RESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones bacterianas en trasplante hepático (TH) son una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las complicaciones infecciosas bacterianas en el primer mes postrasplante. Pacientes y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo entre los años 2009-2020. RESULTADOS: 225 pacientes recibieron un TH. 80 (35,5%) desarrollaron al menos un episodio de infección bacteriana en el primer mes postrasplante hepático. Hubo 105 episodios de infección bacteriana con una incidencia de 46,6%. El foco más frecuente fue el abdominal (48,6%) y el microorganismo predominante fue Klebsiella spp. De los 104 aislamientos, el 57,6% presentaron un perfil MDR/XDR. Los pacientes que desarrollaron una complicación infecciosa presentaron menor sobrevida al alta hospitalaria en comparación con los que no la presentaron 87,5 versus 94,5% [OR 4,18 (IC 95%: 1,5-11,6)]. En el análisis multivariado la reintervención quirúrgica precoz [OR 4,286 (IC 95%: 1,911-9,61)], mostró un riesgo significativo de desarrollar una complicación infecciosa bacteriana en el primer mes postrasplante. CONCLUSIONES: Tres de cada 10 pacientes presentaron una infección bacteriana en el primer mes postrasplante con una alta incidencia de bacilos gramnegativos MDR/XDR. Los pacientes que desarrollaron una complicación infecciosa presentaron una menor sobrevida al alta. La reintervención quirúrgica precoz se identificó como un factor predisponente de infección temprana.
BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients (LT). Aim: To characterize bacterial infectious complications in the first month an after a liver transplant. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a cohort of liver transplant recipients who presented at least one bacterial infectious complication in the first month after transplant between 2009 and 2020. RESULTS: 225 patients were analyzed. 80 (35.5%) had a least one documented bacterial infection during the first month after transplant. 105 bacterial infections were documented, with an incidence of 46.6%. The most frequent origin was intra-abdominal (48.6%) and the predominant isolated microorganism was Klebsiella spp. Among 104 isolated microorganisms 57.6% showed MDR/XDR profile. Patients who developed a bacterial infectious complication had a shorter overall survival (OS) after discharge from hospital (87.5% vs 94.5%) [OR 4.18 (IC 95%: 1.5-11,6)]. When multivariate analysis of predisposing factors was performed early surgical reoperation was the only variable associated with an increased risk of developing a bacterial complication in the first month [OR 4.286 (IC 95%: 1.911-9.61)]. CONCLUSIONS: Three out of 10 patients developed a bacterial infectious complication during the first month after liver transplant with a high incidence of gram-negative bacillus MDR/XDR. Patients who presented infectious complications had a shorter OS after discharge, and early reoperation was identified as a predisposing factor of early infectious complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Bacterianas/mortalidade , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Prognóstico , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Uruguai/epidemiologia , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: actualmente los profesionales de la salud se enfrentan al manejo de las vías aéreas artificiales en grupos pediátricos, esto requiere de cuidados delicados y mucha atención para detectar, establecer y manejar situaciones apremiantes; por esta razón, existe un mayor riesgo de aparición de infecciones bacterianas traqueopulmonares. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la caracterización de las infecciones en pacientes pediátricos portadores de cánula de traqueotomía en las diferentes publicaciones científicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante la búsqueda de la literatura existente entre los años 2015-2020 en las bases de datos Elsevier, PubMed, Google Académico y SciELO, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión artículos en idioma inglés, español y población de edad entre los 0-15 años con infección de cánula de traqueotomía en los años 2015-2020. Resultados: de 258 artículos distribuidos en las bases de datos, se seleccionaron 21 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones: a pesar de que en la actualidad existan criterios clínicos, factores de riesgo y pruebas de laboratorio asociados a infecciones de la cánula postraqueotomía en pacientes pediátricos, se requiere mayor investigación para definir las guías clínicas de manejo en la toma de decisiones médicas. Asimismo, se consideró como limitación importante la cantidad de literatura existente con respecto al tema.
