Advances in peripatellar osteotomy for treating recurrent patellar dislocation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the progress of research related to the surgical treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation by peripatellar osteotomy in clinical practice, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.@*METHODS@#The recent literature on peripatellar osteotomy for recurrent patellar dislocation at home and abroad was reviewed, and the bony structural abnormalities, imaging diagnosis, and treatment status were summarized.@*RESULTS@#Abnormalities in the bony anatomy of the lower limb and poor alignment lead to patellofemoral joint instability through the quadriceps pulling force line and play an important role in the pathogenesis of recurrent patellar dislocation. Identifying the source of the deformity and intervening with peripatellar osteotomy to restore the biomechanical structure of the patellofemoral joint can reduce the risk of soft tissue surgical failure, delay joint degeneration, and achieve the target of treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#In the clinical diagnosis and treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation, the factors causing patellofemoral joint instability should be comprehensively evaluated to guide the selection of surgery and personalized treatment.

Clinical application and effectiveness of patellar tunnel locator in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction surgery / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the operability and effectiveness of a self-developed patellar bone canal locator (hereinafter referred to as "locator") in the reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL).@*METHODS@#A total of 38 patients with recurrent patellar dislocation who met the selection criteria admitted between January 2022 and December 2022 were randomly divided into study group (the patellar canal was established with a locator during MPFL reconstruction) and control group (no locator was used in MPFL reconstruction), with 19 cases in each group. There was no significant difference in baseline data between the two groups ( P>0.05), such as gender, age, body mass index, disease duration, patella Wiberg classification, constituent ratio of cartilage injury, Caton index, tibia tubercle-trochlear groove, and preoperative Lysholm score, Kujal score, Tegner score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and so on. The Lysholm score, Kujal score, Tegner score, and VAS score were used to evaluate knee joint function before operation and at 3 days,1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after operation. The ideal prepatellar cortical thickness and canal length were measured before operation, and the actual prepatellar cortical thickness and canal length after operation were also measured, and D1 (the distance between the ideal entrance and the actual entrance), D2 (the ideal canal length minus the actual canal length), D3 (the ideal prepatellar cortical thickness minus the actual prepatellar cortical thickness) were calculated.@*RESULTS@#Patients in both groups were followed up 6-8 months (mean, 6.7 months). The incision length and intraoperative blood loss in the study group were smaller than those in the control group, but the operation time was longer than that in the control group, the differences were significant ( P<0.05). There was no complication such as incision infection, effusion, and delayed healing in both groups, and no further dislocation occurred during follow-up. One patient in the study group had persistent pain in the anserine area after operation, and the symptoms were relieved after physiotherapy. The VAS score of the two groups increased significantly at 3 days after operation, and gradually decreased with the extension of time; the change trends of Lysholm score, Kujal score, and Tegner score were opposite to VAS score. Except that the Lysholm score and Kujal score of the study group were higher than those of the control group at 3 days after operation, and the VAS score of the study group was lower than that of the control group at 3 days and 1 month after operation, the differences were significant ( P<0.05), there was no significant difference in the scores between the two groups at other time points ( P>0.05). Patellar bone canal evaluation showed that there was no significant difference in preoperative simulated ideal canal length, prepatellar cortical thickness, and postoperative actual canal length between the two groups ( P>0.05). The postoperative actual prepatellar cortical thickness of the study group was significantly smaller than that of the control group ( P<0.05). D1 and D3 in the study group were significantly higher than those in control group ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in D2 between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The locator can improve the accuracy of MPFL reconstruction surgery, reduce the possibility of intraoperative damage to the articular surface of patella and postoperative patellar fractures.

Displasia troclear. ¿Cuándo indicar una trocleoplastia? / Trochlear Dysplasia. When to indicate a trochleoplasty?

La displasia troclear es una alteración anatómica frecuente en pacientes con inestabilidad patelar, representa, además, su principal factor de riesgo. A pesar de ello su diagnóstico e indicación quirúrgica siguen siendo un desafío para los cirujanos ortopédicos. En la presente revisión del tema se aborda la etiología, el proceso diagnóstico y clasificación basada en imágenes de esta patología, así como la indicación quirúrgica con base en la evidencia actual y la experiencia del autor senior del presente artículo

Trochlear dysplasia is a common anatomical abnormality in patients with patellar instability, representing their main risk factor. Despite this, its diagnosis and surgical indication remain a challenge for orthopedic surgeons.This topic review addresses the etiology, diagnostic process, and classification based on imaging, as well as the current surgical indication based on current evidence and the senior author's experience

Luxación recidivante de rótula. Trocleoplastia más revisión de plástica del ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM) / Patellar recurrent dislocation. Trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament surgical revision

En este trabajo presentamos un caso de luxación recidivante de rótula en un paciente joven con dos cirugías previas, al cual se decidió realizarle, dados sus antecedentes quirúrgicos y su edad, una cirugía poco frecuente como es la trocleoplastia + revisión de plástica del ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM).Haremos una breve reseña de la inestabilidad de la rótula para entender el evento, su diagnóstico, opciones de tratamiento y la presentación del caso con la descripción de la técnica quirúrgica realizada. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

