Evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal en Chile: un estudio de 25 años (1997-2022) / Colorectal cancer mortality evolution in Chile: a 25 years study (1997-2022)

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es un problema de salud prevalente y significativo a nivel mundial, especialmente en países desarrollados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la tasa de mortalidad por CCR en Chile en los últimos 25 años. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo ecológico utilizando datos públicos de mortalidad desde 1997 hasta 2022, que incluyeron un total de 50.944 defunciones. Los resultados revelaron que el cáncer de colon representó la mayoría de los casos (72,15%) donde el colon sigmoide fue el sitio más afectado. La tasa de mortalidad promedio fue de 11,19 por cada 100.000 habitantes, mostrando un aumento significativo a lo largo del tiempo. El análisis por edad indicó una mayor carga de mortalidad en individuos de 75 a 90 años. Se observó disparidades de género, con predominio de muertes femeninas hasta el año 2019. El análisis de la tasa ajustada por región reveló diferencias no significativas en las tasas de mortalidad, siendo Valparaíso y Magallanes y Antártica Chilena las regiones con tasas más altas para el cáncer de colon y el cáncer de recto, respectivamente. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a nuestra comprensión de la epidemiología del CCR en Chile y enfatizan la necesidad de intervenciones específicas en prevención primaria y screening para reducir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and significant health problem worldwide, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CRC mortality rate in Chile in the last 25 years. An ecological descriptive study was carried out using public mortality data from 1997 to 2022, which included a total of 50,944 deaths. The results revealed that colon cancer represented the majority of cases (72.15%) where the sigmoid colon was the most affected site. The average mortality rate was 11.19 per 100,000 individuals, showing a significant increase over time. The analysis by age showed a greater burden of mortality in individuals from 75 to 90 years. Gender disparities were observed, with a predominance of female deaths until 2019. The analysis of the rate configured by region revealed non-significant differences in mortality rates, with Valparaíso and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena being the regions with the highest rates for colon and rectal cancer, respectively. These findings contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of CRC in Chile and emphasize the need for specific interventions in primary prevention and screening to reduce mortality from this disease.

Abordaje abierto versus laparoscópico para la reconstitución del tránsito luego de la cirugía de Hartmann: resultados de una experiencia de 10 años / Open versus laparoscopic approach for Hartmann's reversal: results of a 10-year retrospective cohort study

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados perioperatorios del abordaje abierto (AA) con el abordaje laparoscópico (AL) para la reconstitución de tránsito (RT), y determinar factores de riesgo asociados a morbilidad posoperatoria. Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes consecutivos sometidos a RT entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2016 en nuestro centro. Se excluyeron aquellos con grandes hernias incisionales que requirieran reparación abierta simultánea. Se consignaron variables demográficas y perioperatorias, y se compararon ambos grupos. Además, se realizó una regresión logística para la identificación de factores de riesgo asociados a morbilidad posoperatoria en la serie. Resultados: Se realizaron 101 RT en el período. Se excluyeron 14 casos por hernia incisional, por lo que se analizaron 87 casos (46 AA y 41 AL). Diez pacientes en el grupo AL (24,4%) requirieron conversión, principalmente por adherencias. La morbilidad total de la serie fue de 36,8%, siendo mayor en el AA (50% vs 21,9%, p = 0,007). Hubo una filtración anastomótica en cada grupo. La estadía posoperatoria fue de 5 (3-52) días para el AL y 7 (4-36) días para el AA (p < 0,001). En la regresión logística, sólo el AA fue un factor de riesgo independientemente asociado a morbilidad posoperatoria (OR 2,89, IC 95% 1,11-7,49; p = 0,029). Conclusión: El abordaje laparoscópico se asocia a menor morbilidad y estadía posoperatoria que el abordaje abierto para la reconstitución del tránsito pos-Hartmann. En nuestra serie, el abordaje abierto fue el único factor independientemente asociado a morbilidad posoperatoria.

Introduction: Hartmann's reversal (HR) is considered a technically demanding procedure and is associated with high morbidity rates. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the perioperative results of the open approach (OA) with the laparoscopic approach (LA) for HR, and to determine the risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity. Material and Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing HR between January 2007 and December 2016 at a university hospital were included. Patients with large incisional hernias that required an open approach a priori were excluded from the analysis. Demographic and perioperative variables were recorded. Analytical statistics were carried out to compare both groups, and a logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity in the series. Results: A hundred and one HR were performed during the study period. Fourteen cases were excluded due to large incisional hernias, so 87 cases (46 OA and 41 LA) were analyzed. Ten patients in the LA group (24.4%) required conversion, mainly due to adhesions. The total morbidity of the series was 36.8%, being higher in the OA group (50% vs. 21.9%, p = 0.007). There was one case of anastomotic leakage in each group. The length of stay was 5 (3-52) days for LA and 7 (4-36) days for OA (p < 0.001). In the logistic regression, the OA was the only independent risk factor associated with postoperative morbidity in HR (OR 2.89, IC 95% 1.11-7.49; p = 0.029). Conclusion: A laparoscopic approach is associated with less morbidity and a shorter length of stay compared to the open approach for Hartmann's reversal. An open approach was the only factor independently associated with postoperative morbidity in our series.