Abstract Introduction: Currently, health professionals face the management of artificial airways in pediatric groups, this requires delicate care and a lot of attention to detect, establish and manage pressing situations, which is why there is a greater risk of tracheo-pulmonary bacterial infections. The objective was to analyze the characterization of infections in pediatric patients with tracheostomy tubes in the different scientific publications. Method: A systematic review of the literature was carried out between the years 2015-2020 in Elsevier, PubMed, Google Academic and SciELO databases, taking into account the inclusion criteria of the population aged 0-15 years in the years 2015-2020. The amount of existing literature on the subject was considered an important limitation. Results: From 258 articles distributed in the databases, 21 articles were selected that met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Although there are currently clinical criteria, risk factors and laboratory tests associated with infections of the post-tracheotomy tube in pediatric patients, further research is required to define clinical guidelines for management in medical decision-making.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Traqueíte/microbiologia , Traqueotomia/efeitos adversos , Bronquite/microbiologia , Cânula/efeitos adversos , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Traqueíte/diagnóstico , Traqueíte/tratamento farmacológico , Bronquite/diagnóstico , Bronquite/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario en los niños es una de las infecciones bacterianas más frecuentes con una alta tasa de recurrencia. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo para infección del tracto urinario adquirida en la comunidad por microorganismos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en niños en Huancayo, Perú. Métodos: Estudio de tipo analítico con diseño de casos y controles. Se estudiaron 220 niños entre el mes de nacido hasta 13 años de edad, ingresados en el hospital nacional Ramiro Priale Priale con el diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario durante el año 2019. Se distribuyeron en dos grupos (40 casos y 80 controles). Para cada paciente se llenó un cuestionario con las variables de interés y se realizó la comparación entre los grupos. Se realizó el análisis multivariado considerando significativo un valor de p< 0,05. Resultados: La frecuencia de infección del tracto urinario causada por microorganismos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido es de 18,18 por ciento. En los casos la edad predominante está entre 1 y 3 años con 42,5 por ciento, sexo femenino con 62,5 por ciento, la bacteria predominante es: Escherichia coli en 85,0 por ciento. Durante el análisis multivariado la presencia de infección del tracto urinario complicada tuvo OR 18,62 y p= 0,000 y la recurrente OR 12,98 y p= 0,004, ambas estadísticamente significativas para el desenlace de esta infección en los niños. Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo para infección del tracto urinario adquirida en la comunidad por microorganismos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en niños son: infección del tracto urinario complicada y la recurrente(AU)
Introduction: Urinary tract infection in children is one of the most frequent bacterial infections with a high rate of recurrence. Objective: Determine the risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection by microorganisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in children of Huancayo, Peru. Methods: Analytical study with case-control design. 220 children from one month to 13 years of age were studied, whom were admitted to Ramiro Priale Priale National Hospital with the diagnosis of urinary tract infection during the year 2019. They were distributed in two groups (40 cases and 80 controls). For each patient, a questionnaire was completed with the variables of interest, and the comparison between the groups was made. The multivariate analysis was performed considering significant a value of p< 0.05. Results: The frequency of urinary tract infection caused by microorganisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases is 18.18 percent. In the cases, the predominant age is between 1 and 3 years with 42.5 percent, female sex with 62.5 percent, the predominant bacterium is: Escherichia coli in 85.0 percent. During the multivariate analysis, the presence of complicated urinary tract infection had OR 18.62 and p= 0.000 and recurrent OR 12.98 and p= 0.004, both statistically significant for the outcome of this infection in children. Conclusion: The risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection by microorganisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in children are complicated and recurrent urinary tract infections(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Sistema Urinário/virologia , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas , Enterobacteriaceae/virologia , Escherichia coli/virologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/virologiaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Es importante mantener programas de vigilancia bacteriana para disminuir resistencia y definir esquemas farmacológicos adecuados. Los pacientes con abdomen agudo representan un grupo microbiológico especial. Objetivos: Hacer una revisión de agentes patógenos en pacientes adultos operados en nuestro Servicio de Urgencia por patología abdominal con líquido libre y analizar los resultados obtenidos de cultivos respecto a las cepas y la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Materiales y Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva con estadística descriptiva. Se incluyen pacientes consecutivos, mayores de 18 años, operados por abdomen agudo que presentan líquido libre intraperitoneal entre noviembre de 2017 y abril de 2018. Se excluyen casos con terapia antimicrobiana, hospitalización y/o cirugía en los 3 meses previos. Se registran los cultivos positivos, cepas aisladas, susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, datos demográficos y evolución clínica. Resultados: De 63 pacientes 55% fueron hombres, edad promedio 52,2 años. Las patologías más frecuentes fueron de origen apendicular (62%) y de causa entérica (30%). En un 44% el cultivo fue positivo y en 36% con más de un germen. Escherichia coli fue el patógeno más frecuente (64,2%) seguidos de Enterococcus faecium y Streptococcus anginosus (7,1%). De los otros patógenos cultivados sólo se observó resistencia múltiple en un caso aislado de Morganella Morganii. Conclusiones: Estos datos constituyen la realidad microbiológica local en abdomen agudo. La Escherichia Coli sigue siendo el germen más frecuente, debe enfrentarse con profilaxis y tratamiento antibiótico adecuado. Es necesario mantener vigilancia microbiología local para un manejo acorde.
