Chemical constituents from fruits of Morinda citrifolia and their inhibitory effects on proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents from the fruits of Morinda citrifolia were systematically explored by chromatographic fractionation methods including silica gel, octadecylsilyl(ODS) gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(pre-HPLC). The chemical structures of all isolated compounds were identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties, spectroscopic analyses, as well as the comparisons of their physicochemical and spectroscopic data with the reported data in literature. As a result, 22 isolated compounds from the 90% ethanol extract of the fruits of M. citrifolia were identified, which were moricitritone(1), 2'-deoxythymidine(2), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr)(3), methyl-5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate(4), methyl pyroglutamate(5), bisbenzopyran(6), epipinoresinol(7), 3, 3'-bisdemethyl pinoresinol(8), 3, 3'-bisdemethyltanegool(9), trimesic acid(10), crypticin B(11), kojic acid(12), vanillic acid(13), protocatechoic acid(14), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(15), blumenol A(16), 1-O-(9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoyl) glycerol(17), mucic acid dimethylester(18), methyl 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylbenzoate(19), 2-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucoside(20), scopoletin(21), and quercetin(22). Among them, compound 1 was a new pyrone derivative, compounds 2, 4-7, 10-12, and 17 were isolated from the plants belonging to Morinda genus for the first time, and compound 18 was obtained from M. citrifolia for the first time. Moreover, on the basis of testing the activities of all isolated compounds on inhibiting the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts in vitro by MTS assay, the anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities of all isolated compounds were initially evaluated. The results showed that compounds 1-6, 9, 19, and 20 exhibited remarkable anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, which displayed the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of MH7A synovial fibroblast cells with the IC_(50) values in the range of(3.69±0.08) to(168.96±0.98) μmol·L~(-1).

In vivo antimalarial activity of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems containing ethanolic extract of Morinda lucida in combination with other Congolese plants extracts

Abstract Morinda lucida leaves are largely used by Congolese traditional healers for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. The antimalarial activity of their ethanolic extract has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. However, the development of relevant formulations for potential clinical application is hampered since the active ingredients contained in this extract exhibit poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Hence, this work aims not only to develop self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) for oral delivery of the ethanolic extract of Morinda lucida (ML) but also to evaluate its oral antimalarial activity alone and in combination with other Congolese ethanolic plant extracts (Alstonia congensis, Garcinia kola, Lantana camara, Morinda morindoides or Newbouldia laevis). Based on the solubility of these different extracts in various excipients, SNEDDS preconcentrates were prepared, and 200 mg/g of each plant extract were suspended in these formulations. The 4-day suppressive Peter's test revealed a significant parasite growth inhibiting effect for all the extract-based SNEDDS (from 55.0 to 82.4 %) at 200 mg/kg. These activities were higher than those of their corresponding ethanolic suspensions given orally at the same dose (p<0.05). The combination therapy of MLSNEDDS with other extract-based SNEDDS exhibited remarkable chemosuppression, ranging from 74.3 % to 95.8 % (for 100 + 100 mg/kg) and 86.7 % to 95.5 % (for 200 + 200 mg/kg/day). In regard to these findings, SNEDDS suspension may constitute a promising approach for oral delivery of ML alone or in combination with other antimalarial plants.

Efficacy and safety of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide capsules for depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide (MOO) capsules for depressive disorder. Methods: Eight electronic databases were searched for relevant studies from inception to April 19, 2020. Randomized controlled trials comparing MOO capsules with antidepressants were included. Data analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and the quality of the studies was evaluated by two researchers using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) software. Results: Seven studies involving 1,384 participants were included in this study. The effect of MOO capsules for moderate depressive disorder was not different from that of antidepressants (risk ratio [RR] = 0.99, 95%CI 0.92-1.06). Regarding adverse events, no significant difference was found between MOO capsules and antidepressants (RR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.65-1.07). In addition, the quality of evidence related to these adverse events was rated as low. Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that the efficacy of MOO capsules in the treatment of mild to moderate depression is not inferior to that of conventional antidepressants, which may provide a new direction for clinical alternative selection of antidepressants. However, more high-quality research and detailed assessments are needed.

