Neuroinflammatory effects of tDCS in ovariectomized rats with chronic inflammation

Introduction: Postmenopausal women are more susceptible to chronic conditions, such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. We investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on biomarker levels in ovariectomized rats subjected to an inflammatory model. Methods: Twenty adult female Wistar rats underwent ovariectomy and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation. We divided them into 2 groups: OAS (sham tDCS) and OAT (active tDCS). Fifteen days later, the rats underwent bimodal tDCS treatment (20 min, 0.5 mA, 8 days). After 24 h of the last tDCS session, we killed the rats and collected tissue samples (hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and brainstem) for biomarker analysis by ELISA. We removed the paws for histological analysis. Results: Active tDCS increased hypothalamic and cortical TNF-α and NGF levels, hypothalamic and brainstem IL-1ß levels, and hypothalamic IL-10 levels. Histology of paws showed an inflammatory profile. We observed a small tDCS effect, not statistically significant. Discussion: Bimodal tDCS had an effect on the central inflammatory axis, with a small effect on the peripheral site as evaluated by histology in the current study. (AU)

High-fat diet augments ovariectomy-induced bone resorption in rats / Dieta rica en grasas aumenta la resorción ósea inducida por ovariectomía en ratas

Menopause complications such as cardiovascular and bone diseases represent a major public health concern. We sought to determine whether a high-fat diet (HFD) can augment ovariectomy-induced bone resorption in a rat model of menopause possibly via the upregulation of the inflammatory biomarkers and dyslipidemia. Rats were either ovariectomized and fed a standard laboratory chow (model group) or were ovariectomized and fed with a HFD for 15 weeks before being sacrificed. Ovariectomy significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and biomarker of bone resorption, nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), which were augmented by feeding animals with a HFD. This was confirmed through immunohistochemical study, where ovariectomy induced expression of p65/NF-kB protein in tibia bone sections of the model group, which were augmented by HFD. HFD augments ovariectomy-induced bone resorption through increased inflammatory biomarkers and NF-kB in rats.

Las complicaciones de la menopausia, como las enfermedades cardiovasculares y óseas, representan un importante problema de salud pública. Intentamos determinar si una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) puede aumentar la resorción ósea inducida por ovariectomía en un modelo de menopausia en ratas, a través de la regulación positiva de los biomarcadores inflamatorios y la dislipidemia. Las ratas fueron ovariectomizadas y alimentadas con una comida estándar de laboratorio (grupo modelo) o fueron ovariectomizadas y alimentadas con un HFD durante 15 semanas antes de ser sacrificadas. La ovariectomía aumentó significativamente (p <0,05) el peso corporal, dislipidemia, resistencia a la insulina, citocinas proinflamatorias, factor de necrosis tumoral a (TNF-α) e interleucina-6 (IL-6), y el biomarcador de resorción ósea, factor nuclear-kB (NF-kB), que se aumentaron alimentando animales con un HFD. Esto se confirmó a través del estudio inmunohistoquímico, donde la ovariectomía indujo la expresión de la proteína p65 / NF-kB en secciones de hueso de tibia del grupo modelo, que fueron aumentadas por HFD. HFD aumenta la resorción ósea inducida por ovariectomía a través del aumento de biomarcadores inflamatorios y NF-kB en ratas.

The effect of epidurally administered dexamethasone with lignocaine for post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. A dose-response study

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic and adverse effects of three doses of dexamethasone, administered epidurally in combination with lignocaine, in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Methods: Twenty-four female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were pre-medicated with acepromazine and general anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups of six. The control group was given lignocaine 2% (LI) and the treatment groups were given lignocaine with either 2 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX2), 4 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX4) or 8 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX8) administered at the lumbosacral epidural space. Duration of postoperative analgesia, first analgesic rescue, motor blockade, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were evaluated. Results: The duration of postoperative analgesia was 19.5 (SD 6) hours for LIDEX8 (p=0.001), 10 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX4 (p=0.002), 4 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX2 (p=0.074) treatments compared with values for the LI control treatment 2.2 (SD 1.6) hours. All treatments had significant cardiovascular and respiratory alterations but they were within acceptable range in these clinically healthy female dogs. Conclusion: Dexamethasone added to epidural lignocaine significantly extends the postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in female dogs.