Introduction: It is important to maintain bacterial surveillance programs to decrease resistance and define adequate pharmacological schemes. Patients with abdomen represent a special microbiological group. Objetives: Make a review of pathogens in adult patients operated in our Emergency Service for abdominal pathology with free fluid and analyze the results obtained from cultures with respect to the strains and susceptibility to antibiotics. Materials and Method: Prospective cohort study with descriptive statistics. We include consecutive patients, older than 18 years old, operated on by abdomen who present free intraperitoneal fluid between November 2017 and April 2018. Cases with antimicrobial therapy, hospitalization and/or surgery 3 months prior are excluded. Positive cultures, isolated strains, antimicrobial susceptibility, demographic data and clinical evolution are recorded. Results: Of 63 patients, 55% were men and the average age was 52.2 years. The most frequent pathologies were of appendicular origin (62%) and of enteric origin (30%). In 44% the crop was positive and in 36% with more than one germ. Escherichia coli was the most frequent pathogen (64.2%) followed by Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus anginosus (7.1%). Of the others, cultivated pathogens have only observed multiple resistance in an isolated case of Morganella Morganii. Conclusions: These data include the local microbiological reality in acute abdomen. Escherichia coli is still the most frequent germ that must be faced with the profile and the appropriate treatment. It is necessary to maintain local microbiology surveillance for a proper management.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Abdome Agudo/cirurgia , Abdome Agudo/complicações , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Líquido Ascítico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Enterococcus faecium/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus anginosus , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Abdome Agudo/patologia , MetronidazolRESUMO
La cirugía de elevación de seno maxilar se considera como la técnica de aumento óseo más predecible. Sin embargo, no está exenta de complicaciones las cuales deben ser manejadas adecuadamente. Se presenta un caso clínico rehabilitado, con un seguimiento de 3 años, en el cual se realizó un manejo multidisciplinario y resolutivo de complicaciones asociadas a la técnica quirúrgica de elevación de membrana sinusal vía ventana lateral. Frente a una infección postoperatoria, como la presentada en el caso, hay que considerar iniciar un tratamiento antibiótico en el momento adecuado para impedir el agravamiento del cuadro clínico o un cambio de esquema en caso de resistencia antimicrobiana.
Maxillary sinus lift surgery is considered the most predictable bone augmentation technique. However, this procedure is not without complications, which must be handled properly. We present a rehabilitated clinical case, with a 3-year follow-up, in which a multidisciplinary and resolutive management of complications associated with the surgical technique of sinus lift procedure, using lateral window approach, was performed. In case of postoperative infection, such as the one presented in this report, it is necessary to consider starting an antibiotic treatment at the adequate moment to prevent the aggravation of the illness or change the pharmacological treatment in case of antimicrobial resistance.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Sinusite/terapia , Infecções Bacterianas/terapia , Rinite/terapia , Levantamento do Assoalho do Seio Maxilar/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/reabilitação , Sinusite/etiologia , Sinusite/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Implantes Dentários , Rinite/etiologia , Rinite/microbiologia , Doença Aguda , Seguimentos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Analizar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y efectividad del diagnóstico de derrame pleural. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retroprospectivo transversal, con una muestra constituida por pacientes atendidos en el período enero 2013 a junio 2018 en los que se demostrase compromiso pleural, parenquimatoso pulmonar o de otro órgano y cuyo motivo de ingreso fue el estudio de derrame pleural en el Servicio de Medicina interna en el Hospital General del Oeste "Dr. José Gregorio Hernández". Tratamiento estadístico: análisis estadístico descriptivo basado en medidas de tendencia central (media y desvia- ción estándar) para las variables cuantitativas y de proporción (moda, porcentaje) en la variables categóricas y/o cualitativas. Se midió el índice Kappa entre la sospecha diagnóstica y el diagnós- tico realizado, para la valoración del grado de concordancia diagnóstica. Resultados: de 261 pacientes con derrame pleural, el 64,2% se encontraba en edad productiva, predominó el sexo mas- culino, y el nivel socioeconómico Graffar IV. La causa más frecuente de derrame pleural fue la tuberculosis pleural. La concordancia diagnóstica promedio fue de 0,70. Conclusión:Se evidenció un incremento del tiempo diagnóstico, relacionado al tiempo de obtención de resultados en los estudios paraclínicos. El cálculo del índice de concordancia entre el diagnóstico presuntivo y el definitivo fue importante(AU)