Chemical constituents from Morinda citrifolia and their inhibitory activities on proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents from the stems and leaves of Morinda citrifolia were isolated and purified by column chromatography methods with silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis, as well as comparisons with the data reported in literature. 17 compounds were isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of M. citrifolia, and were identified as 9,10-dihydroxy-4, 7-megastigmadien-3-one(1), 5,12-epoxy-6,9-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-3-one(2), fukinone(3), β-eudesmol(4), sarmentol F(5), 4, 5-dihydroblumenol A(6), 3-hydroxy-β-ionone(7), aristol-8-en-1-one(8), ergosta-7-en-3β-ol(9), ergosta-7-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol(10),(22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol(11), olivil(12), 4-epi-larreatricin(13), chushizisin Ⅰ(14), rabdosia acid A(15), glycerol monolinoleate(16) and(9Z,12Z,15Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadeca-trienoate(17). All compounds were isolated from M. citrifolia for the first time. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities via examining their inhibitory activities on the proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro using MTS met-hod. Compounds 1-11 showed significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, displaying the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of MH7 A synovial fibroblast cell with the IC_(50) values ranging from(38.69±0.86) to(203.45±1.03) μmol·L~(-1).

Literature research and discussion of Chinese medicinal properties of Morinda citrifolia / 中国中药杂志

Noni is a dry and mature fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is widely distributed in the islands in the southern Pacific Ocean and the Indochina Peninsula in Asia. It is edible and has been used as a natural medicine for thousands of years. At present, Noni has been legally introduced into China, but there is no clear standard of traditional Chinese medicine properties and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine, which greatly limits the application of compatibility with traditional Chinese medicine in China. This article appllied our pioneering modern research technology of new herbal medicine outside of China, theoretically studied the traditional Chinese medicine properties of Noni, and scientifically guided the reasonable compatibility and application of Noni with traditional Chinese medicine. The Web of Science and PubMed databases were selected to access the literatures on Noni. The retrieval time was August 1, 2018, with Noni or Morinda citrifolia as the search term. A total of 862 articles were retrieved. By reading the titles and abstracts of the articles, in addition to repetitive and irrelevant literature, 251 scientific research literatures with reasonable design and high credibility were selected, including 25 clinical trials, 94 pharmacological experiments, and 51 chemical composition literatures. Through analysis of scientific research literatures, led by clinical experiments, supported by pharmacological experiments, combined with the research progress of chemical components, the medicinal properties were studied under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. The Chinese medicine property of Noni is flat, with acid and sweet flavor.The channel tropisms of Noni included kidney, liver and spleen. The function of Noni included tonifying kindey and liver, strengthening tendon and bone, yiqi yangyin. The clinical application of Noni is used for liver and kidney deficiency, waist and knee weakness, weak muscles and bones; Qi and Yin deficiency, tiredness and thirst. Taken as fruit pulp or dry powder, the equivalent of dried product is 1-4 g. Noni is also distributed in Taiwan, Hainan in China. Hainan, Yunnan have been cultivated and introduced. Give Noni a clear Chinese medicine property, and lay a theoretical foundation for the compatibility of Noni with traditional Chinese medicine, which can enrich the Chinese medicine resources and promote the development of Chinese medicine.

Current Situation of Home Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients in Korea

The Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Does Not Affect the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Prostate Cancer Patients: a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Avaliação físico-química do iogurte de leite de cabra com adição das geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda cintrifola L. ) / Physical-chemical evaluation of yoghurt of goat milk with addition of pineapple (Ananas comusus) and noni (Morinda cintrifola L. ) jellies

Objetivou-se elaborar iogurte de leite de cabra com adição das geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) e avaliar a composição físico-química do produto. Foram preparados cinco tratamentos do iogurte de leite de cabra, adicionados com diferentes concentrações das geleias de abacaxi e noni (0, 0,5, 1,25, 2,5 e 5%) e analisados em triplicata as composições físico-química quanto: acidez titulavel, gordura, pH, cinzas, umidade e lactose. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística de variância (ANOVA) seguido do teste de Tukey a nível de 5% para comparação das médias. Apenas a amostra com 5% das geleias de abacaxi e noni apresentou diferença estatística (p<0,05) na variável gordura, porém assim como os demais parâmetros estavam dentro das normas da legislação estabelecida.

