Association between non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from commercial poultry sheds and associated factors in Paraná, Brazil: Cross-sectional retrospective study

The epidemiology of salmonellosis in poultry is complex, which makes it difficult to identify the origin and spread of this disease in poultry farms. The aims of this study were to characterize the spatial distribution of Salmonella enterica in epidemiological units in Paraná, Brazil; and to investigate correlations between this microorganism and associated factors. Among the epidemiological units, 78 of 243 (32.10%) were positive. Spatially, the northwestern and western regions had higher concentrations of positive cases than the other regions. In bivariate analyses, the presence of other animal species in the epidemiological unit (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.43­0.95; p = 0.022) and proximity to establishments at risk (PR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.32­0.81; p = 0.001) did not influence positivity, but the average population per poultry shed (between 30,501 and 32,500; PR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.72­3.83; p = 0.001) was associated with Salmonella positivity. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the average population per poultry shed, presence of surrounding risk-posing establishments and presence of surrounding poultry sheds produced a significant multiple model for S. enterica. The results indicated that the presence of S. enterica may be related to higher density broiler in poultry sheds, presence of surrounding poultry sheds, proximity between positive and negative epidemiological units and altitude of the municipality. The information obtained showed that some factors were related to positivity for this microorganism and emphasizes the importance of serotyping to obtain other epidemiological data.

Salmonella spp. prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factor determination in Colombian swine farms / Salmonella spp. prevalência, resistência antimicrobiana e determinação de fatores de risco em granjas suínas colombianas

To determine Salmonella spp. prevalence/seroprevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factor identification associated with its presence in Colombian swine farms. 504 samples (Faeces, swabs and environment samples) were obtained from 21 farms distributed in four geographical regions in Colombia. Salmonella spp. microbiological and molecular detection were determined by two Salmonella spp. MDS3M™ and MALDI-TOF MS assays, respectively. In addition, for serological evaluation 231 serum samples were analyzed employing ELISA Salmonella Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Additionally, 41 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth microdilution technique (Panel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) and verified with WHONET 2016 software. Risk factors were assessed from a survey and analyzed for statistical significance by U Mann-Whitney test. An 8.9% prevalence (n=45) and 38.1% (n=88) seroprevalence were determined. All isolates presented 100% antimicrobial susceptibility against amikacin. However, resistance against penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was present in more than 50% of evaluated strains. Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. presence were surface water use, rough-surfaced on floors, presence of hoppers as feeders and worker's boots. Bacteria were present in animals and environmental samples from evaluated farms. Animal contact and/or exposure with the microorganism were also evident in obtained serological response. Bacteria presence depended on management practices and infrastructure, likewise antibiotic use, supplemented in the diet may have induced an increase in Salmonella spp. antimicrobial resistance.(AU)

Para determinar Salmonellaspp. prevalência/soroprevalência, padrões de resistência antimicrobiana e identificação de fatores de risco associados à sua presença em granjas suínas colombianas. Foram obtidas 504 amostras (fezes, zaragatoas e amostras do ambiente) de 21 fazendas distribuídas em quatro regiões geográficas da Colômbia. Salmonella spp., a detecção microbiológica e molecular foi determinada por 2 Salmonella spp. Ensaios MDS3M™ e MALDI-TOF MS, respectivamente. Além disso, para avaliação sorológica, foram analisadas 231 amostras de soro empregando ELISA Salmonella Pigtype® - Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Além disso, 41 isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade antimicrobiana usando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo (Painel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) e verificados com o software WHONET 2016. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados em uma pesquisa e analisados quanto à significância estatística pelo teste U Mann-Whitney. Foram determinadas prevalências de 8,9% (n=45) e 38,1% (n=88). Todos os isolados apresentaram 100% de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana à amicacina. No entanto, resistência à penicilina, tetraciclina, cefuroxima e trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol estava presente em mais de 50% das cepas avaliadas. Fatores de risco associados à Salmonella spp., presença de uso de água de superfície, superfície áspera no chão, presença de tremonhas como alimentadores e botas de trabalho. Bactérias estavam presentes em animais e amostras ambientais de fazendas avaliadas. O contato animal e/ou a exposição ao microrganismo também foram evidentes na resposta sorológica obtida. A presença de bactérias dependia de práticas de manejo e infraestrutura, assim como o uso de antibióticos suplementados na dieta pode ter induzido um aumento de Salmonella spp. resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Salmonelosis invasiva en un hospital de Lima, Perú / Invasive salmonellosis in a hospital in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y laboratoriales de los casos de salmonelosis invasiva y el perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica de aislamientos de salmonela (2013-2017), en una serie de casos de pacientes con Salmonella spp. aislada de secreciones y/o líquidos corporales con o sin coprocultivo positivo (n=70). Para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad antibiótica se consideró el primer aislamiento en todos los casos de salmonelosis (n=168). La mayor frecuencia de casos ocurrió entre 0 a 4 años (14,3%) y mayores de 65 años (24,3%). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (66,1%), diarrea (40,7%) y trastorno del sensorio (40,7%). La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) fue la comorbilidad más frecuente (42,4%). La frecuencia de susceptibilidad fue de 83,3% a ceftriaxona, 78,8% a cotrimoxazol y 75,0% a cloranfenicol. Sólo 50,8% fueron susceptibles a ciprofloxacino. Concluimos que, la salmonelosis invasiva fue más frecuente en niños pequeños y ancianos, y que la comorbilidad más frecuente fue la infección por VIH.