Pleural effusion is a frequent cause of admission to internal medicine wards worldwide, and is frequently secondary to clinical entities that are among the leading causes of mortality. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological, clinical characteristics and effectiveness in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Methods:descriptive, retroprospective, transversal study, with a sample of patients treated from the period January 2013 to June 2018 in which pleural, parenchymal or pulmonary involvement of another organ were demonstrated when the reason for admission was the study of pleural effusion in the Internal Medicine Department at the Hospital General del Oeste "Dr. José Gregorio Hernández". Statistical analysis: Consisted of a descriptive statistical analysis based on measures of central tendency for the quantitative variables and proportion in the categorical and/or qualitative variables. The Kappa index was measured between the diagnostic suspicion and the diagnosis made, for the assessment of the degree of diagnostic agreement. Results: Of 261 patients with pleural effusion, 64.2% were of productive age, the male sex predominated, and the Graffar IV socioeconomic level. Pleural tuberculosis was the most common cause of pleural effusion. The average diagnostic concordance was 0.70. Conclusion:There was an increase in the diagnostic time, related to the time of obtaining results in the complementary studies. The calculation of the concordance index between the presumptive and definitive diagnosis was important(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , Derrame Pleural/patologia , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Tuberculose/complicações , Biópsia , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Medicina InternaRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION This study aimed to describe the profile of freshwater stingray injuries in the State of Amazonas, Brazilian Amazon, and to identify the associated risk factors for secondary infections. METHODS This cross-sectional study used surveillance data from 2007 to 2014 to identify factors associated with secondary infections from stingray injuries. RESULTS A total of 476 freshwater stingray injuries were recorded, with an incidence rate of 1.7 cases/100,000 person/year. The majority of injuries were reported from rural areas (73.8%) and 26.1% were related to work activities. A total of 74.5% of patients received medical assistance within the first 3 hours of injury. Secondary infections and necrosis were observed in 8.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Work-related injuries [odds ratio (OR) 4.1, confidence interval (CI); 1.87-9.13] and >24 hours from a sting until receiving medical care (OR; 15.5, CI; 6.77-35.40) were independently associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, work-related injuries and >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care were independently and significantly associated with the risk of secondary infection. The frequency of infection following sting injuries was 9%. The major factor associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection was a time period of >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Mordeduras e Picadas/epidemiologia , Rajidae , Estações do Ano , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Brasil/epidemiologia , Incidência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Água Doce , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Introducción: Las infecciones juegan un rol importante en la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a quemaduras. La experiencia en pacientes pediátricos es escasa. Objetivo: Evaluar aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de infección intrahospitalaria en niños quemados en el Centro Nacional de Quemados y Cirugías Reconstructivas. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y de corte transversal. Se incluyeron todos los niños quemados admitidos en el Servicio de Pediatría del Centro Nacional de Quemados y Cirugías Reconstructivas (CENQUER) desde enero del 2017 hasta enero del 2018. Resultados: El total de pacientes fue de 220, de los cuales fueron 161 (73%) lactantes, 24 (11%) pre escolares, 17 (8%) escolares, 13 (6%) adolescentes y 5 (2%) recién nacidos. El porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada tuvo un rango de 1 a 95% (mediana 27%). El tipo de quemadura fue A (superficial) en 78 (36%) pacientes, AB (intermedia) en 38 (17%) y B (profunda) en 104 (47%). Ciento ochenta niños (82%) tuvieron catéter venoso, 166 (75,5%) catéter arterial y 172 (78%), sonda vesical. En 150 pacientes (68%) se requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica. Se documentaron 128 (58%) infecciones. El foco más frecuente fue la sepsis relacionada con la quemadura. Las bacterias Gram (-) Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter spp multirresistentes, fueron los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados. Se fueron de alta 186(85%) pacientes y 34 (15%) fallecieron. En 28 (82%) de ellos, la causa del fallecimiento estuvo relacionada con la infección. La duración de la internación tuvo una mediana de 37 días. Conclusiones: Las infecciones en niños quemados son una importante causa de morbimortalidad y las bacterias Gram (-) multirresistentes juegan un importante rol en las mismas. La mortalidad estuvo relacionada a la infección
Introduction: Infections play an important role in the morbidity and mortality associated with burns. Experience in pediatric patients is scarce. Objective: To evaluate clinical and microbiological aspects of nosocomial infection in children burned in the National Center for Burns and Reconstructive Surgeries. Material and Methods: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study. All burned children admitted to the Pediatric Service of the National Center for Burns and Reconstructive Surgery (CENQUER) from January 2017 to January 2018 were included. Results: The total number of patients was 220, of which 161 (73%) were breastfeeding, 24 (11%) pre-school, 17 (8%) schoolchildren, 13 (6%) adolescents and 5 (2%) newborns. The percentage of burned body surface area ranged from 1 to 95% (median 27%). The type of burn was A (superficial) in 78 (36%), patients, AB (intermediate) in 38 (17%) and B (deep) in 104 (47%). One hundred and eighty children (82%) had venous catheter, 166 (75.5%) arterial catheter and 172 (78%); bladder catheter in 150 patients (68%) mechanical ventilation was required. In 128(58%) patients infections were documented. The most frequent focus was sepsis related to the burn. Gramnegative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter spp were the most frequently isolated germs. 