Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/induzido quimicamente , Cocaína Crack/efeitos adversos , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/induzido quimicamente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Ecocardiografia , Radiografia Torácica , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/patologia , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/diagnóstico por imagem , Evolução Fatal , Átrios do Coração/patologia , Átrios do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência Cardíaca/patologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Ventrículos do Coração/patologia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
El Metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) o éxtasis, es una droga sintética que fue accidentalmente aislada en 1914, sin encontrarse en ella una utilidad médica. La OMS la considera una droga psicotrópica y es ilegal en diversos países, incluyendo a Chile. De acuerdo al Estudio Global de Drogas Sintéticas, el consumo de éxtasis ha aumentado considerablemente en Latinoamérica entre el 2008 y 2014, estudios en Chile la muestran con una "nueva droga" cuyo consumo está aumentando en personas de 1925 años de edad. El concepto de bruxismo en odontología ha cambiado con el paso del tiempo. Actualmente se reconoce su naturaleza multifactorial, en dónde los factores centrales (patofisiología) juegan un rol principal. Diversos autores han reportado bruxismo como un efecto secundario al consumo recreacional de éxtasis, con frecuencias que van entre el 50 a 89%. Esto puede explicarse debido al efecto de desbalance a nivel de las vías serotoninérgicas y/o domaminérgicas que produce el MDMA, tal como parece ocurrir en el bruxismo. Debido a que la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODOC) advierte del aumento progresivo y significativo del consumo de éxtasis en la población joven chilena, es importante conocer las implicancias orales con la finalidad de lograr un mejor manejo odontológico, siendo necesarios mayores estudios para determinar la real asociación entre el consumo de éxtasis recreacional y bruxismo secundario.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or Ecstasy is a synthetic drug accidentally isolated in 1914, finding in it no specific medical use. The WHO considers it as a psychotropic drug and it is illegal in several countries, including Chile. According to the Global Synthetic Drugs Assessment, the use of ecstasy has increased steadily in Latin-America between the years 2008 and 2012, and studies in Chile show ecstasy as a "new drug", with an increased consumption in the 19-25 year-old age group. The concept of bruxism in dentistry has changed over time, moving to a multifactorial etiology where central factors, such as pathophysiology have a major role. Several authors report bruxism as a side effect of ecstasy consumption, at a rate of between 50 and 89%. This can be explained by the fact that MDMA acts centrally inducing imbalance at the level of serotonergic and/or dopaminergic pathways, as it occurs in bruxism. Since the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime warns of a significant and progressive increase in the consumption of recreational ecstasy in young Chilean adult population, it is important to know there are oral implications in order to have better dental management, and further studies are necessary in order to determine an actual association between ecstasy consumption and secondary bruxism.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Bruxismo/induzido quimicamente , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Recreação , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Ecstasy, also known as 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], is a psychoactive recreational hallucinogenic substance and a major worldwide recreational drug. There are neurotoxic effects observed in laboratory animals and humans following MDMA use. MDMA causes apoptosis in neurons of the central nervous system [CNS]. Withdrawal signs are attenuated by treatment with the adenosine receptor [A2A receptor]. This study reports the effects of glutamyl cysteine synthetase [GCS], as an A2A receptor agonist, and succinylcholine [SCH], as an A2A receptor antagonist, on Sprague Dawley rats, both in the presence and absence of MDMA. In this experimental study, we used seven groups of Sprague Dawley rats [200-250 g each]. Each group was treated with daily intraperitoneal [IP] injections for a period of one week, as follows: i. MDMA [10 mg/kg]; ii. GCS [0.3 mg/kg]; iii. SCH [0.3 mg/kg]; iv. GCS + SCH [0.3 mg/kg each]; v. MDMA [10 mg/kg] + GCS [0.3 mg/kg]; vi. MDMA [10 mg/kg] + SCH [0.3 mg/kg]; and vi. normal saline [1 cc/kg] as the sham group. Bax [apoptotic protein] and Bcl-2 [anti-apoptotic protein] expressions were evaluated by striatum using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. There was a significant increase in Bax protein expression in the MDMA+SCH group and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression in the MDMA+SCH group [p<0.05]. A2A receptors have a role in the apoptotic effects of MDMA via the Bax and Bcl-2 pathways. An agonist of this receptor [GCS] decreases the cytotoxcity of MDMA, while the antagonist of this receptor [SCH] increases its cytotoxcity