ABSTRACT The study's objective was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of cases of invasive salmonellosis and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of salmonella isolates (2013-2017), in a series of cases of patients with Salmonella spp. isolated from secretions and/or body fluids with or without positive stool culture (n=70). For the evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility, the first isolate was considered in all cases of salmonellosis (n=168). The highest frequency of cases occurred between 0 to 4 years (14.3%) and over 65 years (24.3%). The most frequent symptoms were fever (66.1%), diarrhea (40.7%), and sensory issues (40.7%). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was the most common co-morbidity (42.4%). The frequency of susceptibility was 83.3% to ceftriaxone, 78.8% to cotrimoxazole, and 75.0% to chloramphenicol. Only 50.8% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. We concluded that invasive salmonellosis was more common in young children and the elderly and that HIV infection was the most common comorbidity.

Review of molecular subtyping methodologies used to investigate outbreaks due to multidrug-resistant enteric bacterial pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, molecular epidemiological investigation of outbreaks caused by antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacterial pathogens have mostly been described for Salmonella species, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella species and Escherichia coli. For these organisms, I reviewed all publications describing the use of molecular subtyping methodologies to investigate outbreaks caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) enteric bacterial infections.Objectives: To describe the use of molecular subtyping methodologies to investigate outbreaks caused by MDR enteric bacterial pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa and to describe the current status of molecular subtyping capabilities in the region. Methods: A PubMed database literature search (English language only) was performed using the search strings: 'Africa outbreak MDR', 'Africa outbreak multi', 'Africa outbreak multidrug', 'Africa outbreak multi drug', 'Africa outbreak resistance', 'Africa outbreak resistant', 'Africa outbreak drug', 'Africa outbreak antibiotic', 'Africa outbreak antimicrobial'. These search strings were used in combination with genus and species names of the organisms listed above. All results were included in the review. Results: The year 1991 saw one of the first reports describing the use of molecular subtyping methodologies in sub-Saharan Africa; this included the use of plasmid profiling to characterise Salmonella Enteritidis. To date, several methodologies have been used; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and multilocus sequence typing have been the most commonly used methodologies. Investigations have particularly highlighted the emergence and spread of MDR clones; these include Salmonella Typhi H58 and Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 clones. In recent times, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis approaches have increasingly been used. Conclusion: Traditional molecular subtyping methodologies are still commonly used and still have their place in investigations; however, WGS approaches have increasingly been used and are slowly gaining a stronghold. African laboratories need to start adapting their molecular surveillance methodologies to include WGS, as it is foreseen that WGS analysis will eventually replace all traditional methodologies

Increasing prevalence and dissemination of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella serotype Typhimurium with multidrug resistance in hospitalized patients from southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes are the main cause of human food-borne infection, including several hospitalization cases in the developing countries. Aim: To detect the main serotypes and to characterize the antibiotic resistance of human non-enteric and enteric nontyphoidal Salmonella from clinical isolates in Brazil. Methods: Salmonella serotypes were identified by microbiological and molecular methods. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics was performed by agar disk diffusion. Real-time PCRs were carried out for the detection of the genus Salmonella as well as serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Results: A total of 307 nontyphoidal Salmonella were isolated from 289 different patients in a reference laboratory (LACEN-RS) from Southern Brazil in a six-year period (2010-2015). There were 45 isolates from emerging cases and 244 from sporadic cases in hospitalized patients. Non-enteric isolates were detected in 42.6% of the patients from sources such as urine, blood and other clinical fluids. Serological and PCR-specific tests demonstrated that Typhimurium (48.4%) and Enteritidis (18.3%) were the most frequent serotypes. Typhimurium isolates were generally resistant to three or more antibiotic classes, while Enteritidis isolates to one or two classes. Typhimurium was the most frequent serotype in all samples (48.4%), mainly among the hospitalized patients (55.6%), and presented the highest rates of multidrug resistance (59.3% of the isolates of this serotype). Further, the prevalence of this serotype increased along the years of the study in comparison to other nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes. Conclusion: Greater public health attention should be given to prevent salmonellosis in the community and in hospital settings to reduce the rates of Typhimurium strains with multidrug resistance.