The possibility of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer through expression of Lncrna UCA1, Lncrna LINC00970, and Wnt genes; an in-vitro study

Colorectal cancer is the 4thcause of cancer death; with considering the growth process of this cancer and the necessity of early diagnosis, the purpose of the research is to state the LncRNA 00970, LncRNA UCAI,and the Wntgene before and after the treatment by 5-Azacytidine epigenetic medicine, to reach the biomarker in the very first steps of colorectal cancer. In this experiment, the human colon cancer cell line (HT29) treated with different concentrations of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) was utilized to induce DNA demethylation; Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure LncRNA UCA1and LncRNA LINC00970 and Wntexpression. There was a significant relationship between the expression of LncRNA 00970, LncRNA UCAI,and the Wntgene and its effects on colorectal (p < 0.05). The Wntgene was treated by 1 and 10 of 5-Azacytidine epigenetic medicine, which then experienced decreases. In LncRNA UCAI and LncRNA00970 in dose 1 micromolar of 5-Azacytidine had decrement and increment of expressionrespectively that explains their efficiency but in treatment by dose 10 mM of this medicine, no significant LncRNA expression difference was detected, 5-azacitidine has a direct impact on its target genes and LncRNAs.Therefore, it can be used in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Una mirada al cáncer colorrectal en Chile: aproximación individualizada de las cifras para el periodo 2016-2021 / A look at colorectal cancer in Chile: Individual approximation of the figures for the period 2016-2021

Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la tercera enfermedad maligna más frecuente en el mundo y suele estudiarse como un solo concepto, a pesar de las diferencias entre las neoplasias que lo conforman. Dada la falta de trabajos actualizados, se ha realizado esta revisión epidemiológica para aproximarse a su verdadera magnitud en la población chilena. Materiales y Métodos: Este estudio es de carácter observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo. Analizó las tasas de mortalidad a nivel nacional y regional entre 2016-2021 por cáncer de colon, unión rectosigmoidea y recto, utilizando datos de acceso público. Los criterios de inclusión consideraron todas las defunciones por las neoplasias mencionadas registradas en el DEIS, mientras que los criterios de exclusión corresponden a aquellas que por las mismas causas no fueron registradas o sucedieron fuera del período de estudio. No se requirió consentimiento informado ni revisión por parte de un comité de ética. Resultados: Se evidencia un aumento de las defunciones por cáncer de colon, principalmente en la zona centro-sur del país, sin una predilección significativa de género. Aunque la mortalidad por otras neoplasias estudiadas ha aumentado, no ha sido en igual cuantía. Discusión: La mortalidad por cáncer de colon es superior a la de otras neoplasias estudiadas, destacando la zona centro-sur del país, sin una tendencia específica por sexo en los fallecimientos. Esto podría explicarse por fallas en los mecanismos diagnósticos o diferencias en los hábitos alimenticios. Se necesitarían estudios adicionales para confirmar estas observaciones.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent malignant disease in the world, and although it is usually studied as a single entity (rectum-colon), the differences between both neoplasms are quantitatively significant. Therefore, in view of the lack of updated studies, this epidemiological review has been carried out to approximate its real magnitude in the Chilean population. Materials and Methods: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal, and retrospective study, where mortality rates were analyzed at the national and regional level, between 2016-2021, due to colon cancer. For this, publicly accessible data was used. Therefore, informed consent or review by an ethics committee was not required. Results: During the period studied, there is evidence of a clear rising trend in mortality rates, contributed mainly by the central-southern area of the country, without significant gender predilection. The mortality rate contributed by rectum and union neoplasm isn't significant enough like the colon ones. Discussion: Through this review, the systematic growth that this pathology has experienced in national mortality and its predilection for specific geographical areas are evident. The explanation for this could range from failures in diagnostic care mechanisms to marked differences in diet habits; more studies would be needed to confirm it.