Assuntos
Animais de Laboratório , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Receptores Purinérgicos P1 , Agonistas do Receptor A2 de Adenosina , Antagonistas do Receptor A2 de Adenosina , Proteína de Suscetibilidade a Apoptose Celular , Receptores A2 de AdenosinaRESUMO
'Club drugs’ which include Ecstasy, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine, and Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) have become popular with participants in ‘raves’, because they are perceived to enhance energy, endurance, sociability and sexual arousal. These drugs vary in their pharmacologic properties, physiological and psychological effects, and potential consequences. The use of club drugs by young people has increased in the last decade, and continue to get modified and evolve, making them very difficult to monitor. Further, these drugs are not picked up by routine drugs screening procedures, thereby making these popular with the criminals. India, which is in a phase of social transition, also faces this rising menace. Despite the nature and extent of this problem, this area has been under-researched. Data from India are sparse barring a few newspaper and police reports. Keeping abreast of current trends in club drug use prepares the clinician to recognize the clinical effects of club drug use, to manage club drug related emergencies, and to generate social awareness.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Dissociativos/efeitos adversos , Ansiolíticos/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Flunitrazepam/efeitos adversos , Alucinógenos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Índia , Ketamina/efeitos adversos , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Psicotrópicos/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Social , Drogas Ilícitas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
To investigate knowledge, attitude, and practice [KAP] of Iranian adolescent girls towards 3-4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA [Ecstasy]]. A cross-sectional design study was conducted on female adolescents in Tehran high schools. The study took place in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in October to December 2008. A randomized cluster sample of adolescent girls from 14-18 years old, and enrolled in 57 public high schools of Tehran were selected. A written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. In order to assess the participants' demographic characteristics, and KAP towards Ecstasy, a 61-item, researcher-made, valid, and reliable questionnaire was completed anonymously by all participants at schools. The questionnaire included 4 main domains assessing adolescents': 1. Demographic characteristics [14 items], 2. Knowledge [10 items] 3. Attitude [24 items], and 4. Practice [13 items] toward Ecstasy. Results were considered significant at p = 0.05. A total of 4116 adolescents participated in the study. A high proportion of respondents had little knowledge [70%], positive attitude [80%], and moderate practice [60.4%] towards Ecstasy. In addition, findings revealed a significant relationship between knowledge-attitude and attitude-practice with respect to Ecstasy use [Spearman correlation coefficient, r[s]=0.760,p=0.003]. Considering adolescents' improper KAP toward Ecstasy, it is obvious that there is a need for appropriate educational interventions to inform adolescent girls regarding the harmful effects of Ecstasy
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Alucinógenos , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , ConscientizaçãoRESUMO
3-4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA] causes apoptosis in nervous system and several studies suggest that oxidative stress contributes to MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of N-acetyl-L-Cystein [NAC] as an antioxidant on MDMA-induced apoptosis. 21 Sprague dawley male rats [200-250mg] were treated with MDMA [2x0,5mg/kg] or MDMA plus NAC [100mg/kg IP for 7 day]. After last administration of MDMA, rats were killed, cerebellum was removed and Bax and Bcl-2 expression was assessed by western blotting method. The results of this study showed that MDMA causes up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and NAC administration attenuated MDMA-induced apoptosis. The present study suggests that NAC treatment may improve MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais de Laboratório , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/prevenção & controle , Cerebelo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Estresse Oxidativo , Antioxidantes , Apoptose , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Ecstasy and crystal are recently new most widely abused illegal drugs in Iran. Ecstasy/MDMA abuse may cause acute complications that have fatal consequences. Pt 1: A 26 year old who referred to emergency room due to acute paraplegia and finally died with cardiac arrest. Pt 2: A 45 year old woman who came with seizure disorder and unconsciousness. Finally she died due to cardiac arrest. Pt 3: A 32 year old man was admitted due to acute flaccid paraplegia. He had diffused skin rash due to vasculitis. The patient died despite of supportive cares. Pt 4: A 23 year old man who referred to neurological ward because of generalized tonic-clonic seizures following Crystal and Ecstasy abuse. The patient was discharged after 4 days with good general conditions. Unfortunately recently, the rate of Ecstasy and Crystal drugs abusers in Iran have increased. This paper notify about the neurological side effects of these drugs