Acupuncture and pharmacopuncture are as effective as morphine or carprofen for postoperative analgesia in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

ABSTRACT PURPOSE : To investigate the analgesic effect of acupuncture (AP) or micro-dose pharmacopuncture (PA), using carprofen or morphine, in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). METHODS: Thirty five dogs were randomly assigned to five groups after sedation with acepromazine IM: AP, 0.5 mg.kg-1 of morphine subcutaneously (SC), 4 mg.kg-1 of carprofen SC, and PA with 0.05 mg.kg-1 of morphine or 0.4 mg.kg-1 of carprofen. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Pain was assessed after OHE by a blind observer for 24h, by dynamic visual analogue scale (DIVAS), Glasgow (CMPS-SF), Melbourne (UMPS) and Colorado University pain scale (CSU). Animals reaching 33% of the UMPS score received rescue analgesia with morphine IM. Non parametric data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis or Friedman tests where applicable, followed by Dunn´s test. Parametric data were analysed by two way ANOVA, followed by Tukey test. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups in number of rescue analgesia. Except for the DIVAS score where animals treated with morphine had the lowest score compared with AP and carprofen, at 1h after surgery, there were no other differences among groups. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture or pharmacopuncture were equally effective as morphine or carprofen to control postoperative pain in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. extract prevents bone loss

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of the Chenopodium ambrosioides L (mastruz) extract for preventing bone loss and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Twelve rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy for inducing osteoporosis. After surgery, they were divided into two groups: Ovariectomy-control group (G1, n=6), receiving 0.5 ml distilled water by gavage for 30 days, and Ovariectomy plus mastruz group (G2, n=6), receiving 0.5 ml of the hydroalcoholic extract of mastruz at 10% concentration (50mg) daily, for the same period. Then, the blood of the animals was collected for further biochemical analysis (liver function) and tibia and liver were removed for histological and histomorphometric analyses. RESULTS: The cortical bone was significantly larger in the G2 than G1, whereas G1 presented the highest amount of adipocytes in the bone marrow (p<0.05). The blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly higher, whereas globulin and lactate dehydrogenase were smaller in G2 than G1. CONCLUSION: The hydroalcoholic extract of mastruz has effects on bone metabolism by changing blood proteins and enzymes and preventing both bone loss and the substitution of bone marrow cells by.

Whole-body vibration improves fracture healing and bone quality in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of vibration therapy on the bone callus of fractured femurs and the bone quality of intact femurs in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Fifty-six rats aged seven weeks were divided into four groups: control with femoral fracture (CON, n=14), ovariectomized with femoral fracture (OVX, n=14), control with femoral fracture plus vibration therapy (CON+VT, n=14), and ovariectomized with femoral fracture plus vibration therapy (OVX+VT, n=14). Three months after ovariectomy or sham surgery, a complete fracture was produced at the femoral mid-diaphysis and stabilized with a 1-mm-diameter intramedullary Kirschner wire. X-rays confirmed the fracture alignment and fixation. Three days later, the VT groups underwent vibration therapy (1 mm, 60 Hz for 20 minutes, three times per week for 14 or 28 days). The bone and callus quality were assessed by densitometry, three-dimensional microstructure, and mechanical test. RESULTS : Ovariectomized rats exhibited a substantial loss of bone mass and severe impairment in bone microarchitecture, both in the non-fractured femur and the bone callus. Whole-body vibration therapy exerted an important role in ameliorating the bone and fracture callus parameters in the osteoporotic bone. CONCLUSION: Vibration therapy improved bone quality and the quality of the fracture bone callus in ovariectomized rats.