Prognostic value of inflammation-based prognostic scores in patients with colorectal cancer

Background: Anatomopathological staging is the primary method to determine the prognosis of patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, new tools have been developed that can complement it, such as the analysis of the elevation of systemic inflammatory markers. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the elevation of scores based on inflammatory markers (the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], the Glasgow Prognostic Score [GPS], and isolated C-reactive protein [CRP]) in the prognosis of patients diagnosed with CRC and submitted to potentially curative surgery in Hospital de Braga, Portugal, between January 1st, 2005, and December 31st, 2010. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the data of 426 patients was performed, with a collection of several clinico-pathological variables, as well as the levels of lymphocytes, neutrophils, albumin and CRP, in the pre- and postoperative periods, to apply the different scores to the sample. Results: From the analysis of the survival curves, we concluded that patients with increased NLR in the pre- and postoperative periods present a lower cancer-related survival than patients with normal NLR (preoperative period: 93.7 versus 122 months; p<0.001; postoperative period: 112 versus 131 months; p=0.002). Patients with increased NLR in the pre- and postoperative periods also had a lower disease-free survival (preoperative period: 88.0 versus 122 months; p<0.001; postoperative period: 111 versus 132 months; p=0.002). In addition, increased pre- and postoperative NLR was associatedwith a higher risk of death due to CRC (preoperatively: hazard ratio [HR]=2.25; p<0.001; postoperatively: HR=2.18; p=0.003). However, the multivariate analysis shows that only postoperative NLR (ajusted HR =2.66; p=0.002) does so independently of the remaining variables. Conclusion: Regarding the scores applied to the sample, the NLR was the one that most consistently related to the prognosis of the patients. However, it would be useful to develop a prospective study that could confirm this relationship. (AU)

Identificación del fenotipo de inestabilidad microsatelital en carcinoma colorrectal mediante el análisis de la expresión de proteínas reparadoras del ADN: Revisión narrativa / Identification of microsatellite instability phenotype in colorectal carcinoma through expression analysis of DNA mismatch repair proteins: Narrative review

El carcinoma colorrectal (CCR) es de las primeras causas de mortalidad del mundo, presentando Guatemala una incidencia anual de 7.4/millón de habitantes. El síndrome de Lynch se caracteriza clínicamente por un inicio temprano del CCR con lesiones causadas por alteraciones en genes que codifican proteínas reparadoras.Los microsatélites son regiones del ADN con una unidad repetitiva de uno o más nucleótidos y son susceptibles a errores durante la replicación de ADN de los enterocitos. Existe un sistema de reparación que corrige estos errores. Cuando las proteínas reparadoras de este sistema están mutadas o ausentes, dichos errores del ADN persisten. Estas proteínas reparadoras se expresan en el núcleo de las células colónicas normales y son detecta-bles utilizando estudios de inmunohistoquímica (IHQ). Los genes MLH1 y MSH2 pueden encontrarse mutados en el 90% de los casos de cáncer colorrectal y el resto corresponde a MSH6 y PMS2. Esta vía oncogénica se caracteriza por alteración del sistema de reparación de errores durante la replicación del ADN, controlado por los genes MMR (mismatch repair), principalmente MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 y PMS2. Se realizó una revisión extensa de la literatura en PubMed, Springer y JAMA, usando las palabras clave: fenotipo de CCR, Síndrome de Lynch e inestabilidad microsatelital, detectándose 55 artículos. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la importancia de la identificación del fenotipo del CCR por medios de IHQ y de pruebas moleculares para el eficaz tratamiento con inmunoterapia anti-PD1/PD-L1.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. In Guatemala it's an important cause of morbidity (7.4 per million inhabitants). Lynch syndrome is clinically characterized by an early onset of nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma, with multiple lesions and neoplasms. The syndrome is caused by mutations in genes encoding DNA mismatch repair proteins. The microsatellites are regions of the DNA that repeat between one or more nucleotides and are susceptible to errors during replication, these are corrected by a repair system, when genes are mutated, the errors persist. The genes encoding repair proteins are expressed in the nuclei of normal colonic cells which can be observed using immunohistochemical studies. The MLH1, MSH2 genes are found to be mutated in 90% of the cases and the rest corresponds to the MSH6 and PMS2 genes. This oncogenic pathway characteristically consists of an alteration in the DNA repair system that is controlled by mismatch repair genes (MMR). An extensive research was conducted on PubMed, Springer and JAMA, using the keyword: CRC phenotype, Lynch syndrome and microsatellite instability. 55 articles were found. This review«s objective is to understand the mechanisms of nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and the importance of identifying patients with a mutant phenotype as a predictive factor for the efficacy of the anti-PD1/PDL1 immunotherapy and for prognosis.