We present a case of recurrent patellar dislocation in a young patient with two previous surgeries, which was decided to perform a rare surgery such as trocheoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament revision.We make a brief review of the patellar instability to understand de case, diagnosis and treatment options and case presentation with chirurgical technique description that we perform. Level of Evidence: IV

Functional Complications of Patellar Instability Treatment with Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction with the Medial Third of the Patellar Tendon with a Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up / Complicações funcionais do tratamento da instabilidade patelar com reconstrução do ligamento femoropatelar medial com terço medial do tendão patelar com acompanhamento mínimo de 5 anos

Abstract Objective To evaluate major complications after a minimum of 5 years of follow-up after acute or recurrent patellar dislocation treated with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction with the medial third of the patellar tendon, with or without associated medialization of the tibial anterior tuberosity (TAT). Methods A total of 50 patients were included, with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. The patients were evaluated regarding complications such as joint stiffness, recurrence of patellar dislocation, subjective instability reported by patients, and inability to return to the previous level of physical activity. Results The mean follow-up was of 8.9 2.6 years, with a minimum of 6 and maximum of 15 years; 64% of the patients were women, with a mean age of 27 11.2 years old; 24% were submitted to TAT osteotomy for simultaneous medialization; and 46% were acute cases. Only 9 poor results (18%) were found, all resulting from recurrence of dislocation (12%) and complaint of subjective instability (6%) at between 36 and 60 months of follow-up. No other complications occurred. Among the poor results, five occurred in cases of acute dislocation, and four in recurrent cases, and only one had undergone TAT osteotomy. Conclusion Reconstruction of the MPFL with the medial third of the patellar tendon, associated or not with TAT medialization osteotomy, is an alternative in the treatment of acute or chronic patellar instability, with a failure rate of only 18% in at least 5 years of follow-up. In addition, it is safe treatment, that does not present other complications.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar complicações maiores após um mínimo de 5 anos de acompanhamento após luxação aguda ou recidivante da patela tratada com reconstrução do ligamento femoropatelar medial (LFPM) com terço medial do tendão patelar, com ou sem medialização da tuberosidade anterior da tíbia (TAT) associada. Métodos Um total de 50 pacientes foram incluídos, com acompanhamento mínimo de 5 anos. Os pacientes foram avaliados em relação à ocorrência de complicações como rigidez articular, recidiva de luxação patelar ou instabilidade subjetiva relatada pelos pacientes, e incapacidade de retorno ao nível prévio de atividades físicas. Resultados O acompanhamento médio foi de 8,9 2,6 anos, com mínimo de 6 e máximo de 15 anos; 64% dos pacientes eram mulheres, com média de idade de 27 11,2 anos; 24% dos pacientes foram submetidos a osteotomia da TAT para medialização concomitantemente; e 46% eram casos agudos. Foram constatados apenas 9 maus resultados (18%), todos decorrentes de recidiva da luxação (12%) e de queixa de instabilidade subjetiva (6%), ocorridos entre 36 e 60 meses de acompanhamento. Não ocorreram outras complicações. Dentre os maus resultados, cinco ocorreram em casos de luxação aguda, e quatro em casos recidivantes, e apenas um havia sido submetido a osteotomia da TAT. Conclusão AreconstruçãodoLFPMcomterçomedialdotendãopatelar,associadaounãoà osteotomia de medialização da TAT, é uma alternativa no tratamento da instabilidade patelar aguda ou crônica, com falha de apenas 18% em acompanhamento mínimo de 5 anos. Além disso, é um tratamento seguro, sem apresentar outras complicações.

Knee MR Using a Body Coil is Equivalent to CT in Measuring the TT-TG Distance: Removing the Systematic Bias / A ressonância magnética do joelho usando a bobina de corpo é equivalente à TC na medição da distância TT-ST: Removendo o viés sistemático

Abstract Objective To compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a body coil with computed tomography (CT) in measuring the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) and the patellar tendon-cartilaginous trochlear groove (PT-CTG) distances, and evaluate interrater reliability. Methods The study group consisted of 34 knees from 17 asymptomatic subjects with no history of knee pathology, trauma or surgery. A low-dose CT scan and an axial T1-weighted MRI sequence of the knees were performed with rigorous standardization of the positioning with full extension of the knees and parallel feet. Two musculoskeletal radiologists performed the measurements independently. The reliability of the TT-TG and PT-CTG distances on CT (17.1 ± 4.2 mm and 17.3 ± 4.2 mm) and of MRI (16.2 ± 3.7 mm and 16.5 ± 4.1 mm) was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [2,1]) and Bland-Altman graphs, as well as the interrater reliability for both methods. Results Good reliability and agreement was observed between CT and MRI measurements for TT-TG and PT-CTG, with an ICC of 0.774 (p< 0.001) and 0.743 (p< 0.001), respectively, and no systematic bias was observed. The interrater reliability was excellent for all measurements on both imaging methods. Conclusion This was the first study that compared MRI using a body coil with CT in measuring the TT-TG distance, with the potential clinical implication that the CT in this clinical setting could be avoided.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar a ressonância magnética (RM) usando uma bobina corporal e tomografia computadorizada (TC) na medição da distância tubérculo tibial-sulco troclear (TT-ST) e as distâncias tendão patelar-sulco troclear cartilaginoso (TP-STC), e avaliar a confiabilidade interavaliador. Métodos O grupo de estudo consistiu em 34 joelhos de 17 indivíduos assintomáticos sem história de patologia, trauma ou cirurgia no joelho. Uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) de baixa dose e uma sequência axial de RM ponderada em T1 dos joelhos foram realizadas com padronização rigorosa do posicionamento com extensão total dos joelhos e pés paralelos. Dois radiologistas musculoesqueléticos realizaram as medidas de forma independente. A confiabilidade das distâncias TT-ST e TP-STC na TC (17,1 ± 4,2 mm e 17,3 ± 4,2 mm) e RM (16,2 ± 3,7 mm e 16,5 ± 4,1 mm), foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI [2,1)]) e gráficos Bland-Altman, bem como a confiabilidade entre avaliadores para ambos os métodos. Resultados Boa confiabilidade e concordância foram observadas entre as medidas de TC e RM para TT-ST e TP-STC com um CCI de 0,774 (p< 0,001) e 0,743 (p< 0,001), respectivamente, e nenhum viés sistemático foi observado. A confiabilidade entre avaliadores foi excelente para todas as medições em ambos os métodos de imagem. Conclusão Este foi o primeiro estudo que comparou a RM usando bobina de corpo com a TC na medição da distância TT-ST, com a implicação clínica potencial de que a TC neste cenário clínico poderia ser evitada.