Elaboração e análise microbiológica do iogurte de leite de cabra saborizado com as geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda citrifolia L) / Elaboration and microbiological analysis of yoghurt of goat milk with food of pineapple jellies (Ananas comosus) and noni (Morinda citrifolia L)

A elaboração de produtos lácteos fermentados merece atenção redobrada pelos fabricantes, pois os produtos que não estiverem de acordo com os padrões de legislação estabelecidos podem gerar sérios problemas a saúde do consumidor. Objetivou-se elaborar iogurte de leite de cabra saborizado com diferentes concentrações das geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) (0, 0,5, 1,25, 2,5 e 5%) e avaliar as qualidades microbiológicas do produto final. Foram fabricados cinco tratamentos de iogurte e em seguida realizado as análises para: Coliformes a 45°C, Salmonellassp., Contagem de mesófilos, psicrotróficos e estafilococos coagulase positiva. Os resultados apresentados mostraram que todas as elaborações encontravam-se de acordo com o padrão microbiológico estabelecido, mostrando que os produtos estavam aptos para consumo.

Análise sensorial do iogurte de leite de cabra elaborado com geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda cintrifola L) / Sensory analysis of yoghurt of goat milk prepared with pineapple (Ananas comosus) and noni (Morinda cintrifola L) jellies

Objetivou-se elaborar e avaliar a qualidade sensorial do iogurte de leite de cabra com adição de diferentes concentrações das geleias de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). Foram elaborados cinco tratamentos de iogurte de leite de cabra com diferentes concentrações das geleias de abacaxi e noni (0, 0,5, 1,25, 2,5 e 5%) e em seguida 20 provadores treinados realizaram testes sensoriais, como: Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ), teste de intenção de compra e aceitação. Todos os atributos sensoriais apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) pelo teste Tukey na ADQ, e no teste Nemenyi para aceitação e intenção de compra. As amostras com maiores concentrações das geleias de abacaxi e noni, conseguiram mascarar o odor e sabor do leite de cabra, obtendo uma boa aceitação e intenção de compra pelos provadores.

Chemical constituents from fermented Noni juice / 中国中药杂志

The present work was launched to study the chemical constituents from fermented Noni juice. Ten compounds were isolated by using silicagel,Sephadex LH-20 and pre-HPLC. The structures of these compounds were identified by 1D and 2D NMR. Their structures were established as norimester( 1),cyclo( R-Pro-S-Phe)( 2),cyclo-( L-Pro-L-Leu)( 3),trans-cyclo-( D-tryptophanyl-Ltyrosyl)( 4),cyclo( L-Trp-N-methyl-L-Ala-)( 5),4-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl 1-O-β-D-apiosyl-( 1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 6),2-methoxy-4-vinylphenyl β-D-apiofuranosyl-( 1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 7),( +)-lirioresinol A( 8),( ±)-syringaresinol( 9),and2-formyl-1 H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid( 10). All compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compound 1 was a new compound. All compounds were isolated from fermented Noni juice for the first time. Compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase [IC50 value of( 4. 22±0. 03) μmol·L-1].

Epidemiologic characteristics of bicycle injury and helmet use

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the epidemiological characteristics of bicycle injuries and the wearing of a helmet. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using the emergency department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance data from 2013 to 2016. The study population consisted of patients related to bicycles of all ages. The variables associated with helmet wearing were sex, age, type of location, activity at injury, alcohol use at injury, and time of injury. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risks of nonuse of helmets. RESULTS: Among the 31,923 eligible patients, 3,304 patients (10.3%) were wearing helmets at the time of the injury. The adjusted logistic regression model showed that females (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.675; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.614–0.742), teenagers (aOR, 0.265; 95% CI, 0.232–0.302), old age (aOR, 0.378; 95% CI, 0.326–0.438), road except for bicycle lanes (aOR, 0.510; 95% CI, 0.467-0.557), leisure (aOR, 0.290; 95% CI, 0.252–0.334) or vital activity (aOR, 0.188; 95% CI, 0.162–0.218) at injury, alcohol use at injury (aOR, 0.329; 95% CI, 0.253–0.427), night time (aOR, 0.609; 95% CI, 0.560–0.663), and winter (aOR 0.734; 95% CI 0.619–0.872) were significantly associated with the nonuse of helmets. CONCLUSION: This study identified the factors associated with helmet use during bicycle riding. Strategies aimed at increasing the use of bicycle helmets targeting the risk population are needed.