Is perioperative fasting associated with complications, length of hospital stay and mortality among gastric and colorectal cancer patients? A cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During a surgical procedure, patients are often subjected to fasting for times that are more prolonged than the ideal, which may lead to complications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the duration of perioperative fasting and its association with postoperative complications, length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality among gastric and colorectal cancer patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study developed in a surgical oncology hospital in the city of Natal (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). METHODS: Patients aged over 18 years were included. The Clavien-Dindo surgical complication scale was used to evaluate occurrences of postoperative complications. LOS was defined as the number of days for which patients stayed in the hospital after surgery, or until the day of death. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients participated (59.8 ± 11.8 years; 54.5% females; 70.1% with bowel tumor). The incidences of postoperative complications and death were 59.7% and 3.9%, respectively. The duration of perioperative fasting was 59.0 ± 21.4 hours, and it was higher among non-survivors and among patients with prolonged hospital stay (≥ 6 days). For each one-hour increase in the durations of perioperative and postoperative fasting, the odds of prolonged hospitalization increased by 12% (odds ratio, OR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.04-1.20) and 5% (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.08), respectively. CONCLUSION: Prolonged perioperative fasting, especially in the postoperative period, was observed in a sample of patients with gastric and colorectal cancer, and this was an independent predictor of LOS.

Sobrevida de pacientes com câncer colorretal em um Cancer Center / Survival of patients with colorectal cancer in a cancer center

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hospital-based studies recently have shown increases in colorectal cancer survival, and better survival for women, young people, and patients diagnosed at an early disease stage. OBJECTIVE: To describe the overall survival and analyze the prognostic factors of patients treated for colorectal cancer at an oncology center. METHODS: The analysis included patients diagnosed with colon and rectal adenocarcinoma between 2000 and 2013 and identified in the Hospital Cancer Registry at A.C.Camargo Cancer Center. Overall 5-year survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic factors were evaluated in a Cox regression model. Hazard ratios (HR) are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Of 2,279 colorectal cancer cases analyzed, 58.4% were in the colon. The 5-year overall survival rate for colorectal cancer patients was 63.5% (65.6% and 60.6% for colonic and rectal malignancies, respectively). The risk of death was elevated for patients in the 50-74-year (HR=1.24, 95%CI =1.02-1.51) and ≥75-year (HR=3.02, 95%CI =2.42-3.78) age groups, for patients with rectal cancer (HR=1.37, 95%CI =1.11-1.69) and for those whose treatment was started >60 days after diagnosis (HR=1.22, 95%CI =1.04-1.43). The risk decreased for patients diagnosed in recent time periods (2005-2009 HR=0.76, 95%CI =0.63-0.91; 2010-2013 HR=0.69, 95%CI =0.57-0.83). CONCLUSION: Better survival of patients with colorectal cancer improves with early stage and started treatment within 60 days of diagnosis. Age over 70 years old was an independent factor predictive of a poor prognosis. The overall survival increased to all patients treated in the period 2000-2004 to 2010-2013.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Estudos hospitalares recentes têm demonstrado aumento da sobrevida do câncer colorretal e melhor sobrevida para mulheres, jovens e pacientes diagnosticados em estágio precoce da doença. OBJETIVO: Descrever a sobrevida global e analisar os fatores prognósticos de pacientes tratados para câncer colorretal em um centro de oncologia. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de cólon e reto entre 2000 e 2013, identificados no Registro Hospitalar de Câncer do A.C.Camargo Cancer Center. A sobrevida global aos 5 anos foi estimada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier e os fatores prognósticos foram avaliados pelo modelo de Cox. As razões de risco (HR) são relatadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. RESULTADOS: Dos 2.279 casos de câncer colorretal analisados, 58,4% eram de cólon. A taxa de sobrevida global aos 5 anos para pacientes com câncer colorretal foi de 63,5% (65,6% e 60,6% para câncer de cólon e retal, respectivamente). O risco de óbito foi elevado para pacientes na faixa etária de 50-74 anos (HR=1,24; IC95% =1,02-1,51) e ≥75 anos (HR=3,02; IC95% =2,42-3,78), para pacientes com câncer retal (HR=1,37; IC95% =1,11-1,69) e para aqueles cujo tratamento foi iniciado >60 dias após o diagnóstico (HR=1,22; IC95% =1,04-1,43). O risco diminuiu para pacientes diagnosticados em períodos recentes (2005-2009 HR=0,76; IC95% =0,63-0,91; 2010-2013 HR=0,69; IC95% =0,57-0,83). CONCLUSÃO: A sobrevida dos pacientes com câncer colorretal é maior naqueles em estágio inicial e com início do tratamento antes dos 60 dias.. Idade acima de 70 anos foi fator independente preditivo de mau prognóstico. A sobrevida global aumentou para todos os pacientes tratados no período de 2000-2004 a 2010-2013.