Portuguese Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaption of the Banff Patella Instability Instrument / Tradução e adaptação transcultural para a língua portuguesa do Questionário Banff para Instabilidade Patelar

Abstract Objective To translate into Brazilian Portuguese and to cross-culturally adapt the Banff Questionnaire for Patellar Instability. Methods The translation and cross-cultural adaptation followed the linguistic validation process proposed by international guidelines, which consists of six steps: translation, synthesis, back-translation, review by an expert committee, pretest, and final report presentation to the authors of the original questionnaire. Literate patients with recurrent patellar instability, older than 12 years of age, who signed the informed consent form or had it signed by a legal guardian were included in the study. Patients with neurological or systemic comorbidities were excluded from the study. Results A total of 62 patients (18 males and 44 females) were included in the study. Discrepancies observed during the processes of translation and harmonization of the back-translations were modified with no need for reformulation. No pretest version replacements were required. Conclusion The Banff Questionnaire for Patellar Instability has been successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese, so it can be used to assess patients with patellar instability who speak this language.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar a tradução para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil e a adaptação transcultural do questionário Banff para Instabilidade Patelar. Métodos A tradução e adaptação transcultural seguiu o processo de validação linguístico proposto por diretrizes internacionais, que consiste em seis etapas: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, revisão pelo comitê de especialistas, pré-teste, e apresentação do relatório final aos autores do questionário original. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes alfabetizados, com diagnóstico de instabilidade patelar recorrente, com mais de 12 anos de idade, que assinaram ou tiveram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido assinado por um responsável legal. Foram excluídos do estudo pacientes portadores de comorbidades neurológicas ou sistêmicas. Resultados Um total de 62 pacientes (18 homens e 44 mulheres) foram incluídos no estudo. Durante os processos de tradução e harmonização das retrotraduções, foram observadas discrepâncias, que foram modificadas sem necessidade de reformulação. Não foram necessárias substituições na versão do pré-teste. Conclusão O Questionário Banff para Instabilidade Patelar foi traduzido e adaptado transculturalmente para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil com sucesso, podendo ser utilizado para a avaliação de pacientes portadores de instabilidade patelar falantes desta língua.

Reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial con tendón del aductor mayor en pacientes pediátricos con inestabilidad de rótula / Reconstruction of the Medial PatellofemoralLigament with Adductor Magnus Tendon in Pediatric Patients with Patella Instability

Introducción: El ligamento patelofemoral medial se considera el principal estabilizador medial de la rótula. La reconstrucción está indicada en pacientes con luxación recidivante, cuando el tratamiento conservador ha fallado. Objetivo: Describir y evaluar una técnica de reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial con el tendón del aductor mayor en pacientes con esqueleto inmaduro. Métodos: Estudio anatómico y descriptivo de pacientes en los que se empleó el tendón del aductor mayor para reconstruir el ligamento patelofemoral medial. Después de la cirugía se evaluó reluxación, inestabilidad y satisfacción, con escala de Kujala. Resultados: Se disecaron 5 piezas de cadáveres frescos. El tendón del aductor mayor fue de 8 a 9 cm de longitud. Se realizaron ocho cirugías en siete pacientes entre 8-17 años, uno de ellos con síndrome de Down. El seguimiento mínimo fue 12 meses. No hubo reluxación, el paciente con síndrome de Down presentó subluxación rotuliana. La flexión y extensión de rodillas fue completa. Conclusiones: En pacientes con esqueleto inmaduro con placa de crecimiento del fémur distal presente y cercana al punto isométrico del ligamento, acarrea dificultades para la reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial. La técnica descrita por Avikainen permite reconstrucción no anatómica del ligamento sin realizar túneles femorales que pongan en riesgo la físis. Este trabajo describe la técnica con aductor mayor. De las ocho rodillas operadas, en solo una se presentó subluxación, en las otras se obtuvo buen resultado, sin luxación, y los pacientes quedaron satisfechos con el resultado(AU)