Un quinquenio de experiencia (2005-2010) con infecciones por Salmonella spp en un centro nacional de referencia en pediatría / A five-year experience with zoonotic Salmonella at a pediatric reference centre

Resumen Introducción: Salmonella sp puede causar infecciones asintomáticas, gastroenteritis, bacteriemia e infecciones focales como meningitis y osteomielitis. Objetivo: Describir aspectos microbiológicos y clínicos de las infecciones por Salmonella spp en niños en un hospital de referencia pediátrico Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Montevideo Uruguay. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de pacientes en quienes se aislara Salmonella spp en el período 1 de enero de 2005 al 31 de diciembre de 2010. Resultados: Se aisló Salmonella spp en 46 niños menores de 15 años. Dieciocho eran menores de 2 años y 5 niños menores de tres meses. 24% de los pacientes presentaba factores de riesgo (infección por VIH; enfermedad hemato-oncológica, desnutrición) y co-morbilidades (bajo peso al nacer y neumonía). No hubo fallecidos. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: Typhimurium y Enteritidis. La mayoría de las cepas eran sensibles a ampicilina y cefalosporinas de tercera generación. Discusión: La presentación clínica predominante fue diarrea con sangre, no se presentaron brotes. Basados en los perfiles de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, se pueden mantener las recomendaciones hasta el momento sugeridas. Conclusiones: Se debe tener en cuenta la infección por Salmonella sp en niños febriles con riesgo de enfermedad bacteriana invasora, con o sin focalidad.

Background: Salmonella can cause asymptomatic infections, diarrhea, bacteremia and focal infections such as meningitis and osteomyelitis. Aim: To describe clinical and microbiological aspects of infections by Salmonella spp. in children in a pediatric referral hospital: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study of 46 patients, from which Salmonella spp was isolated between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2010. Results: Salmonella spp was isolated in 46 children younger than 15 years old. 18 were below 2 years old and 5 children below three months. 24% of the children had risk factors, such as HIV infection, oncological diseases and malnutrition; low birth weight and pneumonia were associated conditions. No deaths were reported. The serotypes more frequently found were: Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Most of the strains were susceptible to ampicillin and third generation of cephalosporins. Discussion: Diarrhea with blood was the predominant clinical presentation, and there were no outbreaks. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were the most common serotypes. Based on the profiles of susceptibility antimicrobial, we could maintain the same recommendations until the moment suggested. Conclusions: we must consider the Salmonella infection in febrile children under risk of an invasive bacterial disease, with or without focal infection.

Salmonella sp em suínos alimentados com probiótico e promotores de crescimento / Salmonella sp in probiotic-fed swine and growth promoters

O presente estudo teve como objetivo acompanhar a incidência de Salmonella sp. em fezes e órgãos de suínos alimentados com dietas adicionadas de antibióticos e probióticos. Suínos sadios foram alimentados com ração basal acrescida de avilamicina (T0), ração basal em que 50% foi adicionada de probiótico (T50) e ração basal em que 100% foi adicionada de probiótico (T100). Ao final de 21, 35 e 63 dias, sete animais de cada tratamento foram abatidos e os órgãos coletados para a realização das análises. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas aos 21, 28, 35, 49 e 63 dias de idade. A contagem de Salmonella sp., nas fezes dos animais de 49 e 63 dias foi menor (p< 0,05) nos animais que se alimentaram da dieta T100. No baço, a contagem de Salmonella sp foi a mesma para os diferentes tratamentos. Com 63 dias de idade, todos os órgãos avaliados apresentaram menor contagem de Salmonella sp nos animais alimentados com T100, quando comparado com T0. Conclui-se que no presente estudo ocorreu redução da carga de Salmonella sp excretada nas fezes e encontrada nos órgãos, o que provavelmente resultará em menor contaminação da carcaça e obtenção de um produto de melhor qualidade.