An age-period-cohort analysis of mortality rates for stomach, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer among prefectures in Japan, 1999-2018

BACKGROUND@#Although change in the birth cohort effect on cancer mortality rates is known to be highly associated with the decreasing rates of age-standardized cancer mortality rates in Japan, the differences in the trends of cohort effect for representative cancer types among the prefectures remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the differences in the decreasing rate of cohort effects among the prefectures for representative cancer types using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis.@*METHODS@#Data on stomach, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer mortality for each prefecture and the population data from 1999 to 2018 were obtained from the Vital Statistics in Japan. Mortality data for individuals aged 50 to 79 years grouped in 5-year increments were used, and corresponding birth cohorts born 1920-1924 through 1964-1978 were used for analysis. We estimated the effects of age, period, and cohort on each type of mortality rate for each prefecture by sex. Then, we calculated the decreasing rates of cohort effects for each prefecture. We also calculated the mortality rate ratio of each prefecture compared with all of Japan for cohorts using the estimates.@*RESULTS@#As a result of APC analysis, we found that the decreasing rates of period effects were small and that there was a little difference in the decreasing rates among prefectures for all types of cancer among both sexes. On the other hand, there was a large difference in the decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer mortality rates among prefectures, particularly for men. For men, the decreasing rates of cohort effects in cohorts born between 1920-1924 and 1964-1978 varied among prefectures, ranging from 4.1 to 84.0% for stomach cancer and from 20.2 to 92.4% for liver cancers, respectively. On the other hand, the differences in the decreasing rates of cohort effects among prefectures for colorectal and lung cancer were relatively smaller.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer varied widely among prefectures. It is possible that this will influence cancer mortality rates in each prefecture in the future.

The relationship between tumor budding and survival in colorectal carcinomas

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Tumor budding is a parameter that is increasingly understood in colorectal carcinomas. We aimed to investigate the relationship between tumor budding, prognostic factors, and survival METHODS A total of 185 patients who had undergone colorectal surgery were observed. Tumor budding, the tumor budding score, and the relationship between these and prognostic factors, and survival investigated. RESULTS Tumor budding was found in 91 (49.2%) cases. The relationship between the tumor budding score and histological grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, pathological lymph node stage, and mortality rates were significant. CONCLUSION In our study, the relationship between tumor budding and survival is very strong. Considering these findings and the literature, the prognostic significance of tumor budding becomes clear and should be stated in pathology reports.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Brotamento de tumor é um parâmetro que é cada vez mais conhecido em carcinomas colorretais. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a relação entre brotamento tumoral e fatores prognósticos e sobrevida. MÉTODOS Um total de 240 pacientes observados, submetidos à cirurgia colorretal. Brotamento de tumor, escore de brotamento tumoral e a relação entre estes e fatores prognósticos, sobrevida investigada. RESULTADOS Brotamento de tumores foi encontrado em 91 (49,2%) casos. A relação entre o escore de brotamento tumoral e o grau histológico, invasão linfovascular, invasão perineural, estadiamento linfonodal patológico e taxas de mortalidade foram significativas. CONCLUSÃO Em nosso estudo, a relação entre brotamento tumoral e sobrevida é muito forte. Em conjunto, todos esses achados e literatura são avaliados simultaneamente, o significado prognóstico da brotação do tumor é claramente visto e deve ser indicado nos relatórios de patologia.

Adiponectina, vitamina D e estado nutricional em pacientes com câncer colorretal avançado e em seguimento / Adiponectin, vitamin d and nutritional status in patients with advanced colorectal cancer or during follow-up