Introduction: The medial patellofemoral ligament is considered the main medial stabilizer of the patella. Reconstruction is indicated in patients with recurrent dislocation, when conservative treatment has failed. Objective: To describe and evaluate a reconstruction technique of the medial patellofemoral ligament with the adductor magnus tendon in patients with an immature skeleton. Methods: Anatomical and descriptive study of patients in which the adductor magnus tendon was used to reconstruct the medial patellofemoral ligament. After surgery, reluxation, instability and satisfaction were evaluated with Kujala scale. Results: Five pieces of fresh corpses were dissected. The adductor magnus tendon was 8 to 9 cm long. Eight surgeries were performed in seven patients between 8-17 years old, one of them with Down syndrome. The minimum followup period was 12 months. There was no relaxation. The patient with Down syndrome had patellar subluxation. The flexion and extension of the knees was complete. Conclusions: The reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament causes difficulties in patients with immature skeleton, plate growth of the distal femur close to the isometric point of the ligament. The technique described by Avikainen allows non-anatomical reconstruction of the ligament without performing femoral tunnels that put the physis at risk. This paper describes the adductor magnus technique. Only one knee, out of the eight operated, had subluxation. The rest had good result, with no dislocation, and the patients were satisfied with the result(AU)

Fractura osteocondral traumática de rodilla en edad pediátrica: reporte de un caso / Traumatic osteochondral knee fracture in pediatric age: report of a case / Fratura osteocondral traumática do joelho em idade pediátrica: relato de um caso

Las fracturas osteocondrales (FOC) traumáticas de rodilla en la edad pediátrica, son lesiones que acompañan hasta un 30% de las luxaciones agudas de rótula (LAR). Si no se mantiene una elevada sospecha clínica, es frecuente su retraso diagnóstico, pudiendo generar potenciales complicaciones. A propósito, presentamos el caso de una paciente de 12 años con una FOC post LAR que pasó inadvertida en la primera consulta, requiriendo la fijación del fragmento osteocondral con tornillos HCS a los 5 meses, logrando un excelente resultado funcional a los 54 meses de seguimiento.

Traumatic osteochondral fractures (OCF) of the knee in pediatric age are injuries that accompany up to 30% of acute patellar dislocations (APD). If high clinical suspicion is not maintained, its diagnostic delay is frequent, and may generate potential complications. Incidentally, we present the case of a 12-year-old patient with a post-APD OCF that went unnoticed in the first consultation, requiring fixation of the osteochondral fragment with HCS screws at 5 months. Achieving an excellent functional result at 54 months follow-up.

As fraturas osteocondrais traumáticas (FOC) do joelho em idade pediátrica são lesões que acompanham até 30% das luxações agudas da patela (LAP). Se uma alta suspeita clínica não for mantida, seu atraso no diagnóstico é frequente e pode gerar complicações potenciais. A propósito, apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 12 anos com FOC pós-LAP que passou despercebido na primeira consulta, exigindo fixação do fragmento osteocondral com parafusos HCS em 5 meses. Obtendo um excelente resultado funcional aos 54 de acompanhamento.

Update on Patellar Instability / Atualização em instabilidade patelar

Abstract Patellar instability is a multifactorial clinical condition that affects a significant number of patients and occurs due to morphological variations of the joint and patellofemoral alignment. The present literature review study aimed to identify and summarize current concepts on patellar instability, in relation to associated risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and the benefits and risks of conservative and surgical treatments. For this purpose, a search was conducted in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (via Pubmed), LILACS and Cochrane Library. It is concluded that the accurate diagnosis depends on the detailed clinical evaluation, including the history and possible individual risk factors, as well as imaging exams. The initial treatment of patellar instability is still controversial, and requires the combination of conservative and surgical interventions, taking into consideration both soft tissues and bone structures, the latter being the most common reason for choosing surgical treatment, especially lateral patellar instability.

Resumo A instabilidade patelar é uma condição clínica multifatorial, que acomete um número expressivo de pacientes, ocorrendo devido a variações anatómicas, morfológicas da articulação e do alinhamento patelofemoral. O presente estudo de revisão e atualização da literatura teve como objetivos identificar e sumarizar os conceitos atuais sobre instabilidade patelar em relação aos fatores de risco associados, os critérios diagnósticos e os benefícios e riscos dos tratamentos conservador e cirúrgico. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados eletrónicas MEDLINE (via Pubmed), LILACS e Cochrane Library. Conclui-se que o diagnóstico preciso depende da avaliação clínica detalhada, incluindo o histórico e possíveis fatores de risco individuais, além de exames de imagem. O tratamento inicial da instabilidade patelar é ainda controverso, e requer a combinação de intervenções conservadoras e cirúrgicas, levando em consideração tanto os tecidos moles quanto as estruturas ósseas, sendo estas últimas a razão mais comum para a escolha do tratamento cirúrgico, principalmente instabilidade patelar lateral.