Ooforectomia e risco de diabetes / Oophorectomy and risk of diabetes

OBJETIVOS: O diabetes mellitus está entre as principais causas de morte em mulheres na pós-menopausa. A ooforectomia bilateral, muitas vezes oferecida concomitantemente à histerectomia, promove, além da interrupcão abrupta da producão dos estrogênios, a reducão dos androgênios que continuariam a ser produzidos pelo ovário na menopausa natural. Tais alteracões hormonais podem ter repercussões próprias e tornar a paciente ooforectomizadamais suscetível a numerosas doencas crônicas, dentre elas o diabete. O objetivo desse estudo é revisar a literatura disponível sobre risco de diabete atribuível à ooforectomia. MÉTODOS: Foi feita uma revisão da literatura com pesquisa em banco de dados do PubMed sobre o risco de diabetes mellitus em relacão à ooforectomia, à menopausa natural e à orquiectomia. RESULTADO: O diabete é fortemente associado à ooforectomia na maioria dos estudos. Em relaço à menopausa natural, a maioria também mostrou aumento de risco condicional o uin dependente. Os androgênios parecem oferecer um papel protetor na resistência à insulina. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de mais estudos serem necessários para conclusões definitivas relativas à associacão entre ooforectomia e o risco de diabete, as evidências atuais apontam para um aumento de risco de diabete em mulheres ooforectomizadas.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus is among the main causes of death in postmenopausal women.Bilateral oophorectomy, commonly offered together with hysterectomy, promotes, in additionto the abrupt interruption of estrogen production, the reduction of the androgens thatwould continue to be produced by the ovary in natural menopause. Such hormonal changescan have their own repercussions, making the oophorectomized patient more susceptible to numerous chronic diseases, among them diabetes. The objective of this study is to reviewthe available literature about the risk of diabetes attributable to oophorectomy. METHODS: A literature review was performed, searching in the Pubmed data bank about therisk of diabetes mellitus related to oophorectomy, natural menopause and orchiectomy. RESULT: Diabetes is strongly associated with oophorectomy in most studies. Related to naturalmenopause, the majority showed an increase in conditional or independent risk. Androgensappear to offer a protective role in insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: In spite of the need for more studies to reach definitive conclusions related tothe association between oophorectomy and risk of diabetes, current evidence points to anincreased risk of diabetes in oophorectomized women.

Pain assessment in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy by midline or lateral celiotomy through use of a previously validated multidimensional composite pain scale

PURPOSE: To assess pain in the immediate postoperative period in cats submitted into two different celiotomy techniques for ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Fourteen healthy female cats up to three years old with a mean weight 2.75kg, without breed specification, were used in this double blind experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments: I- ovariohysterectomy by lateral approach (LA) or II - by midline approach (MA). The anesthesia consisted of acepromazine (0.1 mg.kg-1) and midazolam (0.25mg.kg-1) followed isoflurane vaporization to induce and maintain hypnosis. A bolus of fentanyl (5μg.kg-1) was administered intravenously to provide intraoperative analgesia. After surgery, pain scores were assessed through a multidimensional composite pain scale at four different times. RESULTS: Generally all factors related to psychomotor changes and pain expression showed higher scores in cats neutered by LA, but only psychomotor changes and total pain score presented statistical differences (p<0.05). The animals that underwent lateral celiotomy showed higher pain scores, at 1, 4 and 6 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Multidimensional analgesic scales were highly reliable. There was a tendency for the cats neutered by lateral approach to suffer more postoperative pain, including requiring a large number of analgesic rescues. .

Effects of ovariectomy on the secretory apparatus in the right atrial cardiomyocytes of middle-aged mice