Frequency, serotyping and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella from feces and lymph nodes of pigs / Isolamento, sorotipagem e padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella em fezes e linfonodos de suínos

Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, being pigs and pork-products potentially important for its occurrence. In recent decades, some serovars of Salmonella have shown increase of resistance to conventional antimicrobials used in human and animal therapy, with serious risks for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate feces (n=50), mediastinal (n=50), mesenteric (n=50) and mandibular (n=50) lymph nodes obtained from slaughter houses for Salmonella spp. Positive samples were serotyped and subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Salmonella species were identified in 10% (20/200) of total samples. From these, 20% (10/50) were identified in the submandibular lymph nodes, 18% (9/50) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2% (1/50) in feces and 0% (0/50) in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The serotypes found were Salonella Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg and S. Derby with 5% (5% each). All strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial; 90% were resistant to four or more antimicrobials, and 15% were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid was particularly prevalent amongst the tested serovars. Here, we highlighted the impact of pigs in the epidemiological chain of salmonellosis in domestic animals and humans, as well as the high antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella strains, reinforcing the necessity for responsible use of antimicrobials for animals as an emergent One Health issue, and to keep these drugs for human therapy approaches.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, o aumento de cepas circulante de Salmonella concomitantemente a resistência microbiana tem despertado a preocupação dos órgãos de Saúde Pública. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Salmonella a partir de fezes (n=50), linfonodos mediastinos (n=50), mesentéricos (n=50) e submandibular (n=50) oriundos de um abatedouro suíno. As cepas isoladas foram sorotipadas e testadas quanto a resistência antimicrobiana. A presença de Salmonella isolada foram em 10% (20/200) do total de amostras, sendo 20% dos linfonodos submandibulares, 18% dos linfonodos mesentéricos e 2% das fezes. Os sorotipos encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg (5%) e S. Derby (5%). Todas a cepas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano testado, sendo 90% resistente pelo menos quatro antimicrobianos. Destes, 15% foram classificadas como multidrogas resistentes. Os antimicrobianos mais resistentes entre os sorovares isolados foram a ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e o ácido nalidixico. A presença de cepas de Salmonella resistente a antimicrobianos na espécie suína tem gerado um grande impacto epidemiológico entre homem e animal, reforçando cada vez mais a necessidade do uso adequado de drogas principalmente relacionado com o tema "One Health".(AU)

Ocorrência e caracterização de Salmonella não tifóide em esgotos brutos e águas superficiais da região metropolitana de São Paulo / Occurrence and caracterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella in raw sewage and surface water from the metropolitan region of São Paulo

Salmonella Não Tifóide (SNT) é um dos patógenos que mais causam gastroenterite, representando um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Portanto, a presença de SNT em matrizes ambientais como águas superficiais e esgotos tem sido alvo de pesquisas em todo o mundo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram quantificar e caracterizar SNT em amostras de águas superficiais e esgotos brutos da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Foram coletadas amostras, quinzenalmente, no ponto de captação de água para o abastecimento público da represa Guarapiranga e do manancial São Lourenço, assim como de esgotos brutos das cidades de Taboão da Serra e São Lourenço da Serra. A quantificação de SNT foi realizada pela técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). A caracterização dos isolados (identificação do sorotipo e potencial patogênico) foi realizada pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (Polimerase Chain Reaction - PCR), com quatro conjuntos de iniciadores, contemplando marcadores genéticos consolidados (fliC, invA e spvC) e regiões gênicas ainda não caracterizadas. As águas superficiais apresentaram concentrações que variaram de Limite de Detecção (LD <0,06473 NMP/100 mL) a 0,67 NMP/100 mL, com frequência de 4 por cento , enquanto nos esgotos brutos as concentrações foram de LD a 54,22 NMP/100 mL, com frequência de 54 por cento . Foram isoladas sete cepas de amostras de águas superficiais, identificadas como Salmonella sp., e 499 de esgotos brutos, dentre as quais se identificaram nove sorotipos potencialmente patogênicos. Os sorotipos mais prevalentes foram Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sor. Enteritidis e Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sor. Typhimurium, que se apresentaram quase que exclusivamente nos meses de verão (dezembro a janeiro). Os dois últimos sorotipos apresentaram padrões atípicos de PCR, com regiões gênicas que contêm genes que expressam constituintes fimbriais e outras ainda não caracterizadas. Esta investigação evidencia a presença de Salmonella Não Tifóide potencialmente patogênica nas amostras de esgoto bruto analisadas sugerindo sua circulação na população da região estudada e corrobora com o regime sazonal de salmonelose. DeCS: Salmonella, água superficial, esgoto, sorotipo