Corrección de la altura patelar en inestabilidad rotuliana / Correction of patellar height in patellofemoral instability

El manejo de la inestabilidad patelofemoral se basa en una adecuada evaluación de alteraciones anatómicas predisponentes. Patela alta es una de las causas más importantes de inestabilidad objetiva. La alteración biomecánica que ésta produce puede conducir a luxación patelar recurrente, dolor y cambios degenerativos focales. El examen físico es fundamental en la toma de decisiones. La evaluación imagenológica ha evolucionado desde métodos basados en radiografía hacia mediciones en resonancia magnética, que permiten una orientación más acabada de la relación existente entre la rótula y la tróclea femoral. El tratamiento se fundamenta en la corrección selectiva de los factores causales, donde la osteotomía de descenso de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia y la reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial son herramientas que deben considerarse racionalmente. Este artículo realiza una revisión de la literatura, otorgando los fundamentos quirúrgicos que explican la importancia del tratamiento específico de patela alta en inestabilidad rotuliana.

Patellofemoral instability management is based on a thorough evaluation of predisposing anatomical factors. Patella alta is one of the utmost causes of objective instability. As a result, biomechanical disturbance can lead to recurrent patellar instability, pain, and focal degenerative changes. Physical examination is paramount in decision making. Imaging evaluation has evolved from X-rays based methods to magnetic resonance measurements, which allows a more accurate assessment of the patellotrochlear relationship. Treatment is based on a selective risk factors correction, where tibial tubercle distalization osteotomy and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction must be considered altogether. This article reviews the surgical rationale of patella alta treatment in patellofemoral instability.

Evaluation of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with medial patellar luxation: comparative studies

Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is one of the commonest orthopaedic diseases in small dog breeds. Although the bone deformities associated with canine medial patellar luxation are described in numerous studies, the pathogenesis of the condition is still disputable. What is more, there is no categorical evidence that luxation of the patella is associated to a shallow trochlear groove as no objective method for determination of trochlear depth and shape has been proposed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the depth and shape of femoral trochlear groove on radiographs obtained from healthy dogs and dogs affected with grade II and grade III MPL. A total of 45 dogs (33 with MPL and 12 healthy) from 4 small breeds (Mini-Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier) were included in the study. After deep sedation, stifle radiographs were obtained in tangential projection (skyline view). The dogs were positioned in ventral recumbency, the examined stifle bent as much as possible, and the central beam focused on the patella between femoral condyles. Six morphometric parameters associated with the onset of trochlear dysplasia similar to those used in human medicine were measured: trochlear sulcus angle (SA), lateral and medial trochlear inclination angles (LTI; MTI), trochlear groove depth (TD), patellar thickness (PaT) and the ratio between trochlear depth and patellar thickness (PaT/TD). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for evaluation of differences between healthy joints and those affected with grade II and III MPL. The association between measured variables was evaluated via the Spearman's rank-order correlation. TD was greater in healthy joints as compared to those affected with MPL grade II and III (P < 0.001). In healthy stifles, PaT value exceeded significantly (P < 0.01) that in joints with grade III MPL. The TD/PaT ratio was significantly greater in healthy joints vs both those with grade II (P < 0.01) and grade III MPL (P < 0.001). In healthy joints, there was a significant negative relationship (rho­0.508; P = 0.0113) between SA and TD: smaller sulcus angles corresponded to deeper trochleas. This correlation was even stronger in joints with patellar luxation (rho ­0.723; P < 0.0001). The LTI and MTI showed a very strong positive correlation in healthy joints (rho 0.854; P < 0.0001) and at the same time, lack of significant association in joints affected with MPL (rho -0.163; P = 0.327 for grade II MPL and rho 0.175; P = 0.448 for grade III MPL) was demonstrated. The altered trochlear shape and depth were more pronounced in joints with grade III MPL. As MPL grade increased, the SA became statistically significantly greater. In grade III MPL it was accompanied with considerably reduced trochlear depth, medial trochlear inclination angle and trochlear depth/patellar thickness ratio. Five of the measured morphometric parameters for radiographic detection of trochlear dysplasia in dogs were found to be important in the evaluation of trochlear morphology in dogs. The obtained results indicated the presence of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with MPL. A 3-stage classification system for assessment of abnormal trochlear development in small dog breeds: mild; moderate and severe trochlear dysplasia, was proposed. The occurrence of shallow trochlear groove and medial femoral condyle's hypoplasia could be accepted as signs of mild and moderate trochlear dysplasia. The pre-operative measurements of these parameters could improve surgical planning and decisions-making.

Reconstrucción anatómica del ligamento patelofemoral medial con aloinjerto en la luxación patelar recurrente / Medial patellofemoral ligament anatomic reconstruction with allograft in recurrent patellar dislocation

La técnica de reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial es eficaz, segura, reproducible y con baja morbilidad para el tratamiento de la luxación patelar recurrente. Los pasos a seguir son: 1) Paciente en decúbito dorsal. 2) Artroscopía diagnóstica con liberación del retináculo lateral y valoración de lesiones asociadas. 3) Incisión de 2 a 3 cm sobre el borde superomedial de la patela. 4) Realización de dos túneles de 20 a 22 mm de profundidad y 4 mm de diámetro a través del grosor de la patela bajo fluoroscopia. 5) Fijar dos anclas desde el borde medial de la patela y anudar al aloinjerto con sutura de alta resistencia. 6) Identificar el punto de Schöttle bajo fluoroscopia. 7) Incisión de 2 a 3 cm a nivel del epicóndilo medial. 8) Colocar un Kirschner de 2 mm de medial a lateral, de posterior a anterior y de distal a proximal. 9) Medir la longitud, el grosor y la tensión final deseada del aloinjerto. 10) Realizar el túnel femoral con broca canulada, 1 mm mayor al grosor del aloinjerto. 11) Utilizar el clavo con ojal para pasar la sutura y traccionar el aloinjerto de medial a lateral. 12) Fijar el aloinjerto con un tornillo biodegradable con la rodilla a 30° de flexión valorando la tensión final deseada. 13) Realizar el lavado y cierre por planos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

The medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction technique is effective, safe, reproducible and with low morbidity in the treatment of recurrent patellar luxation. The steps in this technique: 1) Patient in supine position. 2) Diagnostic arthroscopy with release of the lateral retinaculum and assessment of associated lesions. 3) 2 to 3 cm incision on the supero - medial border of the patella. 4) Make two tunnels 20 to 22 mm deep and 4 mm in diameter through the thickness of the patella under fluoroscopy. 5) Fix two anchors from the medial edge of the patella and tie to the allograft with high strength suture. 6) The Schöttle's point is identified under fluoroscopy. 7) 2 to 3 cm incision in the medial epicondyle. 8) A 2 mm Kirschner is placed from medial to lateral, posterior to anterior, and distal to proximal. 9) The length, thickness and desired final tension of the allograft are measured. 10) The femoral tunnel is made with a cannulated drill, 1 mm greater than the thickness of the allograft. 11) The eyelet nail is used to pass the suture and pull the allograft from medial to lateral. 12) The allograft is fixed with a biodegradable screw with the knee at 30 ° flexion, assessing the desired final tension. 13) The washing and closing are carried out by planes up to the skin. Level of Evidence: IV

Horizontal Intraarticular Dislocation of the Patella: Case Report / Luxação intra-articular horizontal da patela: Relato de caso

Abstract Intraarticular dislocation of the patella is an uncommon condition, with displacement in the horizontal or vertical plane, which may be associated with total or partial lesion/rupture of the quadriceps tendon, with osteochondral or collateral ligament injury. Risk factors are ligament laxity, patellar hypermobility, high patella, and trochlear dysplasia. This condition is more common in young people and may require blood reduction. Cases of intraarticular dislocation of the patella are rare events, requiring diagnostic suspicion and differentiated management. The aim of the present study is to report a rare case of intraarticular dislocation of the patella, as well as its clinical condition, diagnosis, management and literature review.

Resumo Luxação intra-articular da patela é uma afecção incomum, podendo ocorrer deslocamento no plano horizontal ou vertical; pode se associar com lesão/ruptura do tendão do quadríceps, total ou parcial, com lesão osteocondral ou dos ligamentos colaterais. Fatores de risco são: frouxidão ligamentar, hipermobilidade patelar, patela alta e displasia troclear, e é mais comum em jovens, podendo necessitar de redução cruenta. Casos de luxação intra-articular da patela são eventos raros, sendo necessários uma suspeição diagnóstica e um manejo diferenciado. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso raro de luxação intra-articular da patela, assim como seu quadro clínico, diagnóstico, conduta e revisão da literatura.

Tratamiento de la inestabilidad femoropatelar objetiva. Resultados a cinco años de seguimiento / Treatment of objective patellar instability. Results after five years of follow-up

Resumen: Objetivo: Presentar los diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos en el tratamiento de las inestabilidades femoropatelares objetivas, incluyendo la osteotomía de la tuberosidad tibial anterior y la trocleoplastía femoral. Material y métodos: Con un diseño prospectivo con seguimiento a cinco años que incluyó a 21 pacientes (21 rodillas) tratados por luxación rotuliana recidivante entre Marzo de 2010 y Agosto de 2014, tratándose de forma quirúrgica mediante dos técnicas diferentes según el tipo de inestabilidad estructural de base. Para determinarlo, se analizó el índice radiográfico de Caton-Deschamps (para la evaluación de la altura rotuliana) y parámetros tomográficos para valorar el configuración troclear y distancia desde la tuberosidad tibial anterior hasta la tróclea femoral (TT-TG) en la superposición de imágenes en el plano axial. Resultados: Hemos tenido resultados satisfactorios tanto con la transferencia de la tuberosidad tibial anterior como con la trocleoplastía. En ambos procedimientos se realizó una reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM). Conclusiones: La recurrencia de inestabilidad es muy rara después de estos procedimientos y es más probable que ésta resulte de anomalías asociadas no diagnosticadas o subestimadas. Se requiere una planificación precisa preoperatoria para determinar la altura rotuliana, la ubicación de la tuberosidad tibial anterior y la configuración troclear para obtener resultados satisfactorios.

Abstract: Objective: To present the different surgical procedures in the treatment of objective femoropateral instability, including osteotomy of anterior tibial tuberosity and femoral trocleoplasty. Material and methods: With a prospective 5-year follow-up design that included 21 patients (21 knees) treated for relapsing patellar dislocation between March 2010 and August 2014, treated surgically using 2 different techniques depending on the type of basic structural instability. To determine this, the Caton-Deschamps X-Ray Index (for the evaluation of the patellar height) and tomographic parameters were analyzed to assess the troclear configuration and distance from the anterior tibial tuberosity to the femoral trochlea (TT-TG) in the overlapping of images in the axial plane. Results: We have had satisfactory results both with the transfer of the anterior tibial tuberosity and with the trocleoplasty. In both procedures, a reconstruction of the medial patelo-femoral ligament (LPFM) was performed. Conclusion: Recurrence of instability is very rare after these procedures and is more likely to result from undiagnosed or underestimated associated abnormalities. Precise preoperative planning is required to determine the patellar height, location of the anterior tibial tuberosity, and troclear configuration for satisfactory results.