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Considering the high incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) related deaths, many studies have investigated variables that can affect survival, with the aim of prolonging survival. The nutritional status can also be predict survival in patients with CRC. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate if BMI, %FAT, PhA, PG-SGA, adiponectin levels, and vitamin D levels are relevant to the characterization and differentiation of patients with advanced CRC and patients with a history of CRC. METHODS: The study was carried out by patients with advanced colorectal cancer (Group 1) and patients in follow-up after colorectal cancer treatment (Group 2). Nutritional status was assessed using the body mass index, body fat percentage, phase angle from bioelectrical impedance, Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment score. Adiponectin concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and vitamin D levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Groups 1 and 2 consisted of 23 and 27 patients, respectively. The body mass index, body fat percentage, phase angle, vitamin D and adiponectin levels were not significantly different between the groups. The mean Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment score was significantly higher in group 1 compared with group 2, and was significantly correlated with the long-term mortality risk. CONCLUSION: Among the nutritional status parameters, only the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment score was significantly different between the groups and was an important predictor of survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Considerando a alta incidência de óbitos devido ao câncer coloretal (CCR), estudos investigaram variáveis que podem afetar a sobrevida, com objetivo de prolongar a sobrevida. O estado nutricional desses pacientes também pode predizer a sobrevida. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a porcentagem de gordura, os níveis séricos de adiponectina e de vitamina D são relevantes para a caracterização e diferenciação de pacientes com CCR avançado e pacientes com histórico de CCR. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado por pacientes com câncer colorretal avançado (Grupo 1) e pacientes em acompanhamento após o tratamento do CCR (Grupo 2). O estado nutricional foi avaliado por meio do IMC, percentual de gordura corporal, ângulo de fase da bioimpedância elétrica, escore de Avaliação Global Subjetiva Gerada pelo Paciente. As concentrações de adiponectina foram determinadas por ELISA e os níveis de vitamina D foram medidos por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta performance. RESULTADOS: Os grupos 1 e 2 consistiram de 23 e 27 pacientes, respectivamente. O IMC, percentual de gordura corporal, ângulo de fase, níveis de vitamina D e adiponectina não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. O escore médio da Avaliação Global Subjetiva Gerada pelo Paciente foi significativamente maior no grupo 1 em comparação com o Grupo 2, e foi significativamente correlacionado com o risco de mortalidade a longo prazo. CONCLUSÃO: Entre os indicadores do estado nutricional, apenas o escore da Avaliação Global Subjetiva Gerada pelo Paciente foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos e foi um importante preditor de sobrevida em pacientes com câncer colorretal avançado.

Respuesta del tumor primario a la quimioterapia en cáncer colorrectal etapa IV con metástasis hepáticas sincrónicas: serie de casos / Response of the primary tumor to chemotherapy in stage IV colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases: serie of cases

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal se ha convertido en el tercer cáncer a nivel mundial en cuanto a incidencia y cuarto en mortalidad. Al diagnóstico, aproximadamente el 25% de los pacientes tendrán metástasis hepáticas. Con tratamiento adecuado el pronóstico de los pacientes etapa IV alcanza una sobrevida de 40% a 5 años. Con nuestro trabajo queremos evaluar la respuesta del tumor primario de colon desde el punto de vista imagenológico y anatomopatológico en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal con metástasis hepáticas tratados con quimioterapia y que luego fueron a resección del colon. Materiales y Método: Se trata un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo, de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal con metástasis hepáticas. Los criterios de inclusión fueron que presentaran cáncer de colon o recto superior, con metástasis hepáticas sincrónicas, recibieran al menos 4 ciclos de quimioterapia neoadyuvante y que posteriormente fueran a resección del tumor primario. Resultados: Se reclutaron 9 pacientes, 4 hombres y 5 mujeres. Todos recibieron 4 o más ciclos de quimioterapia previo a la cirugía del tumor primario. De ellos, 8 tuvieron control imagenológico posquimioterapia. Según criterios RECIST, 3 pacientes presentaron respuesta completa, 1 paciente respuesta parcial y 4 enfermedad estable. El estudio anatomopatológico del colon resecado mostró desaparición tumoral macroscópica en 2 pacientes y microscópica en 1 paciente. Conclusiones: La regresión patológica completa en nuestros casos tratados con quimioterapia neoadyuvante es un hecho poco frecuente. Esto nos permite indicar la resección del sitio del tumor colorrectal en todos estos casos.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer has become the third cancer worldwide in terms of incidence and fourth in mortality. At diagnosis approximately 25% of patients will have liver metastases. With adequate treatment, the prognosis of stage IV patients reaches a survival of 40% at 5 years. We want to evaluate the response of the primary tumor of the colon from imaging and anatomopathological point of view in patients with colorectal cancer with liver metastases treated with chemotherapy and who then went to colon resection. Materials and Method: It is a retrospective and descriptive study of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. The inclusion criteria were that they had cancer of the colon or upper rectum, with synchronous liver metastases, who have received at least 4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and that subsequently went to resection of the primary tumor. Results: We recruited 9 patients, 4 men and 5 women. All received 4 or more cycles of chemotherapy prior to primary surgery. Of these, 8 had imaging control after chemotherapy. According to RECIST criteria, 3 patients presented complete response, 1 patient partial response and 4 stable disease. The anatomopathological study of the resected colon showed a macroscopic tumor disappearance in 2 patients, and microscopic in 1 patient. Conclusions: The complete pathological regression in our cases treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a rare occurrence. This allows us to indicate the resection of the colorectal tumor site in all these cases.