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Manifestações Neurológicas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
Ecstasy drug abuse is relatively common among the youth undergoing psychosocial stresses. Categorized as a stimulant drug, ecstasy has nervous, cardiac and immunological side-effects. The endocrine system is not spared from the harmful effects of the drug and it could influence ovulation by exerting its effects on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ecstasy on the quality of oocytes and on fertilization rate in mice. Thirty female NMRI mice were divided into three groups, after checking for their estrous cycles. At the beginning of each cycle, ecstasy was administered intraperitoneally to the animals in groups A [a minimum dose of 5 mg/kg/day] and B [a maximum dose of 20 mg/kg/day]. At the end of the second day, 10 IU PMSG, and at the end of the 4th day, 10 IU HCG were administered intra-peritoneally. The mice in group C underwent the same procedures except receiving ecstasy. All the mice were sacrificed on the fifth day to aspirate their oocytes for further evaluation. In-vitro fertilization was done using mature or MII oocytes and fertilization was checked after 5 hours. The results were later statistically analyzed. The number of retrieved oocytes was similar between the experimental and control groups. However, the rate of mature oocytes [MII] was significantly higher [p=0.0001] in the controls [31.2%] than the mice in groups A [15.2%] and B [12.8%]. Moreover, fertilization rate was significantly higher in the controls than the experi-mental groups. Administration of Ecstasy in mice can affect both oocyte maturity and the fertilization potential of oocytes. The overall effects of ecstasy on embryo development and implantation needs further studies to reach a definitive conclusion
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais de Laboratório , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Fertilização/efeitos dos fármacos , CamundongosRESUMO
This study evaluated the knowledge and attitude of Tehran northwestern young population toward ecstasy use and its consequences. In this descriptive, analytical-crossectional study, 400 young [247males, 153 females] persons residing in northwestern districts of Tehran were assessed by a demographic and knowledge, attitude and behavior questionnaire. They were selected via the multi-stage random sampling. The data were analyzed through the descriptive statistic methods and x [2]. 41% of samples had good knowledge, 50%had moderate knowledge and 9% had low knowledge. 32%saples had good attitude, 44% had moderate attitude and 24% had bad attitude 26%of respondents have reported that they have used the ecstasy tablets. One important finding is that 31%of ecstasy user are also addicted to other kinds of narcotics. 44.9%of males and 35.3%of females were moderately aware of the dangerous outcomes of the ecstasy use.25.9%of males and 20.3%femles regarded the ecstasy use a bad and dangerous act. In this study there was a significant relationship between attitude and gender [p=0.035].also there was a significant relationship between ecstasy use and gender [p<0.001] and a notable relationship between ecstasy use and education [p=0.008] A considerable percent of respondents was not aware of the dangerous outcomes of the ecstasy and not show the expected negative attitude toward this drug and a vast percentage of them had used the drug
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Comportamento , Atitude , Demografia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , AdolescenteRESUMO
The occurrence of severe hyponatremia is an unusual complication in patients with a mild head injury. Between December 2001 and January 2003, 1147 patients with a mild head injury were reviewed Only patients who presented with deterioration of consciousness or seizure due to hyponatremia, confirmed by serum investigation, were further evaluated, presenting features and clinical courses. The results revealed only 3 patients developed severe hyponatremia following a mild head injury. Surprisingly, all of them had a recent history of ecstasy (MDMA) use, as well as hyponatremia which didn't develop until the episode of a mild head injury. In the present report, the associated mechanisms of both conditions of severe hyponatremia are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Assuntos
Adulto , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Alucinógenos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hiponatremia/etiologia , Masculino , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