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NST) is a concern pathogen which is responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. So its presence in environmental sources such as surface waters and sewage has been investigated around the world. The aims of this research were quantify and characterize NST in samples of surface water and raw sewage from Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). Samples were collected fortnightly in the catchment point of supply from Guarapiranga reservoir and São Lourenço River, as well as raw sewage from the cities of Taboão da Serra and São Lourenço da Serra. Quantification of NST was performed using Most Probable Number technique (MPN). Characterization of the isolates (serotype identification and pathogenic potential) was carried out by multiplex Polimerase Chain Reaction technique (m-PCR) with four sets of primers, including genetic markers (fliC, invA and spvC) and gene regions not yet characterized. Surface water showed concentrations ranging from detection limit (DL <0.06473 MPN / 100 mL) to 0.67 MPN/100 mL with a frequency of 4 per cent . Raw wastewater concentrations were from DL to 54.22 MPN/100 mL, with a frequency of 54 per cent . Seven strains of surface water samples were isolated and identified as Salmonella sp. and 499 from raw sewage, of which nine were identified as potentially pathogenic serotypes. The most prevalent serotypes were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium, which have been found almost exclusively in summer months (December-January). The two serotypes presented atypical patterns of PCR with gene regions containing genes that express fimbrial constituents and other not yet characterized. This research shows the presence of potentially pathogenic Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in raw sewage samples suggesting its circulation in the population of the study area and corroborates with the seasonal cases of salmonellosis. DeCS: Salmonella, surface water, sewage, serotype.

Salmonella Yeerongpilly in a Chinese Owl (Columba livia domestica) in Jamaica.

Salmonella infection in bird species in Jamaica was studied. This revealed that very low prevalence of salmonellosis was found (0.32 %). Salmonella Yeerongpilly (newly reported in the country) was isolated from a bird collected at a bird aviary. This study showed that there was the presence of this Salmonella serovar in a Chinese owl (Columba livia domestica) in Jamaica. There were not published reports from Caribbean Islands of the presence of this serovar. Salmonella Yeerongpilly belongs to serogroup E1 and by molecular serotyping random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting belongs to A20, B17 and C21. This strain was isolated in Queensland Australia in the 1960s before the successful Salmonella eradication campaign. This study suggests that a larger investigation in pet birds as Salmonella carriers should be carried out in Jamaica. Mandatory screening or quarantine of birds entering the country should be institutionalized.

Salmonelloses in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 2002 to 2004

Salmonella has been identified as the main aetiological agent responsible for foodborne diseases in several countries worldwide, including Brazil. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, previews studies analysed official foodborne illnesses data, identifying Salmonella as the main bacterial agent of foodborne diseases during the period of 1997 to 2001. The present study aimed to analyse the official epidemiological data on salmonelloses occurred in the State of RS, during the period of 2002 to 2004. Even though data on recent salmonelloses were available, only data concerning the period comprising in 2002 to 2004 were analysed because the official worksheet records presented more consistent information about the salmonellosis outbreaks. Results indicated that, among the 624 foodborne outbreaks officially investigated, 202 (32.37%) were confirmed as salmonellosis. Among them 23,725 people were involved, 4,148 became sick, 1,878 were hospitalized and one person died. The season with the highest incidence of salmonelloses was spring, and the most affected age group was composed of people aged between 20 to 49 years old (56.66%). Animal origin foods -especially eggs and meat products -were very often involved with the outbreaks, however homemade mayonnaise was identified as the main food vehicle for salmonelloses (53.51%). The majority of the cases occurred inside private homes (55.81%) and food services (12.1%), and the main factors contributing to the occurrence of the outbreaks were the consumption of products without sanitary inspection (26.7%) and exposure of food at room temperature for more than two hours (18.58%). Similarly to what was previously reported for the period of 1997 to 2001, Salmonella spp. was the most prevalent foodborne disease agent in the State of RS during the years of 2002 to 2004.

Recurrent meningitis due to Salmonella enteritidis: A case report from Kashmir India.

Recurrent bacterial meningitis in children is potentially life-threatening and induces psychological trauma to the patients through repeated hospitalization. Here we report a case of recurrent meningitis in a one month old baby. The CSF and blood culture grew Salmonella enteritidis. Injection ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were given for 3 weeks. Baby became symptomatically better and was afebrile at discharge. Twenty eight days after discharge baby got readmitted with complaints of fever and refusal of feeds. Blood and CSF culture again showed growth of Salmonella enteritidis. Physicians should be educated about the possibility of recurrence which may occur days or even weeks after apparent successful antibiotic treatment.