OBJECTIVE : The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ovariectomy on the secretory apparatus of natriuretic peptides in right atrial cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Nine-month-old mice underwent bilateral ovariectomy or sham surgery. The blood exam of the ovariectomized mice showed results consistent with castrated females. Systolic blood pressure was measured after ovariectomy (9 mo of age) and at the moment of sacrifice (12 mo of age). Fragments of the right atrium were collected and prepared for electron microscopy examination. The following variables were quantified: the quantitative density and area of the natriuretic peptide granules, the relative volume of euchromatin in the nucleus, the number of pores per 10 μm of the nuclear membrane and the relative volumes of the mitochondria and Golgi complex. RESULTS: The cardiomyocytes obtained from ovariectomized mice indicated that the quantitative density and the area of secretory granules of natriuretic peptides were significantly lower compared with the sham-operated mice. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the relative volume of euchromatin, a lower density of nuclear pores, and lower relative volumes of the mitochondria and Golgi complex in the ovariectomized mice compared with the sham-operated mice. These findings suggest a pool with a low turnover rate, i.e., low synthesis and elimination of natriuretic peptides. CONCLUSION: A lack of estrogen caused hypotrophy of the secretory apparatus in right atrial cardiomyocytes that could explain the weak synthesis of natriuretic peptides in mice. Furthermore, one of the mechanisms of blood pressure control was lost, which may explain, in part, the elevated blood pressure in ovariectomized mice. .

Effects of hyperprolactinemia and ovariectomy on the tibial epiphyseal growth plate and bone formation in mice / Efeitos da hiperprolactinemia e ooforectomia sobre o disco epifisário da tíbia e formação óssea em camundongos fêmeas

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of ovariectomy and the hyperprolactinemia procedure in the tibial epiphyseal growth plate of female mice. METHODS: In this study, the epiphyseal growth plate of ovariectomized (OVX) and/or rendered hyperprolactinemic female mice by 50 days of treatment with 200 μg metoclopramide (M) was evaluated morphologically, morphometrically and immuno-histochemically. Forty female and adult mice were divided into four groups according to treatment: V group - animals treated with saline solution; H group - hyperprolactinemic animals; Ovx/V group - ovariectomized animals and treated with saline solution; Ovx/H group - hyperprolactinemic and ovariectomized animals. After the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed, tibia was removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and decalcified in 10% formic acid. The material was immersed in paraffin and subjected to histological processing in paraffin. The sections were stained with Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry was carried out for the pro-apoptotic protein BCL-2. The images for the morphological and morphometric study were analyzed with the imaging program AxioVision 4.8 (Carl-Zeiss(r), Germany). RESULTS: The combination of hyperprolactinemia and the ovariectomy procedure decreased the number of resting chondrocytes 1.5-fold, the number of proliferative chondrocytes 1.8-fold; the percentage of resting cartilage 2.4-fold and the percentage of trabecular bone 2.1-fold, compared with respective control animals. CONCLUSION: The procedure of ovariectomy combined with the metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia in female mice has showed marked bone degeneration due to significant decrease of cell proliferation in the epiphyseal growth plate and bone formation. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do procedimento de ooforectomia e da hiperprolactinemia no disco epifisário da tíbia de camundongos fêmeas. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, o disco epifisário de camundongos fêmeas ovariectomizadas (OVX) e/ou com hiperprolactinemia induzida por tratamento com 200 μg de metoclopramida por 50 dias (M) foi avaliado morfologicamente, morfometricamente e imunohistoquimicamente. Quarenta camundongos fêmeas e adultas foram divididas em quatro grupos, segundo o tratamento: Grupo V - animais tratados com solução salina; Grupo H - animais hiperprolactinêmicos; Grupo Ovx/V - animais ooforectomizados e tratados com o solução salina; Grupo Ovx/H - animais ooforectomizados e hiperprolactinêmicos. Após o período de tratamento, os animais foram sacrificados, as tíbias removidas e fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10% e descalcificadas em ácido fórmico a 10%. O material foi emblocado em parafina e submetido a processamento histológico em parafina. Os cortes foram corados pelo tricrômico de Masson e foi feita a imunohistoquímica para a proteína pró-apoptótica BCL-2. As imagens para o estudo morfológico e morfométrico foram analisadas com o programa de imagem AxioVision 4.8 (Carl-Zeiss(r), Alemanha). RESULTADOS: A combinação da hiperprolactinemia e do procedimento de ovariectomia levou à redução do número de condrócitos de repouso em 1,5 vezes; o número de condrócitos proliferativos em 1,8; a percentagem de cartilagem de repouso em 2,4, e a percentagem de osso trabecular em 2,1 vezes, em comparação com os respectivos animais controles. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento de ooforectomia combinado com a condição de hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida em camundongos fêmeas evidenciou degeneração óssea ...