186(85%) patients were discharged and 34 (15%) died. In 28 (82%) of them, the cause of death was related to the infection. The duration of the hospitalization had a median of 37 days. Conclusions: Infections in burned children are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria play an important role in them. Mortality was related to infection.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Queimaduras/epidemiologia , Controle de Infecções , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Queimaduras/microbiologia , Saúde da Criança , Estudos Transversais , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Acid suppression has been associated with adverse events; such as, enteric infections. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are frequently prescribed in patients with cirrhosis, but is unclear if PPI are associated with the development of bacterial infections in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of PPI intake on the development of bacterial, viral and fungal infections in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: An observational, retrospective, historic cohort study. The exposed cohort included patients with cirrhosis with chronic use of PPI. The non-exposed cohort had not been using PPI. The follow-up period was 3 years, searching in the medical records for any events of bacterial infection confirmed by bacteriological culture. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients met the selection criteria, 44 (39%) had chronic use of PPI; of them, 28 (63.6%) patients had not a clear clinical indication to justify the prescription of PPI. Twenty four (21.2%) patients developed bacterial infections during the follow-up period. In the univariate analysis, decompensated cirrhosis (Child B/C), presence of ascites, history of variceal bleeding, and chronic consumption of PPI were risk factors related to the development of infections. But, in the adjusted multivariate analysis only the chronic use of PPI was associated with development of infections (RR=3.6; 95% CI=1.1-12.3; P=0.04). CONCLUSION: There is an over-prescription of PPI without a justified clinical indication. The long-term consumption of PPI in patients with cirrhosis is associated with the development of bacterial infections; therefore these drugs must be carefully prescribed in this specific population.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: A supressão de ácido tem sido associada a efeitos adversos, tais como infecções entéricas. Inibidores da bomba protônica são frequentemente prescritos em pacientes com cirrose, mas não está claro se o inibidor de bomba de próton (IBP) está associado ao desenvolvimento de infecções bacterianas nesses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da ingestão de IBP no desenvolvimento de infecção bacteriana, viral e fúngica em pacientes com cirrose. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo de coorte observacional, retrospectivo, histórico. A coorte exposta incluiu pacientes com cirrose e com uso crônico de IBP. A coorte de não expostos não estava usando IBP. O período de seguimento foi de 3 anos, procurando-se nos registros médicos qualquer evento de infecção bacteriana, confirmada pela cultura bacteriológica. RESULTADOS: Cento e treze pacientes preencheram os critérios de seleção, 44 (39%) pacientes faziam uso crônico de IBP; deles, 28 (63,6%) não tinham uma indicação clínica clara para justificar a prescrição de IBP. Vinte e quatro (21,2%) pacientes desenvolveram infecções bacterianas durante o período de seguimento. Na análise univariada, cirrose descompensada (Child B/C), presença de ascite, história de hemorragia varicosa e consumo crônico de IBP foram fatores de risco relacionados ao desenvolvimento de infecções. Porém, na análise multivariada ajustada, somente o uso crônico de IBP foi associado ao desenvolvimento de infecções (RR=3,6; 95% CI = 1.1-12.3; P=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Há uma prescrição excessiva de PPI sem uma indicação clínica justificada. O consumo de longo prazo do IBP em pacientes com cirrose é associado ao desenvolvimento de infecções bacterianas. Portanto, essas drogas devem ser cuidadosamente prescritas nesta população específica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/efeitos adversos , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Variância , Seguimentos , Medição de Risco , Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Cirrose Hepática/microbiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Albuminas/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesAssuntos
Humanos , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/etiologia , Transplante de Coração/classificação , Pulmão/patologia , Ambulatório Hospitalar/classificação , Infecções por Pneumocystis/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pneumocystis/etiologia , Ceftriaxona/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Tempo , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Background: Obesity in pregnancy is associated with significantly higher rates of infection. Aim: To compare the infectious morbidity in pregnant women with normal and altered body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: Cross sectional retrospective study of 6,150 patients who had delivery or second trimester abortion during 2012. The patients were classified according to BMI as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. We compared the frequency of pregnancy and perinatal complications related to ascending bacterial infection (ABI). The data was obtained from the hospitals databases. Results: Obese patients had higher rates of pregnancy and perinatal complications related to ABI compared to patients with normal weight. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for second trimester abortion were 3.45 (1.63-7.31) p < 0.01, for preterm delivery 2.42 (1.51-3.87) p < 0.01, for labor and puerperium infections 3.42 (2.06-5.68) p < 0.01 and for early neonatal infectious and perinatal mortality 4.46 (1.75-11.37) p < 0.01. A logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity is an independent risk factor for second trimester abortion related to ABI with an OR of 3.18 (CI 95% 1.46-6.91), premature delivery related to ABI with an OR of 2.51 (CI 95% 1.54-4.09) and for delivery and postpartum infections with an OR of 4.44 (CI 95% 2.62 to 7.51). Conclusions: Obese pregnant women had a 2.5 to 4.5 times increased risk of infectious morbidity compared to normal weight patients. Obesity is an independent risk factor for second trimester abortion and preterm delivery related to ABI and delivery and postpartum infectious.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Lactente , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Resultado da Gravidez , Índice de Massa Corporal , Modelos Logísticos , Chile/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Infantil , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Morbidade , Idade Gestacional , Nascimento Prematuro , Obesidade/epidemiologiaRESUMO