Optimization of noni callus induction and establishment of callus suspension system / 生物工程学报

The aim of the study was to obtain the secondary metabolites in the stem segment of noni and to establish genetic transformation system. The stem segments (no axillary buds) of noni were used as explants to induce the callus, and then to establish the cell suspension system. The factors affecting callus induction and cell suspension were studied. The results showed that the optimal culture medium for induction was MS with 1.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the optimum culture medium for suspension was MS with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 3% sucrose and the pH of 5.85, with the initial inoculation amount of 37.5 g/L, and the speed of 110 r/min and 25±2 °C applying darkness culture. The suspension cells grew well and showed the maximum growth rate. The growth curve of the suspension cells from the stem segment of noni was in "S-typed" trend, and it should be transformed to the fresh medium between 12 and 20 d. During the culture, the pH of the culture medium decreased and then slowly increased, and the optimum pH for the suspension cells culture of callus from noni's stem segments was 4.5-5.0. In this study, the stable cell suspension system of the stem segment of noni was successfully established.

Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Basal Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exhibiting Inadequate Response to Metformin and DPP-4 Inhibitors with or without Sulfonylurea

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a single-arm, multicenter, 24-week, open-label, phase 4 study in patients with inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥7.5%) T2DM despite the use of DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. A total of 108 patients received insulin glargine while continuing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving HbA1c ≤7.0%. Other glycemic profiles were also evaluated, and the safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The median HbA1c at baseline (8.9%; range, 7.5% to 11.1%) decreased to 7.6% (5.5% to 11.7%) at 24 weeks. Overall, 31.7% subjects (n=33) achieved the target HbA1c level of ≤7.0%. The mean differences in body weight and fasting plasma glucose were 1.2±3.4 kg and 56.0±49.8 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycemia was reported in 36 subjects (33.3%, 112 episodes), all of which were fully recovered. There was no serious AE attributed to insulin glargine. Body weight change was significantly different between SU users and nonusers (1.5±2.5 kg vs. −0.9±6.0 kg, P=0.011). CONCLUSION: The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs.

Proton pump inhibitor intake negatively affects the osseointegration of dental implants: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the association between the systemic intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and the early failure of dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study involving 1,918 dental implants in 592 patients (69 implants in 24 PPI users and 1,849 implants in 568 nonusers, respectively) was conducted. The effect of PPI intake on the osseointegration of dental implants was evaluated using patient- and implant-level models. RESULTS: Among 24 PPI users, two patients experienced implant failure, one of whom had three and the other of whom had one failed implant, respectively. Thus, the rate of failure for this population was 8.3%. Separately, 11 nonusers each experienced one implant failure, and the failure rate for these patients was 1.9%. Fisher's exact test revealed statistically significant differences between PPI users and nonusers at the implant level (P=0.002) but failed to show any significance at the patient level (P=0.094). The odds of implant failure were 4.60 times greater among PPI users versus nonusers. Dental implants that were placed in patients using PPIs were found to be 4.30 times more likely to fail prior to loading. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that PPI intake may be associated with an increased risk of early dental implant failure.