Dimensões da patela relacionadas à massa corporal do cão para emprego na confecção de prótese: estudo em cadáver / Patellar dimensions related to canine body mass for use in the manufacture of prosthesis: cadaver study

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar as dimensões da patela de cadáveres caninos e avaliar sua relação com a massa corporal. Para a realização das medidas patelares, foram utilizados 70 cadáveres de cães adultos, com massa corpórea de 1 a 50kg, sem evidência clínica de afecção na articulação femorotibiopatelar. Com auxílio de um paquímetro, foram mensurados os comprimentos externo e interno, a largura externa no terço médio, a largura e a espessura internas nos terços proximal, médio e distal das patelas. Também foram mensuradas a largura nos terços proximal, médio e distal, a profundidade nos terços proximal, médio e distal do sulco troclear; essas medidas foram exclusivamente internas. Observou-se, de forma geral, forte correlação entre as medidas patelares e a massa corporal de cadáveres de cães. Nas condições deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o tamanho da patela varia segundo a massa corporal do cão e que essas medidas devem ser consideradas ao se planejar uma substituição protética.(AU)

The aim of this study was to measure the canine cadaver patellar dimensions and evaluate its relationship with body mass. 70 cadavers of adult dogs were used, with a body mass between 1 and 50kg, without clinical evidence of affection in the stifle joint. The external and internal lengths, external width in the middle third, width and thickness of the proximal, middle and distal thirds were measured using a pachymeter. The width was also measured in the proximal third, middle third and distal third, depth in the proximal third, middle third and distal third of the trochlear groove; these measurements were exclusively internal. A strong correlation was observed between the patellar dimension and body mass of canine cadavers. Under this study conditions, it is possible to conclude that the patellar size varies according to the canine body mass and these measures should be considered when planning a prosthetic replacement.(AU)

Résultats fonctionnels du traitement chirurgical de 14 cas de ruptures traumatiques récentes du ligament patellaire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Owendo

Buts : évaluer les résultats fonctionnels du traitement chirurgical des ruptures traumatiques du ligament patellaire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Owendo (CHUO).Patients et Méthodes:Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, continue, de janvier 2016 à décembre 2018, au service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie du CHUO. L'étude incluait tous les patients traités dans le service pour rupture traumatique du ligament patellaire et suivis régulièrement en consultation externe. Pour chaque patient, une fiche de collecte des données a été remplie et l'analyse des données a été faite à partir du logiciel Excel version Microsoft Office 2010.Résultats: 14 cas ont été colligés dont 12 hommes. Leur âge médian était de 35,5±13,7 (extrêmes: 17 ­ 62 ans). La suture tendineuse avec renforcement au fil métallique était la technique chirurgicale la plus utilisée (57,1%,(n=8)). La moyenne des indices de Caton-Deschamps en post-opératoire indiquant le repositionnement normal de la hauteur patellaire était de 0,99 (0,60 ­ 1,20). Nos résultats, évalués sur la base du score de Lysholm avec un recul minimal de 8 mois, avaient un score médian de 83,5 points (67 - 100). Dans 64,3% (n=9) des cas, les résultats étaient très bons, bons dans 28,6% (n=4) des cas et mauvais dans 7,1% (n=1) des cas. En dehors de celui qui présentait un mauvais résultat, tous les autres patients avaient repris leur travail.Conclusion: Nos résultats sont satisfaisants.Les ruptures du ligament patellaire sont de bon pronostic lorsqu'elles sont diagnostiquées et opérées précocement

Functional Evaluation after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Athletes / Avaliação funcional da reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial em atletas

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical results, functional outcomes, and risk factors after anatomic reconstructions using knee flexor grafts in athletes. Methods The authors followed-up 32 patients and 34 knees for 1 year in a prospective design case series evaluating pre- and postoperative functional scores (Kujala and Lysholm) and associated risk factors. Results All of the 32 patients had a significant increase of the Lysholm and Kujala scores. Patients with < 5 preoperative dislocations had a better score on the Lysholm and Kujala scales. The mean preoperative Lysholm score was 62.8, and the mean postoperative score was 94.3. The mean preoperative Kujala score was 63.0, and the mean postoperative score was 94.0. Conclusion Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with hamstring graft in athletes with patellar instability improved clinical and functional scores. The bone drilling through the patella and the positioning of the femoral tunnel should be judiciously performed.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados clínicos e funcionais da reconstrução anatômica do ligamento patelofemoral medial com tendões flexores em atletas. Métodos Estudo tipo série de casos, prospectivo, que analisou a reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoralmedial em32 pacientes (34 joelhos). A avaliação funcional foi feita pelos escores Lysholm e Kujala nos períodos pré e pós-operatórios e os fatores de risco envolvidos foram avaliados. Resultados Dos 32 pacientes analisados, todos obtiveram melhoria dos escores funcionais comparativamente ao período pré-operatório. Pacientes com menos de cinco episódios de luxação prévios obtiveram melhores resultados funcionais. O valor médio de Lysholm no pré-operatório foi de 62,8 e no pós-operatório de 94,3, quanto ao escore de Kujala a média pré-operatório foi de 63,0 e pós-operatória de 94,0. Conclusão A reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial com enxerto de tendão flexor do joelho em atletas propiciou melhoria dos escores clínicos e funcionais nos pacientes com instabilidade patelofemoral. A perfuração óssea da patela e o posicionamento do túnel femoral devem ocorrer de forma judiciosa.