Immunoexpression of TS, p53, COX2, EGFR, MSH6 and MLH1 biomarkers and its correlation with degree of differentiation, tumor staging and prognostic factors in colorectal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective longitudinal study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There are cases of colorectal tumors that, although small, show more aggressive evolution than large tumors. This motivated us to study whether there are any proteins capable of alerting about these changes. The aim here was to correlate the immunoexpression of the TS, p53, COX2, EGFR, MSH6 and MLH1 biomarkers in tumors in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, with the degree of cell differentiation, tumor staging and clinical-pathological prognostic factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study at a public tertiary-level hospital. METHODS: We analyzed tissue-microarray paraffin blocks of tumor tissues that had been resected from 107 patients. We used Fisher's exact test to study associations between tumor differentiation/staging and the immunoexpression of biomarkers. We also used Kaplan-Meier estimation, the log-rank test and the adjusted Cox regression model to investigate the patients' overall survival (in months) according to biomarkers and disease-free interval. RESULTS: The degree of tumor differentiation and tumor staging were not associated with the biomarkers, except in cases of patients in stages III or IV, in which there was a correlation with MLH1 expression (P=0.021). Patient survival and disease-free interval were not associated with the biomarkers. CONCLUSION: There were no associations between the degree of tumor differentiation, staging, length of survival or disease-free interval and the immunoexpression of the TS, p53, COX2, EGFR or MSH6 tumor markers. In advanced cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma (stages III and IV), there was a higher percentage of MLH1-negative results.

Difference in survival between right- versus left-sided colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells, and in some cases are capable of producing agents that may cause characteristic hormonal syndromes (Cives and Strosberg, 2018). Such tumors were previously thought to be rare, but the rate of detection of NENs, especially from the gastrointestinal tract, is increasing with the widespread use of colonoscopy, cross-sectional imaging, and biomarkers (Gu et al., 2019). A study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database showed that the age-adjusted incidence of NENs increased 6.4-fold from 1973 (1.09 per 100 000) to 2012 (6.98 per 100 000) (Dasari et al., 2017), while there was a progressive increase in the incidence of colorectal NENs (Starzyńska et al., 2017).

Reported mortality for colorectal cancer in Brazil in the first 16 years of the 21st century

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant neoplasm with major impact on health today. There is, however, an efficient method for prevention and screening, which varies in different protocols according to each institution or country. The objective is to evaluate the mortality rate and the economic cost of CRC in Brazil during the first 16 years of the 21st century. Method: A retrospective, temporal aggregation study was conducted with an exploratory, documentary quantitative approach on CRC mortality from 2000 to 2016, based on the Mortality Information System database provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: In the study period, 218,000 deaths due to CRC were recorded. The CRC mortality rate was 6.2 (95% confidence interval, 5.59-6.81) per 100,000 population, with no significant difference between men and women. Of the 17 age subgroups analyzed, eight had a significant increase from 2000 to 2016, including all subgroups aged over 50 years. Conclusion: There was an increase in mortality due to CRC in the study period.

Outcomes of elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery for complicated colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE: Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent types of malignant neoplasms. Age is a risk factor for this disease, with 75% of cases diagnosed in patients older than 65 years. Complications such as obstruction, hemorrhage, and perforation are present in more than one-third of cases and require emergency treatment. We aim to analyze the profile of elderly patients undergoing surgery for complicated colorectal cancer, and to evaluate factors related to worse short-term prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent emergency surgical treatment for complicated colorectal cancer was performed. Demographics, clinical, radiological and histological data were collected. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were analyzed. The median age was 72 years, and almost half (46%) of the patients were female. Obstruction was the most prevalent complication at initial presentation (72%). The most common sites of neoplasia were the left and sigmoid colon in 22 patients (32.8%), and the right colon in 17 patients (25.4%). Resection was performed in 88% of cases, followed by primary anastomosis in almost half. The most frequent clinical stages were II (48%) and III (22%). Forty-three patients (65.7%) had some form of postoperative complication. Clavien-Dindo grades 1, 2, and 4, were the most frequent. Complete oncologic resection was observed in 80% of the cases. The thirty-day mortality rate was 10.4%. Advanced age was associated with worse morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with complicated colorectal cancer undergoing emergency surgery have high morbidity and mortality rates. Advanced age is significantly associated with worse outcomes.