Antimicrobial efficacy of novel ethanolic extract of morinda citrifolia against enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods - an invitro study / Eficácia de um novo antimicrobiano etanólico de extrato de Moringa citrifolia contra Enterococcus Faecalis por meio dos métodos de difusão em ágar e de diluição em caldo ­ um estudo in vitro

Objective: The long-term success of root canal treatment is ultimately related to the effective debridement and disinfection of the root canal system. Hence, the irrigants play an important role in achieving the good penetrability and bactericidal activity. The present study was mainly aimed at evaluating the invitro antimicrobial efficacy of Novel Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Material and methods: The antibacterial effect of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia was investigated against Enterococcus Faecalis (E. Faecalis). Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) Results: The MIC of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia extract was found to be 12.5 mg/ml and the MBC was found to be 25 mg/ml Conclusion: Novel Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia possess antimicrobial activity against E.Faecalis. But still, future studies are needed. (AU)

Objetivo: O sucesso a longo prazo do tratamento de canais radiculares está intimamente relacionada com a efi cácia do debridamento e desinfecção do Sistema do canal radicular. Consequentemente, os irrigantes têm um importante papel na capacidade de penetração e atividade bactericida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a avaliação in vitro da efi cácia antimicrobiana do novo extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia por meio dos métodos de difusão em ágar ou de diluição em caldo. Material e métodos: O efeito antibacteriano do extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia foi investigado contra Enterococcus Faecalis (E. Faecalis). Os métodos de diluição em ágar e de diluição em caldo foram usados para determinar a concentração inibitória minima (MIC) e concentração bactericida minima (MBC). Resultados: O MIC do extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia foi obtido na concentração de 12.5mg/ml e a MBC foi de 25mg/ml Conclusão: O novo extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra E.Faecalis. Porém, futuros estudos são necessários. (AU)

Association of metformin and statin medications with surrogate measures of cardiovascular disease in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study

PURPOSE: Youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated if metformin or statin use was associated with surrogate measures of improved CVD. METHODS: We included participants from the SEARCH observational study. Participants treated with insulin plus metformin (n=42) or insulin plus statin (n=39) were matched with 84 and 78 participants, respectively, treated with insulin alone. Measures of arterial stiffness obtained were pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AI75), and heart rate variability as standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval (SDNN) and root mean square differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD).

Avaliação citotóxica, genotóxica e mutagênica do extrato de Morinda citrifolia em diferentes concentrações sobre o teste Allium Cepa / Cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic evaluation of Morinda citrifolia extract in different concentrations about the test Allium Cepa

Introdução: o uso de Morinda citrifolia (noni) realizado com várias finalidades, no entanto, sua eficácia ainda não é, plenamente, comprovada. Segundo a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (2007), as publicações científicas sobre o suco de noni têm trazido muita controvérsia sobre sua segurança como alimento. Objetivos: o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar quais concentrações de Morinda citrifolia não apresentam efeitos citotóxicos, genotóxicos e mutagênicos, possibilitando seu uso em futuras formas farmacêuticas. Metodologia: os frutos foram picados e desidratados em estufa. Em seguida o material foi pulverizado, obtendo-se o extrato seco. Foram utilizados bulbos de Alium cepa para testar as seguintes concentrações: controle negativo (água filtrada), 1 mg/mL (Tratamento 1), 1,5 mg/mL (Tratamento 2), 2 mg/mL (Tratamento 3), controle positivo (paracetamol 90 mg/mL). Resultados: os resultados encontrados na análise dos dados do extrato aquoso, demonstram que as três concentrações testadas de Morinda citrifolia apresenta atividade tóxica pela inibição do comprimento e pela diminuição do ciclo celular das raízes. Além disso, a Morinda citrifolia apresenta atividade citotóxica, devido à redução do índice mitótico, em todas as concentrações analisadas. Bem como, apresenta atividade genotóxica, nas duas maiores concentrações do extrato (1,5 mg/mL e 2,0 mg/mL). Conclusão: o presente estudo demonstrou que os extratos de Morinda citrifolia apresenta atividade citotóxica e genotóxica em todas as concentrações analisadas. É necessário realizar outros trabalhos para a avaliação da Morinda citrifolia em concentrações menores, para assim se estabelecer quais são as concentrações seguras de utilização do suco desse fruto

Toxicidad oral aguda de los extractos etanólicos de Eucalyptus globulus, Morinda citrifolia, Peperomia glauca, Schinus molle y Zea mays en ratones BALB/c 53 / Acute oral toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus, Morinda citrifolia, Peperomia glauca, Schinus molle and Zea mays ethanolic extracts on BALB/c 53 mice