Detección de bacterias contaminantes en huevos para consumo en Medellín y su área Metropolitana / Detection of contaminant bacteria in eggs for consumption in Medellín and its Metropolitan area / Detecção de bactérias contaminantes em ovos para consumo em Medellín e sua área metropolitana

Objetivo: buscar Salmonella y otras bacterias contaminantes en huevos comerciales. Métodos: Se muestrearonaleatoriamente 38 graneros expendedores de huevos de Medellín y Área Metropolitana, a su vez se escogieron al azar 6 huevos por granero para un total de 228 huevos estudiados. A cada huevo se le extrajeron 4 muestras, para un total de 912 muestras que se dividieron en grupos. Cada grupo de muestras fue procesado para cultivobacteriano y PCR para Salmonella. Resultados: Se aislaron Bacillus sp; Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter sp, Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp., E. coli, Streptococcus viridans, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Aeromonas sp., Sarcinas sp., Acinetobacter sp, E. hermanii, Proteus y Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Todos los cultivos y PCR fueron negativos para Salmonella. Conclusiones: Es importante conocer qué bacterias están contaminando los huevos comerciales, algunas de ellas potencialmente patógenas para los humanos, especialmente para niños, inmunocomprometidos y ancianos, como Aeromonas sp, E. coli y S. aureus. Con los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que durante los meses Junio-Noviembre de 2007, periodo en el cual se recogió la muestra para este estudio no se detectó Salmonella en huevos comerciales de la ciudad de Medellín y Área Metropolitana.

Objective. Search for Salmonella and other bacteria in commercial eggs. Methods. Thirty-eight neighborhood grocery stores in the city of Medellin and its Metropolitan area were chosen at random; also from each grocery store 6 eggs were selected randomly, for a total of 228 tested eggs. Four samples from every egg were taken, 912 samples in total,which were divided in groups. Every group of samples was cultured in bacteriological media and PCR for Salmonella was performed. Results. The bacterium isolated from the samples were: Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp., E. coli, Streptococcus viridans, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Aeromonas sp., Sarcinas sp., Acinetobacter sp., E. hermanii, Proteus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. All cultures and PCR were negative for Salmonella. Conclusions. According to these results, the isolation of contaminating bacteria, such as Aeromonas sp, E. coli, and S. aureus, in commercial eggs is relevant since some of them are potentially pathogenic to humans, especially children, the immunocompromised and the elderly. We can conclude that from June to November 2007, the period during which the samples were taken for this current study, Salmonella was notdetected in commercial eggs in the city of Medellin and it’s Metropolitan Area.

Objetivo. Procurar Salmonella e outras bactérias em ovos comerciais. Métodos. Trinta e oito mercearias de bairroda cidade de Medellín e sua área metropolitana foram escolhidos aleatoriamente; também das mercearias, 6 ovos foram selecionados aleatoriamente, para um total de 228 ovos analisados. Quatro amostras de cada ovo foram tomadas, 912 amostras no total, que foram divididos em grupos. Cada grupo de amostras foi cultivada em meio bacteriológico e PCR para Salmonella foi realizada. Resultados. As bactérias isoladas das amostras foram: Bacillus sp.; Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter sp, Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp., E. Coli, Streptococcus viridans, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Aeromonas sp., Sarcinas sp., Acinetobacter sp., E. Hermanji, Proteus e Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Todas as culturas e o PCR foram negativas para Salmonella. Conclusões. É importante conhecer que as bactérias, como Aeromonas sp, E. coli e S. aureus, estão contaminando os ovos comerciais e alguns deles são potencialmente patogênicos para o homem, especialmente para crianças, imune-comprometidos e idosos. Com osresultados obtidos pode-se concluir que durante os meses de junho ao novembro de 2007, o período no qual foicolhidas as amostras pra o estudo atual, Salmonella não foi detectada em ovos comerciais na cidade de Medellín esua área metropolitana.

Ocorrência de surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos no município de Chapecó, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, no período de 1995 a 2007 / Occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks in the Municipality of Chapecó, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in the period from 1995 to 2007

Objetivo: este estudo pretende analisar a ocorrência de surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos no Município de Chapecó, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Metodologia: estudo descritivo do tipo transversal, com a utilização das bases de dados da Vigilância Epidemiológica do município referentes a notificação de surtos alimentares no período de 1995 a 2007. Resultados: enterobactérias do gênero Salmonella foram os agentes mais frequentes (53,2 por cento dos surtos); 2006 foi o período em que mais ocorreu notificação por Salmonella (30,3 por cento) e maionese foi o alimento mais frequentemente envolvido; em 2006 ocorreu o maior número de notificações, independentemente do agente; em contrapartida, em 2004 não houve nenhum registro de surto; os surtos nos domicílios foram os mais frequentes (47,5 por cento), seguidos dos ocorridos em estabelecimentos comerciais (30,5 por cento). Conclusão: é necessário um trabalho de conscientização da população sobre a notificação de surtos, além da informação para evitar as salmoneloses, orientações quanto às noções básicas sobre saúde e higiene do manipulador e boas práticas de elaboração dos alimentos nos domicílios.