Bone mineral density in Jamaican black women after hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy: an observational study / Densidad mineral osea en mujeres negras jamaicanas después de histerectomía y ooforectomía bilateral: un estudio observacional

OBJECTIVE: To see if black Jamaican postmenopausal women who had hysterectomy were at increased risk of osteoporosis. To assess the risk of osteoporosis in hysterectomized Jamaican postmenopausal patients. METHOD: We reviewed 809 women (403 hysterectomized and 406 controls) for cardiovascular disease risk. We did a demographic history and examination looking at blood pressure, waist hip ratio and body mass index and investigations done included fasting blood glucose and total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We also measured bone density at the heel in all women using the Achilles ultrasound bone densitometer looking at T-score and Z-score. RESULTS: There was a significant association of hysterectomy status and bone mineral density (BMD) status with a smaller than expected proportion of women with osteoporosis in the hysterectomy group (χ2 = 18.4; p = 0.001). The mean T-score was significantly higher in the hysterectomized women, adjusting for age, waist circumference and sociodemographic factors. The relationship between the various predictors and BMD was explored by stepwise regression modelling. The factors that were significantly related to low BMD were hysterectomy status, age, waist circumference and being employed. CONCLUSION: Hysterectomy was not found to be a significant risk factor for osteoporosis. The osteoporosis risk among menopausal women in Jamaica appears to be due to other risk factors which probably existed prior to the operation.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si mujeres negras jamaicanas postmenopáusicas sometidas a histerectomía corrían mayor riesgo de osteoporosis. Evaluar el riesgo de osteoporosis en pacientes jamaicanas postmenopáusicas histerectomizadas. MÉTODO: Se examinaron 809 mujeres (403 histerectomizadas y 406 controles) para evaluar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Hicimos una historia demográfica y un examen para obtener información sobre la presión arterial, el índice cintura/cadera ratio, y el índice de masa corporal. Asimismo, realizamos investigaciones que incluyeron pruebas de glucemia en ayunas, colesterol total, y colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL). También medimos la densidad ósea en el talón de todas las mujeres, usando el densitómetro óseo ultrasónico modelo Achilles para obtener el T-score y el Z-score. RESULTADOS: Hubo una asociación significativa entre el estado de histerectomía y el estado de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) con una proporción de mujeres con osteoporosis en el grupo de histerectomía (χ2 = 18.4; p = 0,001) más pequeña de lo esperada. El T-score promedio fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres histerectomizadas, ajustando por edad, circunferencia de la cintura y factores sociodemográficos. La relación entre los distintos factores predictivos y DMO fue explorada mediante regresión gradual stepwise modelado. Los factores que estuvieron significativamente relacionados con baja DMO fueron estado histerectomía, edad, circunferencia de la cintura y siendo empleado. CONCLUSIÓN: Se halló que la histerectomía no es un factor de riesgo significativo para la osteoporosis. El riesgo de osteoporosis entre las mujeres menopáusicas de Jamaica parece deberse a otros factores de riesgo que probablemente existían antes de la operación.

Effect of Lepidium sativum on the structure of the urinary bladder in experimentally menopaused albino rats

Lower urinary tract dysfunction with increased frequency and urgency of urination as well as incontinence is a major cause of reduced quality of life in postmenopausal women. Using hormone replacement therapy containing estrogen alone may subject these women to increased risk for endometrial cancer. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum on the structure of urinary bladder of albino rats to test whether hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women could be replaced with natural compounds with possibly similar effects. Thirty adult virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Rats in group I were subjected to a sham operation, given plain water, and served as controls. Rats in group II were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy [menopausal group]. In group III, the ovariectomized rats were treated with aqueous extract of L. sativum [dose of 20 mg/kg body weight] by gastric gavage for 3 weeks. Histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. H and E-stained sections of group II revealed detachment and disruption of the urothelium. Signs of apoptosis and widening of intercellular spaces were also detected. Pale staining muscle fibers with significant decrease in the area percentage of immunohistochemically stained desmin was noticed. Moreover, significant increase in the area percentage of collagen fibers, together with perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration, was observed. In comparison to group II, group III showed partial improvement of the urothelium. Masson's trichrome-stained sections revealed decrease in collagen fiber area in comparison with group II. The immunohistochemically stained desmin revealed significant increase in intensity and area percentage compared with group II. L. sativum seeds have promising effects on partial improvement of the altered structure of the mucosa and smooth muscle of the urinary bladder in ovariectomized rats. Further ultrastructural and physiological studies on the contractile ability of detrusor muscles under the effect of other doses of L. sativum are recommended. In addition, the use of other doses of L. sativum may lead to further improvement in the results