Metástase hepática colorretal metacrônica tem melhor prognóstico - é verdade? / Metachronous colorectal liver metastases has better prognosis - is it true?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Liver metastases from colorectal cancer are an important public health problem due to the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer worldwide. Synchronous colorectal liver metastasis has been associated with worse survival, but this prognosis is controversial. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the recurrence-free survival and overall survival between groups of patients with metachronous and synchronous colorectal hepatic metastasis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with colorectal liver metastases seen from 2013 to 2016, divided into a metachronous and a synchronous group. The Cox regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test were used to compare survival between groups. RESULTS: The mean recurrence-free survival was 9.75 months and 50% at 1 year in the metachronous group and 19.73 months and 63.3% at 1 year in the synchronous group. The mean overall survival was 20.00 months and 6.2% at 3 years in the metachronous group and 30.39 months and 31.6% at 3 years in the synchronous group. Patients with metachronous hepatic metastasis presented worse overall survival in multivariate analysis. The use of biological drugs combined with chemotherapy was related to the best overall survival prognosis. CONCLUSION: Metachronous colorectal hepatic metastasis was associated with a worse prognosis for overall survival. There was no difference in recurrence-free survival between metachronous and synchronous metastases.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: As metástases hepáticas de câncer colorretal representam um importante problema de saúde pública devido à incidência crescente de câncer colorretal pelo mundo. A metástase hepática colorretal sincrônica está associada a pior sobrevida, no entanto, o pior prognóstico é assunto controverso. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a sobrevida livre de recorrência e a sobrevida global entre os grupos de pacientes com metástase hepática colorretal metacrônica e sincrônica. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva através de revisão de prontuários de pacientes com metástase hepática colorretal atendidos no período de 2013 a 2016, divididos em grupos metacrônico e sincrônico. Foram utilizados o modelo de regressão de Cox e o método de Kaplan-Meier com teste de Log-rank para comparação de sobrevida entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: A média de sobrevida livre de recorrência no grupo metacrônico foi de 9,75 meses e 50% em 1 ano, e no grupo sincrônico 19,73 meses e 63,3% em 1 ano. A média de sobrevida global no grupo metacrônico foi de 20,00 meses e 6,2% em 3 anos, e no grupo sincrônico 30,39 meses e 31,6% em 3 anos. Os pacientes com metástase hepática metacrônica apresentaram pior sobrevida global em análise multivariada. O uso de drogas biológicas associadas ao tratamento quimioterápico foi relacionado ao melhor prognóstico em sobrevida global. CONCLUSÃO: A metástase hepática colorretal metacrônica foi associada a pior prognóstico na sobrevida global. Não houve diferença na sobrevida livre de recorrência entre as metástases metacrônica e sincrônica.

Relación entre la disponibilidad alimentaria y la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal en América / Association between food availability and mortality due to colorectal cancer in the Americas

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir la relación entre la disponibilidad alimentaria y la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal en los países de América en el año 2010, se analizaron datos provistos por la International Agency for Research on Cancer y la Food and Agriculture Organization mediante un estudio ecológico. Se observó una gran variabilidad excepto en disponibilidad calórica. La disponibilidad alimentaria fue abundante para calorías, grasas totales, grasa animal, carnes rojas y bebidas alcohólicas. Para frutas y vegetales fue crítica en un 80% de los países. Los países con más alta tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal fueron Uruguay, Barbados, Argentina y Cuba, y con las tasas más bajas fueron Guatemala, Canadá, México y Honduras. Las relaciones más fuertes se dieron entre la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal y la disponibilidad alimentaria de grasa animal, carne roja, bebidas alcohólicas y calorías. No se encontró efecto protector de la disponibilidad alimentaria de frutas y vegetales sobre la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal. Sería recomendable mejorar los registros de incidencia de tumores y de formas directas de evaluar la dieta para ser analizados en futuros estudios en lugar de los datos aquí utilizados.

ABSTRACT With the aim of describing the association between food availability and the mortality rate due to colorectal cancer in the countries of the Americas in 2010, data provided by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Food and Agriculture Federation were analyzed in an ecological study. Great variability was observed except in caloric supply. Food availability was abundant for calories, total fats, animal fat, red meat and alcoholic beverages. Availability was critically low for fruits and vegetables in 80% of the countries. The countries with the highest colorectal cancer mortality rates were Uruguay, Barbados, Argentina and Cuba, while those with the lowest rates were Guatemala, Canada, Mexico and Honduras. The strongest relationships were found between colorectal cancer mortality rate and the availability of animal fat, red meat, alcoholic beverages and calories. No protective effect of availability of fruits and vegetables on the colorectal cancer mortality rate was found. It would be advisable to improve the records of tumor incidence and direct ways of evaluating diet to be analyzed in future studies instead of the data used here.