This review focuses on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, an illegal drug known as "ecstasy." Ecstasy was introduced in Brazil in 1994. Data are lacking on the epidemiology and usage pattern of the drug in Brazil. However, there is evidence that until now the use of ecstasy has been limited to middle-class or upper-middle-class youth, so that most people, including health care professionals, are unfamiliar with the drug. However, ecstasy may be becoming more popular in Brazil, following a pattern seen in North America and Europe. Possibly contributing to the drug's popularity is the fact that ecstasy is sold as a pill and is thus extremely easy to use. Ecstasy has a reputation for not being physically dangerous; however, there are many reports of adverse reactions associated with the drug. In addition, it is known that not all pills sold as ecstasy actually contain methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Since there is no quality control for the pills' contents, users never know exactly what they are taking. Thus, although users may perceive the effects of the drug as mostly positive, ecstasy is potentially dangerous. Primary and secondary interventions are needed to prevent the use of ecstasy and the occurrence of adverse reactions. To be effective, these measures must take into consideration the characteristics of the user population and the usage patterns. It is also essential to prepare health professionals for emergency medical interventions in cases of intoxication and complications resulting from the use of ecstasy
A presente revisão enfoca a 3-4 metilenodioximetanfetamina, droga ilegal conhecida como "êxtase". O êxtase foi introduzido no Brasil em 1994. Embora faltem dados sobre a epidemiologia e sobre os padrões de uso do êxtase no Brasil, há indicações de que o consumo seja, até o momento, restrito a jovens da classe alta ou média alta e desconhecido para a maioria da população, inclusive para profissionais da saúde. Contudo, é possível que ocorra uma popularização dessa droga no Brasil, seguindo a tendência norte-americana e europeia. A facilidade de consumo do êxtase em forma de pílulas pode ser um fator importante para sua popularização. O êxtase tem reputação de não apresentar perigo físico; contudo, há inúmeros relatos de reações adversas e mortes relacionadas à sua ingestão. Além disso, sabe-se que nem todos os comprimidos consumidos como êxtase necessariamente contém metilenodioximetanfetamina. Diante da ausência de controle farmacêutico, nenhum consumidor sabe exatamente o que está ingerindo. Assim, embora os efeitos do êxtase sejam percebidos como predominantemente positivos pelos usuários, a droga é potencialmente perigosa. Por essa razão, são necessárias intervenções de caráter primário e secundário para prevenir o uso de êxtase e a ocorrência de reações adversas. Para serem efetivas, tais ações devem levar em conta as características da população consumidora e seu padrão de consumo. Também é fundamental a capacitação de profissionais de saúde para intervenções médicas de emergência em casos de intoxicação e complicações resultantes do uso da droga.
Assuntos
N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/história , BrasilRESUMO
Neste estudo, fez-se uma revisäo bibliográfica sobre a 3,4-metilenodioximetan-fetamina (MDMA), mais conhecida como "êxtase", uma droga em expansäo de abuso entre os jovens. Descreve-se o histórico, desde sua síntese até seu uso inicial como auxiliar em psicoterapia e, mais recentemente, como droga de abuso. Apresenta-se o perfil de uso em outros países, tentando prever o possível padräo de uso no Brasil, onde já se iniciou o abuso. O detalhamento sobre a farmacocinética da MDMA visa a justificar as conseqüências sobre a atividade farmacológica e toxicológica. Resumen-se as manifestaçöes clínicas de toxicidade a curto e a médio prazo, descrevendo-se os efeitos na intoxicaçäo grave com o "êxtase". Säo apresentados os estudos dos mecanismos de açäo no sentido de justificar seus efeitos tóxicos psíquicos e físicos, detalhar os mecanismos pelos quais a droga é auto-administrada e as possibilidades terapêuticas para reverter os efeitos
Assuntos
Autoadministração , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Drogas IlícitasRESUMO
O uso recreacional da MDMA ou, como tem sido popularmente chamado, êxtase, tem sido identificado em vários dos pacientes que buscam tratamento para dependências de drogas nas clínicas de Säo paulo. Embora a MDMA näo seja uma nova droga, pois foi sintetizada no começo do século, a maioria dos profissionais de saúde näo tem conhecimento de seus efeitos físicos e psíquicos e das possíveis complicaçöes que podem ocorrer com seu uso. O objetivo desta revisäo é: 1) traçar um histórico da MDMA desde a sua síntese até seu uso recente como droga de abuso em vários países; 2) discutir seus principais efeitos químicos e toxicológicos; 3) apresentar os possíveis efeitos adversos da MDMA em humanos; 4) discutir o perfil de uso em outros países e seus possíveis padröes em nosso meio. Foi feita revisäo de literatura baseada no MEDLINE no período de 1985 a 1995