Objetive: this study aims to analyze the occurrence of foodborne diseases outbreaks in the Municipality of Chapecó, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methodology: descriptive cross-sectional study with the files from local epidemiological surveillance, about occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks from 1995 to 2007. Results: enterobacteria of the genus Salmonella were the most frequent agents (53.2 per cent of outbreaks); 2006 was the period in which notification occurred more by Salmonella (30,3 per cent), and the mayonnaise was the most frequently involved food; in 2006 occurred the highest number of notifications, regardless the agent, however in 2004, there was no recorded outbreak; the outbreaks in households were the most frequentones (47.5 per cent), followed by those occurring in commercial establishments (30.3 per cent). Conclusion: efforts are necessaries to raise population awareness about the outbreaks notification, in addition to information to prevent salmonellosis, basic information about health and hygiene of the handler, and good handling practices of food in households.

Prevalence of R-type ACSSuT in strains of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT193 isolated from human infections in Brazil / Prevalencia de resistencia de tipo ACSSuT en cepas de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 aisladas a partir de infecciones humanas en el Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines (ACSSuT) in Salmonella serovar Typhimurium definitive [phage] type (DT) 193 strains isolated from human sources over the last four decades. METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, 553 DT193 isolates out of 810 human-origin Salmonella ser. Typhimurium phage-typed strains isolated from the 1970s through 2008 were selected and tested for ACSSuT resistance: 91 strains isolated during the 1970s, 65 from the 1980s, 70 from the 1990s, and 327 from 2000-2008. Resistance profiles were determined using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: †An antimicrobial susceptibility assay indicated 20.9 percent, or 116, of all isolates tested were ACSSuT-resistant, 52.0 percent (287) were resistant to one or more drugs in the ACSSuT profile, and 27.1 percent (150) were nonresistant (susceptible to antimicrobials). Based on the assay, overall antimicrobial resistance was extremely high in the 1970s (affecting 99.0 percent of isolates from that period) and remained high during the 1980s, when 95.4 percent of isolates had some type of antimicrobial resistance and incidence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 R-type ACSSuT increased to 73.8 percent. R-type ACSSuT dropped to 27.1 percent (19 isolates) during the 1990s, and to 5.2 percent (17) during 2000-2008, despite a substantial increase in the number of isolates tested (397 versus 204, 111, and 98, respectively, for the previous three decades). CONCLUSIONS: †Although prevalence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 R-type ACSSuT in Brazil has decreased since the 1970s, ACSSuT resistance markers continue to circulate. Therefore, continuous surveillance should be conducted to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 and its antimicrobial resistance.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de resistencia a la ampicilina, el cloranfenicol, la estreptomicina, las sulfonamidas y las tetraciclinas (ACSSuT) en cepas de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium fagotipo definitivo (DT) 193 aisladas de fuentes de origen humano durante las cuatro últimas décadas. MÉTODOS: Entre el 2008 y el 2010 se seleccionaron 553 aislados de DT193 entre 810 cepas de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium fagotipificadas aisladas desde la década de 1970 hasta el 2008, y en ellos se analizó la resistencia a ACSSuT: se estudiaron 91 cepas aisladas durante la década de 1970, 65 aisladas durante la década de 1980, 70 aisladas durante la década de 1990, y 327 aisladas entre el 2000 y el 2008, respectivamente. Los perfiles de resistencia a los antibióticos se determinaron mediante el método de difusión en disco. RESULTADOS: El antibiograma indicó que 20,9 por ciento (116) de todos los aislados que se analizaron fueron resistentes a ACSSuT, 52,0 por ciento (287) fueron resistentes a uno o más antibióticos del grupo ACSSuT y 27,1 por ciento (150) no fueron resistentes (es decir, fueron sensibles a dichos antibióticos). Según el análisis, la resistencia general a los antibióticos fue muy alta en la década de 1970 (y comprendió a 99,0 por ciento de los aislados de ese período) y continuó siendo alta durante la década de 1980, cuando 95,4 por ciento de los aislados presentó algún tipo de resistencia a los antibióticos y la incidencia de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 con resistencia de tipo ACSSuT aumentó hasta 73,8 por ciento. La resistencia de tipo ACSSuT descendió a 27,1 por ciento (31 aislados) durante la década de 1990, y a 5,2 por ciento (17 aislados) entre el 2000 y el 2008, a pesar del aumento importante en el número de aislados que se evaluaron (397 frente a 204, 111 y 98 en las tres décadas anteriores, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Aunque la prevalencia de Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 con resistencia de tipo ACSSuT en el Brasil ha disminuido desde la década de 1970, los marcadores de resistencia a ACSSuT continúan en circulación. Por consiguiente, debe llevarse a cabo una vigilancia permanente para evaluar la aparición de infecciones por Salmonella serovariedad Typhimurium DT193 y su resistencia a los antibióticos.

