia diseases, jingjin (muscle regions of meridians) differentiation is an important component of syndrome differentiation system of acupuncture and moxibustion. In clinical practice, because of the limitations of the ideological guidance of the holistic view, the systemic and dialectical thinking and the syndrome element collection, the system of diagnosis and treatment of sinew/fascia diseases is not comprehensive. Through combing the origin of the holistic view of jingjin, the paper expounds the differentiation framework of sinew/fascia diseases from 4 aspects of differentiation, i.e. the location of disease, etiology, nature of disease and condition of disease. It suggests to construct jingjin differentiation system by taking the holistic ideas as the core, the syndrome element research as the common method and the evidence-based medicine as the theoretical basis so that the thinking of syndrome differentiation and the diagnostic approaches based on jingjin theory can be enriched.

The best practice for microbiome analysis using R

With the gradual maturity of sequencing technology, many microbiome studies have published, driving the emergence and advance of related analysis tools. R language is the widely used platform for microbiome data analysis for powerful functions. However, tens of thousands of R packages and numerous similar analysis tools have brought major challenges for many researchers to explore microbiome data. How to choose suitable, efficient, convenient, and easy-to-learn tools from the numerous R packages has become a problem for many microbiome researchers. We have organized 324 common R packages for microbiome analysis and classified them according to application categories (diversity, difference, biomarker, correlation and network, functional prediction, and others), which could help researchers quickly find relevant R packages for microbiome analysis. Furthermore, we systematically sorted the integrated R packages (phyloseq, microbiome, MicrobiomeAnalystR, Animalcules, microeco, and amplicon) for microbiome analysis, and summarized the advantages and limitations, which will help researchers choose the appropriate tools. Finally, we thoroughly reviewed the R packages for microbiome analysis, summarized most of the common analysis content in the microbiome, and formed the most suitable pipeline for microbiome analysis. This paper is accompanied by hundreds of examples with 10,000 lines codes in GitHub, which can help beginners to learn, also help analysts compare and test different tools. This paper systematically sorts the application of R in microbiome, providing an important theoretical basis and practical reference for the development of better microbiome tools in the future. All the code is available at GitHub github.com/taowenmicro/EasyMicrobiomeR.

Clinical and genetic analysis of two children with Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, stereotypic hand movements, and impaired language due to de novo variants of MEF2C gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology for two children with Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, stereotypic hand movements, and impaired language (MEDHSIL).@*METHODS@#Two children who had visited the Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital on October 15, 2021 were selected as the study subjects. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for both patients. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing of their family members.@*RESULTS@#The two children were respectively found to harbor a heterozygous c.138delC (p.Ile47Serfs*42) variant and a c.833del (p.L278*) variant of the MEF2C gene. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), both variants were predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2_Supporting).@*CONCLUSION@#The c.138delC and c.833del variants of the MEF2C gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of MEDHSIL in the two children. Above findings have enriched the mutational spectrum of the MEF2C gene and enabled genetic counseling for their families.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of URICA-Voice scale / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To translate the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment of voice scale（URICA-Voice） into Chinese and test its reliability and validity. Methods:The URICA-Voice scale was converted into Chinese by literal translation, cultural adjustment, expert consultation, pre-investigation, and back translation. Convenience sampling was used to recruit patients at four speech therapy centers from February to May 2022. Then the Chinese version of the scale was distributed to them, and the reliability and validity of the scale were tested after data collection. Cronbach ɑ was used to evaluate the reliability. The critical ratio method and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for item analysis. Item-level content validity, scale-level content validity, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the validity of the scale. Results:A total of 247 valid questionnaires were collected. ①Item analysis: the critical ratios between a high-score and low-score groups of 32 items were all statistically significant（P<0.01） and all the critical ratios were above 3.00. The Pearson correlation between 32 items and the total score was significant（P<0.01）. ②Validity analysis: I-CVI=1.00, S-CVI/Ave=1.00, χ²/df=2.30, RMSEA=0.07. Except for item 9 and 23, the standardized factor loading coefficients of other items were all above 0.50. AVE of the four dimensions of the scale was all above 0.50, and the combined reliability of the four dimensions was all above 0.70. The correlation coefficients between dimensions were less than the square root of the AVE of the dimension itself. ③Reliability analysis: the Cronbach ɑ of the whole scale was 0.94, and the Cronbach ɑ of the four dimensions were 0.88, 0.92, 0.94, and 0.88 respectively. Conclusion:The Chinese version of URICA-Voice has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a specific measurement tool for evaluating the compliance of voice training in China.

Las expresiones idiomáticas para el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa / Idiomatic expressions for the development of communicative competence

Al enseñar una lengua extranjera, para lograr una competencia comunicativa de los estudiantes, hay que tener en cuenta no solamente que estos alcancen el dominio funcional de un nuevo código lingüístico, sino también que sean capaces de interpretar y relacionarse en un contexto sociocultural de la lengua meta. Es objetivo de este trabajo, socializar ejemplos de ejercicios con algunas expresiones idiomáticas que contienen las partes del cuerpo para fortalecer la competencia sociolingüística y así la comunicativa de los estudiantes de tercer año de la carrera de Medicina. Algunas de las frases con las que se trabajan en estos ejercicios son: pull someone's leg, turn one's back on, to put heads together, find one's feet, a shot in the arm. El aprendizaje de estas y de otras frases idiomáticas pueden facilitar la comunicación de los profesionales de la Salud durante su desempeño profesional y social en un país de habla inglesa.

When teaching a foreign language, to achieve a communicative competence of the learners, it should be considered not only their functional mastery of a new linguistic code, but also their capacity to interpret and interact in a sociocultural context of the target language. This paper aims at proposing exercises with some idiomatic expressions which contain parts of the body to strengthen the sociolinguistic competence and therefore the communicative one of the third-year medical students. Some of these expressions are pull someone's leg, turn one's back on, to put heads together, find one's feet, a shot in the arm. Learning these and other idiomatic expressions may facilitate the communication of health professionals during their social and professional role in an English-speaking country.