Modelo experimental de osteoporose: comparação entre ovariectomia e toxina botulínica tipo A / Experimental model of osteoporosis: comparison between ovariectomy and botulinum toxin A

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a toxina botulínica tipo A (TB-A) tem efeito similar ao da ovariectomia (OVX) sobre os ossos com relação à densitometria mineral óssea.MÉTODOS: Um total de 51 ratas foi dividido randomicamente em três grupos de 17 animais cada. As ratas no primeiro grupo foram o controle, sem qualquer procedimento cirúrgico (Grupo 1). O Grupo 2 recebeu TB-A, enquanto o Grupo 3 foi submetido a OVX. Um total de 8 UI de TB-A foi injetado na região femoral direita de todas as ratas do Grupo 2. No início do estudo e 14 semanas depois, mediu-se a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) dos fêmures esquerdo e direito de todas as ratas em ambos os grupos.RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos com relação à DMO do início do estudo. Na 14ªsemana, a DMO dos fêmures direitos foi estatisticamente superior no Grupo 1 do que nos outros grupos, embora não houvesse diferença com significância estatística entre os Grupos 2 e 3. Os resultados médios da DMO dos fêmures esquerdos no Grupo 3 foram inferiores, com significância estatística, do que os resultados dos Grupos 1 e 2 na 14ª semana.CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que a TB-A teve efeito similar ao da OVX sobre a osteoporose, no que diz respeito à DMO. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo Experimental, Controlado em Animais.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) has a similar effect to that of ovariectomy (OVX) on bone regarding bone mineral densitometry.METHODS: A total of 51 female rats were randomly divided into three groups of 17 animals each. The rats in the first group formed the control group, without any surgical procedure (Group 1). Group 2 received BTX-A while Group 3 was subjected to OVX. A total of 8 IU of BTX-A was injected into the right femoral region of all rats in Group 2. At baseline and 14 weeks later, bone mineral densities (BMD) of the left and right femurs of all rats in both groups were measured.RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to baseline BMD. At the 14th week the BMD of the right femurs were statistically significantly higher in Group 1 than other groups, although there was no statistically significant difference between Groups 2 and 3. The mean BMD results of the left femur in Group 3 were statistically significantly lower than the results in Groups 1 and 2 at the 14th week.CONCLUSION: The results of the current study showed that BTX-A had a similar effect to that of OVX on osteoporosis regarding BMD. Evidence Level I, Experimental, Controlled, Animal Study.

Distraction-like phenomena in maxillary bone due to application of orthodontic forces in ovariectomized rats.

Background: Orthodontic forces may not only influence the dentoalveolar system, but also the adjacent and surrounding cortical bone. Aim: Since there is very limited information on this issue, we aimed to study the possible changes in maxillary cortical bone following the application of heavy orthodontic forces in mature normal and osteoporotic rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four 6-month-old female rats were selected and divided into an ovariectomized group and a normal group. In both groups, the rats were subjected to a 60 gr* orthodontic force on the upper right first molar for 14 days. Results: In both groups, histological sections showed that the application of this force caused hypertrophy and fatigue failure of the cortical maxillary bone. The osteogenic reaction to distraction is expressed by the formation of subperiosteal callus on the outer bony side, resembling that seen in distracted bones. Conclusion: From this study we concluded that heavy experimental orthodontic forces in rats affect the maxillary cortical bone. The osteogenic reaction to these forces, expressed histologically by subperiosteal callus formation, is similar to that seen in distraction osteogenesis models.