Investigação de um surto de salmonelose ocorrido em Santo André, SP / Investigation of an outbreak of salmonellosis occurred in Santo André, SP

Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a investigação de um surto de salmonelose ocorrido em Santo André, SP. Embora este surto tenha ocorrido em 2002, o conhecimento dos fatores, que desencadearam o surto, é de grande importância epidemiológica, principalmente para implementar os programas de prevenção em saúde. Foram envolvidas seis pessoas, todas hospitalizadas devido aos sintomas severos. O período de incubação variou entre 9 e 11 horas. O veículo de transmissão do agente etiológico foi uma sobremesa fria preparada com ovos crus. A receita foi divulgada por uma emissora de TV aberta e elaborada por uma das vítimas. A investigação realizada pela Vigilância Sanitária foi determinante para a elucidação desse surto.

Epidemiología: [revisión] / Epidemiology: [review]

Las enfermedades diarreícas, constituyen un problema mundial, con altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Venezuela presentó, en el año 2008, 1.768.509 casos de diarrea, con un 40 por ciento en menores de 5 años. El total de muertes en menores de 5 años en el período 2000-2007 fue de 9311, siendo la tercera causa en este grupo de edad. Entre las bacterias, el género Salmonella, es el más frecuentemente aislado en brotes epidémicos. En niños menores de 6 años. E.coli enteropatógena fue el agente principal, seguido por E.coli enteroinvasiva, Aeromonas sp., salmonella sp y Shigella. Campylobacter es una de las bacterias más frecuentemente en las heces de los lactantes y niños en países en desarrollo. En algunos países, tener en cuenta al Vibrium Cholera y en diarreas nosocomiales al Clostridium difficile. En lactantes y preescolares la etiología viral es la más frecuente y el rotavirus el agente más común, causando aproximadamente 15000 muertes anuales en la región de las Américas. Otros virus causantes de diarreas , son los calicivirus y los adenovirus. Los factores de riesgo están relacionados con el medio ambiente, estilos de vida, factores dependientes de la biología humana y de los sistemas de servicios de salud. Las medidas de prevención y control epidemiológico más importantes son la promoción de la lactancia materna, hábitos adecuados de higiene y saneamiento ambiental, uso adecuado de antibióticos, terapia de rehabilitación oral e intravenosa, inmunizaciones, mejoría de las condiciones socio sanitarias y sistemas eficientes de vigilancia epidemiológica.

Diarrheal diseases constitute a global problem, with high rates of morbidity and mortality, particulary in developing countries. Venezuela, for 2008, presented 1.768.509 cases of diarrhea, with 40% in children under 5 years. The total number of dealths in children under years of age in the period 2000-2007 was 9311, being the third learding cause in this age group. Among causing bacterias, Salmonella in the most isolated in outbreaks. In children under 6 years, E.Coli was the principal agent, followed by E.coli., enteroinvasive, Aeromonas sp., Salmonella sp, and Shigella. Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial in the feces of infants and children in developing countries. In some countries, Vibrium Cholera and Clostridium difficile should be considered. In infants and preshool children, viral etiology is the most frequent and rotavirus the most common agent, causing about 15000 deaths annually in the region of the Americas. Other viruses that cause diarrhea are the calciviruses and adenoviruses. Risk factors are related to the environment, lifestyles, factors dependent on human biology and health care systems. The most important prevention and control measures are the promotion of breastfeeding, proper habits of hygiene and sanitation, proper use of antibiotics, oral and intravenous rehydration therapies, immunization, improvement of sanitary conditions and efficient surveillance systems.

Salmonella Serovars from Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases in Korea, 1998-2007: Total Isolates Decreasing Versus Rare Serovars Emerging

Salmonella enterica has been one of the most widespread foodborne pathogens in Korea. Between 1998 and 2007, a total of 9,472 Salmonella isolates were identified from foodborne and waterborne illness patients. During that time, Korea was transitioning into a developed country in industry as well as in its hygiene system. Although the isolation number of total Salmonella including serovar Typhi has decreased since 1999, the isolation of rare Salmonella serovars has emerged. Three most prevalent serovars during 1998-2007 were S. enterica Typhi, S. enterica Enteritidis, and S. enterica Typhimurium. There were remarkable outbreaks caused by rare serovars such as S. enterica Othmarschen, S. enterica London and S. enterica Paratyphi A, and overseas traveler-associated infections caused by S. enterica Weltevreden and S. enterica Anatum. Salmonella serovars from overseas travelers made a diverse Salmonella serovar pool in Korea. This study is the first review of the status of the human Salmonella infection trend in a developing country during 1998-2007. Newly emerging rare Salmonella serovars should be traced and investigated to control new type pathogens in the developed world.