La campilobacteriosis es una zoonosis bacteriana, reconocida hoy en todo el mundo como una de las etiologías más comunes de gastroenteritis bacteriana en humanos. Sin embargo, y particularmente en los países en desarrollo entre los que se incluye a la Argentina, se dispone de pocos datos sobre la epidemiología de esta enfermedad en adultos. El presente estudio plantea como objetivo cuantificar la participación etiológica de Campylobacter sspp. en la diarrea del paciente adulto, identificando el grupo más vulnerable a la enfermedad y describir el patrón de sensibilidad antimicrobiano de las especies bacterianas aisladas
ABSTRAC: Campilobacteriosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease observed world-wide, is becoming the most commonly recognized cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. However, and particulary in developing countries, including Argentina, the epidemiology of thes bacterial disease in adults is poor understood. The objetives of this study was to determine the magnitude of Campylobacter spp. infection in adult patients with diarrhea, identifying the most vulnerable group to the disease and to evaluate the current antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial species isolated
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Campylobacter , Infecções por Campylobacter/etiologia , Disenteria , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Zoonoses/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Data on the epidemiology of alcoholic cirrhosis, especially in Asian countries, are limited. We compared the temporal evolution of patterns of alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis over the last decade. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the inpatient datasets of five referral centers during 2002 and 2011. The study included patients who were admitted due to specific complications of liver cirrhosis. We compared the causes of hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths between patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis. RESULTS: Among the included 2,799 hospitalizations (2,165 patients), 1,496 (1,143 patients) were from 2002, and 1,303 (1,022 patients) were from 2011. Over time, there was a reduction in the rate of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as a cause of hospitalization and an increase in the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. Deaths that were attributable to HE or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) significantly decreased, whereas those due to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) significantly increased over time in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. However, in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic failure and HRS remained the principal causes of in-hospital death during both time periods. CONCLUSIONS: The major causes of in-hospital deaths have evolved from acute cirrhotic complications, including HE or SBP to HRS in alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas those have remained unchanged in nonalcoholic cirrhosis during the last decade.
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ásia/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiologia , Causas de Morte , Encefalopatia Hepática/etiologia , Síndrome Hepatorrenal/etiologia , Mortalidade Hospitalar/tendências , Hospitalização/tendências , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática Alcoólica/complicações , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Peritonite/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/educação , Infectologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Introdução: Os pacientes com diagnóstico de artrite reumatoide (AR) apresentam risco aumentado de infecções. A vacinação é uma medida preventiva recomendada. Não há estudos avaliando a prática da vacinação nos pacientes com AR inicial. Objetivos: Avaliar a frequência de vacinação e a orientação (feita pelo médico) sobre vacinas entre os pacientes com diagnóstico de AR inicial. Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo pacientes da coorte Brasília de AR inicial. Foram analisados dados demográficos, índice de atividade da doença (Disease Activity Score 28 - DAS28), incapacidade funcional (Health Assessment Questionnaire - HAQ), dados sobre tratamento e vacinação após o diagnóstico da AR. Resultados: Foram avaliados 68 pacientes, sendo 94,1% mulheres, com idade média de 50,7 ± 13,2 anos. O DAS28 foi de 3,65 ± 1,64, e o HAQ de 0,70. A maioria dos pacientes (63%) possuía cartão vacinal. Apenas cinco pacientes (7,3%) foram orientados pelo médico sobre uso das vacinas. Os pacientes foram vacinados para tríplice viral (8,8%), tétano (44%), febre amarela (44%), hepatite B (22%), gripe (42%), influenza H1N1 (61,76%), pneumonia (1,4%), meningite (1,4%) e varicela (1,4%). Todos os pacientes vacinados com vírus vivo atenuado estavam em uso de imunossupressores e receberam as vacinas de forma inadvertida, sem orientação médica. Não houve associação entre o uso de nenhuma vacina e atividade da doença, incapacidade funcional, anos de escolaridade, hábitos de vida, comorbidades. Conclusão: Os pacientes foram pouco orientados pelo médico com relação ao uso das vacinas, com elevada frequência de vacinação inadvertida com componente vivo atenuado, enquanto a imunização com vírus ...