Influence of estrogen deficiency and tibolone therapy on trabecular and cortical bone evaluated by computed radiography system in rats / Influência da deficiência estrogênica e do tratamento com tibolona no osso trabecular e cortical avaliada pelo sistema de radiografia computadorizada em ratas

PURPOSE: To verify the effects of tibolone administration on trabecular and cortical bone of ovariectomized female rats by computed radiography system (CRS). METHODS: The experiment was performed on two groups of rats previously ovariectomized, one received tibolone (OVX+T) while the other did not (OVX), those groups were compared to a control group (C) not ovariectomized. Tibolone administration (1mg/day) began thirty days after the ovariectomy and the treatment remained for five months. At last, the animals were euthanized and femurs and tibias collected. Computed radiographies of the bones were obtained and the digital images were used to determine the bone optical density and cortical thickness on every group. All results were statistically evaluated with significance set at P<0.05 percent. RESULTS: Tibolone administration was shown to be beneficial only in the densitometric analysis of the femoral head, performing higher optical density compared to OVX. No difference was found in cortical bone thickness. CONCLUSION: Ovariectomy caused bone loss in the analyzed regions and tibolone administered in high doses over a long period showed not to be fully beneficial, but preserved bone mass in the femoral head.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito da administração de tibolona no tecido ósseo cortical e trabecular de ratas castradas através de radiografia computadorizada. MÉTODOS: O experimento foi realizado em dois grupos de ratas previamente ooforectomizadas, onde um grupo recebeu tibolona (OVX+T) e o outro não (OVX). Esses grupos foram comparados a um grupo controle (C) não ooforectomizado. A administração de tibolona (1mg/dia) começou trinta dias após a ooforectomia e o tratamento teve duração de cinco meses. No final, os animais foram mortos e fêmures e tibias coletados. As radiografias computadorizadas dos ossos foram obtidas e as imagens digitais usadas para determinar a densidade óssea e a espessura cortical em todos os grupos. Todos os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente com significância estabelecida a 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A administração de tibolona mostrou ser benéfica apenas para análise densitométrica da cabeça do fêmur, apresentando maiores valores de densidade comparada ao grupo OVX. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada para espessura óssea cortical. CONCLUSÃO: A ooforectomia ocasionou perda óssea nas regiões analisadas e a tibolona administrada, em dose elevada e durante um longo período, mostrou não ser totalmente benéfica, porém preservou a massa óssea na cabeça femoral.

effect of metyrosine/prednisolone combination to oophorectomy-induced osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density [BMD] and corruption of the microarchitectural structure of bone tissue. It was investigated whether methylprednisolone had a favorable effect on osteoporotic bone tissue in Oophorectomy induced osteoporotic rats whose endogenous adrenaline levels are suppressed with metyrosine. Bone Mineral Density, number of osteoblast-osteoclast, bone osteocalcin levels and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] measurements were performed. Obtained results were compared with that of alendronate. Oophorectomy induced osteoporosis was exacerbated by methylprednisolone. Alentronate prevented ovariectomised induced osteoporosis, but it couldn't prevent methylprednisolone +ovariectomised induced osteoporosis in rats. Combined treatment with methylprednisolon and metyrosine was the best treatment for preventing osteoporosis but metyrosine alone couldn't prevent osteoporosis in ovariectomised rats

Platinum nanoparticles reduce ovariectomy-induced bone loss by decreasing osteoclastogenesis

Platinum nanoparticles (PtNP) exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity. There is growing evidence concerning a positive relationship between oxidative stress and bone loss, suggesting that PtNP could protect against bone loss by modulating oxidative stress. Intragastric administration of PtNP reduced ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss with a decreased level of activity and number of osteoclast (OC) in vivo. PtNP inhibited OC formation by impairing the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) signaling. This impairment was due to a decreased activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and a reduced level of nuclear factor in activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFAT2). PtNP lowered RANKL-induced long lasting reactive oxygen species as well as intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ oscillation. Our data clearly highlight the potential of PtNP for the amelioration of bone loss after estrogen deficiency by attenuated OC formation.