Irreducible Acute Patellar Dislocation due to a New Anatomical Variant - the Notched Patella / Dislocação patelar aguda irredutível devido a uma nova variante anatômica - a patela entalhada

Abstract Irreducible patella dislocations are rare and are usually associated with complex mechanisms. Theauthors report the clinical case of an irreducible lateral patellardislocationdueto an anatomical variant. The authors assisted a 16-year-old patient who presented with a lateral patella dislocation that was impossible to reduceby closedmanipulation, even under general anesthesia. During the imaging study, the computed tomography (CT) exam showed a notch in the medial facet of the patella, impacted in the lateral condyle, which prevented the reduction. This anatomical variant was later confirmed during surgery. In a bilateral follow-up CT, this variant was also present in the contralateral, normal knee, excluding traumatic reshaping as the reason for this patellar notch. The authors used a medial parapatellar approach for open reduction of the dislocation and to repair themedial retinaculum. According to Wiberg, there are three different patella types. The authors describe a variation of type III patellawith a notch inthemedial border that is not included in the previous classification. They emphasize the importance of a CTstudy in the presence of an irreducible dislocation and the recognition of this anatomical variant of the patella, as further aggressive maneuvers have proven to be unsuccessful. Open reduction appears to be the best option in this scenario.

Resumo As luxações irredutíveis da patela são raras e são geralmente associadas a mecanismos complexos. Os autores relatam o caso clínico de uma luxação patelar lateral irredutível devido a uma variante anatômica. Os autores atenderam um paciente de 16 anos que apresentou uma luxação lateral da patela de redução impossível por manipulação fechada, mesmo sob anestesia geral. Durante o estudo de imagem, a tomografia computadorizada (TC) mostrou um entalhe na faceta medial da patela, impactada no côndilo lateral, o que impediu a redução. Esta variante anatômica foi posteriormente confirmada durante a cirurgia. Em uma TC bilateral de acompanhamento, esta variante anatômica também estava presente no joelho contralateral, normal, excluindo o remodelamento traumático como o motivo deste entalhe patelar. Os autores utilizaramuma abordagem parapatelar medial para a redução aberta do deslocamento e para o reparo do retináculo medial. De acordo comWiberg, existem três tipos diferentes de patela. Os autores descrevem uma variação da patela de tipo III com um entalhe na margem medial que não está incluída na classificação anterior. Ressalta-se a importância de um estudo de TC na presença de luxação irredutível e o reconhecimento desta variante anatômica da patela, já quemanobras agressivas foram testadas sem sucesso. A redução aberta parece ser a melhor opção neste cenário. Abstract Irreducible patella dislocations are rare and are usually associated with complex mechanisms. The authors report the clinical case of an irreducible lateral patellar dislocation due to an anatomical variant. The authors assisted a 16-year-old patient

Femoral condyle osteochondral fracture treated with bone suture after acute patellar dislocation: a case report / Lesão condral do fêmur tratada com sutura óssea após luxação aguda de patela: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Osteochondral fracture after acute patellar dislocation in teenagers is relatively common (up to 60% of cases of patellar dislocation), but poorly diagnosed. There are several treatments proposed for this type of injury, but none well defined in the literature.A male patient, 13 years old, with a diagnosis of osteochondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle after acute dislocation of the right patella. He underwent surgical treatment of the chondral injury, which consisted of suturing of the chondral fragment to the cartilage defect and, in a second approach, reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament and medial patellofemoral ligament with autologous flexor graft. Currently, the patient has been followed up for 16 months postoperatively for the suture of the chondral fragment and for 8 months for the ligament reconstruction. He has been evaluated through functional scores and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Acute fixation through direct bone suturing of a purely chondral fragment can be considered in special situations.

RESUMO A fratura osteocondral após luxação aguda de patela em adolescentes é relativamente comum (até 60% dos casos de luxação patelar), porém pouco diagnosticada. Existem diversos tratamentos propostos para esse tipo de lesão, mas nenhum está bem definido na literatura. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, com diagnóstico de fratura osteocondral do côndilo femoral lateral, após luxação aguda da patela direita. Foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico da lesão condral, que consistiu em sutura do fragmento condral ao defeito da cartilagem e, em um segundo tempo, a reconstrução do ligamento patelotibial medial (LPTM) e reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM) com enxerto autólogo de flexores. Atualmente o paciente encontra-se com o seguimento de 16 meses de pós-operatório da sutura do fragmento condral e oito meses da reconstrução ligamentar, foi avaliado através de escores funcionais e ressonância magnética com mapeamento de T2. Em casos especiais, pode-se considerar o uso de fixação aguda por sutura óssea direta de um fragmento puramente condral.