Introduction: Patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of infections. Vaccination is a recommended preventive measure. There are no studies evaluating the practice of vaccination in patients with early RA. Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of vaccination and the orientation (by the doctor) about vaccines among patients with early RA diagnosis. Methods: Cross-sectional study including patients from the early RA Brasilia cohort. Demographic data, disease activity index (Disease Activity Score 28 - DAS28), functional disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire - HAQ), and data on treatment and vaccination after diagnosis of RA were analyzed. Results: Sixty-eight patients were evaluated, 94.1% women, mean age 50.7 ± 13.2 years. DAS28 was 3.65 ± 1.64, and HAQ was 0.70. Most patients (63%) had vaccination card. Only five patients (7.3%) were briefed by the doctor about the use of vaccines. Patients were vaccinated for MMR (8.8%), tetanus (44%), yellow fever (44%), hepatitis B (22%), influenza (42%), H1N1 (61.76%), pneumonia (1.4%), meningitis (1.4%), and chickenpox (1.4%). All patients vaccinated with live attenuated virus were undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, and were vaccinated inadvertently, without medical supervision. There was no association between the use of any vaccine and disease activity, functional disability, years of education, lifestyle, and comorbidities. Conclusion: Patients were infrequently briefed by the physician regarding use of vaccines, with high frequency of inadvertent vaccination with live attenuated component, while immunization with killed virus was below the recommended level. .
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Artrite Reumatoide/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Brasil , Viroses/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Estudos de Coortes , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe complication that occurs in 8-27% of hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites, with high mortality rates. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics associated with SBP. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, conducted in a public university. METHODS: The study consecutively included individuals with liver cirrhosis and ascites between September 2009 and March 2012. Forty-five patients were included: mean age 53.2 ± 12.3 years, 82.2% male, 73.8% Caucasian, mean Model of End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 19.5 ± 7.2, and 33.3% with SBP. The subjects were divided into two groups: SBP and controls. RESULTS: Comparison between individuals with SBP and controls showed that those with SBP had lower mean prothrombin activity time (36.1 ± 16.0% versus 47.1 ± 17.2%; P = 0.044) and lower median serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) (1.2 versus 1.7, P = 0.045). There was a tendency towards higher mean MELD in the SBP group, not significant (22.2 ± 7.6 versus 17.9 ± 6.7; P = 0.067). There was a strong positive correlation between the neutrophil count in ascitic fluid and serum leukocyte count (r = 0.501; P = 0.001) and a negative correlation between the neutrophil count in ascitic fluid with prothrombin activity time (r = -0.385; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: A few characteristics are associated with the presence of SBP, especially liver dysfunction, SAAG and peripheral leukocytosis. .