Objetivo. Evaluar la toxicidad aguda de los extractos etanólicos del Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalipto), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Peperomia glauca (pino) (congona), Schinus molle L. (molle) y Zea mays L. (Maíz morado) en ratones Balb/c 53. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 60 ratones machos divididos en seis grupos (eucalipto, noni, congona, molle, maíz morado y control). Los grupos tratados recibieron por vía oral una dosis única de 2000 mg/kg de los extractos etanólicos, y el grupo control recibió polisorbato 2 mL/kg al 3%. Se evaluó ganancia de peso, valores hematológicos (hematocrito, eritrocitos, hemograma, leucocitos, plaquetas), bioquímica sérica (úrea, creatinina, ALT, proteínas totales, albumina, globulinas), histopatología hepática y renal. Resultados. Se observó signos de inquietud, excitación y aparente fotosensibilidad en el grupo eucalipto, por una hora. Se encontró leucopenia en grupos congona, molle, eucalipto y maíz morado; trombocitopenia en grupos eucalipto y molle, y elevación del ALT en los grupos congona y eucalipto, en comparación con los valores del grupo control. La ganancia de peso, los demás valores hematológicos, así como la bioquímica renal y hepática en los otros grupos no fueron significativos. Conclusiones. En las condiciones experimentales no se observó signos de toxicidad ni mortalidad en el ensayo; la DL50 de los extractos etanólicos estaría sobre los 2000 mg/kg.

Objective. This study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Eucalipto), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Peperomia glauca (pino) (Congona), Schinus molle L. (molle) y Zea mays L. (maíz morado) in Balb/c mice. Materials and methods. Sixty male mice were divided into 6 groups (Eucalipto, Noni, Congona, Molle, Maíz morado and Control) of 10 each were used. The guide for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 423) was followed for the study. The treated group received for gavage a single dose at 2000 mg/kg and the control group received polysorbate at 2 mL/kg at 3%. Weight gain, hematological values (hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemogram, leukocytes, platelets), serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, ALT, total proteins, albumin, globulins), hepatic and renal histopathology were performed. Results. No signs of mortality and morbidity were observed as a consequence of the administration of the extracts, except for the Eucalipto group, which presented restlessness, excitation and apparent photosensitivity for one hour. There was leukopenia in Congona, Molle, Eucalipto and Maíz morado groups; thrombocytopenia in groups Eucalipto and Molle; and elevations of ALT in Congona and Eucalipto groups in comparison than the values from control group. Weight gain and other hematological values, as well as renal and hepatic biochemistry in the other groups were not significant. Conclusions. Under experimental conditions no signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in the trial; the LD50 of the ethanolic extracts would be above 2000 mg/kg.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit juice delays immunosenescence in the lymphocytes in lymph nodes of old F344 rats / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Aging is associated with the development of diseases because of immunosuppression and altered functioning of the neuroendocrine system. The medicinal properties of Morinda citrifolia L. have been widely exploited for the treatment of age-associated diseases. This study aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of noni (M. citrifolia) fruit juice (NFJ) on neuro-immunomodulation in the lymph node lymphocytes of F344 rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Lymphocytes isolated from axillary and inguinal lymph nodes of young (3-4 months) and old (18-21 months) rats were treated in vitro with different concentrations (0.0001%, 0.01%, and 1%) of NFJ for a period of 24 h. In the in vivo study, old (16-17 months) male F344 rats were treated with 5 mL/kg body weight of 5%, 10% and 20% of NFJ, twice a day, by oral gavage, and lymph node lymphocytes were isolated after 60 d. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production and expression of intracellular markers, such as phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2), phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein, phospho-protein kinase B (p-Akt), phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase (p-TH), phospho-nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-α (p-IκB-α) and phospho-nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB p65 and p50) were examined in the lymphocytes of lymph nodes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>NFJ increased Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-γ production, and p-ERK1/2 expression both in vitro and in vivo. In in vivo NFJ-treated old rats, lymph node lymphocytes showed increased expression of p-TH and Akt, nitric oxide production and decreased expression of p-NF-κB p65 and p50.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggest that the immunostimulatory properties of NFJ are facilitated through intracellular signaling pathways involving ERK1/2, Akt and NF-κB.</p>