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Peritonite bacteriana espontânea (PBE) é uma complicação grave que ocorre em 8-27% dos pacientes hospitalizados com cirrose hepática e ascite, e apresenta altas taxas de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as características clínicas associadas à PBE. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal, conduzido em uma universidade pública. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu, consecutivamente, indivíduos com cirrose hepática e ascite entre setembro 2009 e março 2012. Foram incluídos 45 indivíduos com média de idade de 53,2 ± 12,3 anos, sendo 82,2% homens, 73,8% brancos, com MELD (Modelo para Doença Hepática Terminal) de 19,5 ± 7,2, e 33,3% com PBE. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: PBE e controles. RESULTADOS: Quando se compararam os indivíduos com PBE aos controles, observou-se menor média de tempo de atividade da protrombina (TAP; 36,1 ± 16,0% versus 47,1 ± 17,2%; P = 0,044) e menor mediana de gradiente albumina soro-ascite (GASA; 1,2 versus 1,7; P = 0,045). Houve tendência do grupo com PBE de apresentar maior média de MELD, sem significância estatística (22,2 ± 7,6 versus 17,9 ± 6,7; P = 0,067). Foi observada forte correlação positiva entre neutrófilos do líquido ascítico e contagem sérica de leucócitos (r = 0,501; P = 0,001) e correlação negativa de neutrófilos do líquido ascítico com TAP (r = -0,385; P = 0,011). CONCLUSÃO: Poucas características estão associadas à presença de PBE, em especial a disfunção hepática, o GASA e a leucocitose periférica. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ascite/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Peritonite/diagnóstico , Líquido Ascítico , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Hospitais Universitários , Leucócitos , Prontuários Médicos , Neutrófilos/patologia , Paracentese/métodos , Peritonite/etiologia , Tempo de Protrombina , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Introducción: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) representa una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad en Pediatría. Su etiología es variable. Material y métodos: Cohorte prospectiva.1/04/2012 al 31/03/2013. Criterios de inclusión: edad entre 1 mes y 15 años, internados en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Rx de tórax y clínica compatible con NAC. Análisis estadístico: Epi info 3.2.2. Resultados: n: 305, 55,4% (n: 169) varones. Edad (mediana) 13,3 meses (rango: 1-180). Enfermedad de base 47,9% (n: 146). Se identificó agente etiológico de NAC en 50,8% (n: 155); de ellos 79,3% (n: 119) fueron virus y 31,3% (n: 47) bacterias. En 11 pacientes (7,1%), ya incluidos en las cifras anteriores, se detectó una coinfección bacteria-virus. Tuvieron bacteriemia 7,9% (n: 24). Los virus identificados más frecuentemente fueron VSR (60,5%; n: 72), ADV (18,5%; n: 22) y Parainfluenza (8,4%; n: 10). Streptococcus pneumoniae representó el 38,2% (n: 18) y Staphylococcus aureus 36.2% (n: 17) de los aislamientos bacterianos (n: 47). Requirieron UCI el 17% (n: 52) de los niños y 1,6% (n: 5) fallecieron por una causa relacionada con la infección. La duración de la internación fue 11,02 días (r: 2-104). Predominaron los menores de 2 años (68,5%; n: 209). Los mayores de 2 años tuvieron más derrame pleural (13,4% vs 39,6%; OR 0,3; IC 95% 0,2 a 0,5; p 0,001), condensación lobar (37,3% vs 49%; OR 0,76; IC 95% 0,58 a 0,99) y pulmonar (5,3% vs 12,5%; OR 0,42; IC 95% 0,14 a 0,92) que los menores. Los virus fueron más frecuentes en los menores de 2 años que en los mayores. (51,1% vs 13,5%; OR 6,5; IC 95% 3,43 a 12,48). Conclusiones: La identificación del agente etiológico es alta si se emplean métodos convencionales (cultivos) y de biología molecular. Las infecciones virales predominaron en los menores de 2 años (AU)
Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatrics. Its etiology is variable. Material and methods: Prospective cohort study.1/04/2012 to 31/03/2013. Inclusion criteria: Age between 1 month and 15 years, admission to the Pediatric Hospital Juan P. Garrahan, chest x-rays and clinical features compatible with CAP. Statistical analysis: Epi info 3.2.2. Results: n: 305, 55.4% (n: 169) boys. Age (median) 13.3 months (range: 1-180). Underlying disease 47.9% (n: 146). The etiological agent of CAP was identified in 50.8% (n: 155); of which 79.3% (n: 119) were viruses and 31.3% (n: 47) bacteria. In 11 patients (7.1%), included in the previous numbers, a bacteria-virus coinfection was found. Bacteremia was observed in 7.9% (n: 24). The most frequently identified viruses were SRV (60.5%; n: 72), ADV (18.5%; n: 22), and parainfluenza (8,4%; n: 10). Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 38.2% (n: 18) and Staphylococcus aureus for 36.2% (n: 17) of the bacterial isolates (n: 47). Of all children, 17% (n: 52) required ICU admission and 1.6% (n: 5) died because of infection-related causes. Median hospital stay was 11,02 days (r: 2-104). There was a predominance of children under 2 years of age (68.5%; n: 209). Children older than 2 years more frequently had pleural effusion (13.4% vs 39.6%; OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.5; p 0001), and lobular (37.3% vs 49%; OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.99) and pulmonary condensation (5.3% vs 12.5%; OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.92) than younger patients. Viruses were more frequently found in children under 2 years of age than in the older patients (51.1% vs 13.5%; OR 6.5; 95% CI 3.43 to 12.48). Conclusions: The possibility to identify the etiological agent is high when using conventional methods (cultures) and molecular biology. Viral infections predominated in children younger than 2 years of age (AU)