¿Debemos seguir haciendo salpingoooforectomía como profilaxis de cáncer de ovario? / Should we continue prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy for ovarian cancer?

Hasta hace algunos años en las mujeres sometidas a histerectomía por patología benigna, que tuvieran 45 o más años, se efectuaba de regla una salpingoooforectomía (SOB) bilateral, como prevención de cáncer de ovario. Esto está actualmente en discusión. Hay dos grandes estudios de cohortes poblacionales y un estudio prospectivo observacional que analizan los efectos adversos cardiovasculares y el cáncer de ovario en mujeres sometidas a SOB. Basados en estos análisis y otros datos de la literatura, se pueden plantear algunas conclusiones. En mujeres premenopáusicas y hasta los 50 años la conducta óptima es preservar los ovarios, entre 51 y 65 años no está claro que lo mejor sea extirparlos y en mayores de 65 aún no se ha probado efectos deletéreos a raíz de la intervención.

The age to perform prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy for benign conditions is being actually discussed. Two population based cohorts studies and one prospective observational study evaluate cardiovascular disease and ovarian cancer with a history of oophorectomy. Some conclusions can be drawn. Until 50 years or premenopausal women, ovarian conservation should be the norm, between 51 and 65 there are no clear indications for removal and in older than 65 no negative effects have been described.

Influence of different durations of estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss in rats

The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of different durations of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-induced bone loss in rats. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ovariectomy (OVX test group) or sham operation (SHAM control group). The OVX and SHAM groups were each distributed into three subgroups of ten rats each according to the duration of estrogen deficiency (30, 60 and 90 postoperative days). In all groups, for the last 30 days of the experimental period, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar; the contralateral tooth was left unligated to serve as a control. The maxillary bones were removed, and the alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at the buccal site of the right upper second molar. A comparison between the ligated and unligated groups verified the presence of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the unligated groups (p > 0.05). A significant increase in bone loss was observed when ligation occurred 90 days after ovariectomy compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that long-term estrogen deficiency affects ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.

Características estereológicas del hígado de rata (Rattus norvergicus) sometidas a menopausia inducida por ovariectomía / Stereologic characteristics of the liver of rats (Rattus norvergicus) submitted to ovariectomy-induced menopause

Durante la menopausia ocurren cambios hormonales, como disminución de estradiol y aumento de las hormonas folículo estimulante y luteinizante. En mujeres premenopáusicas la fibrosis y esteatosis hepática es menor que en mujeres postmenopáusicas, mejorando cuando se administra terapia hormonal de reemplazo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar aspectos cuantitativos del hígado de ratas sometidas a un modelo experimental de menopausia inducida por ovariectomía. Utilizamos 10 ratas Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvergicus) adultas, sanas. Las ratas fueron pesadas y divididas en dos grupos (ovariectomía bilateral=Grupo Ovx y control=Grupo Sham). A los 60 días fueron sacrificadas y retirado el hígado, obteniéndose un trozo de cada hígado. Se realizaron 5 cortes de 4 um y se tiñeron con HE. Se analizaron 5 campos por lámina. Se usó el test M42. Los parámetros estereológicos considerados fueron: Nv, Vv, Sv y número total (Nt) de hepatocitos y sinusoides hepáticos. El peso promedio del grupo Ovx y Sham fue 300,8 g y 285,8 g respectivamente. La Nv de hepatocitos de ratas sometidas a cirugías Sham (CS) y Ovx (CO) fue de 6,89 x105/mm3 y 7,70 x105/mm3, respectivamente. La Vv de hepatocitos CS y CO fue de 71,92 por ciento y 80,48 por ciento, respectivamente. La Sv de hepatocitos CS y CO fue de 260,61 mm2/mm3 y 273,64 mm2/mm3, respectivamente. El volumen promedio de hígados CS fue de 8,40 mm3 y el Nt de hepatocitos promedio fue 5,79 x 106. El volumen promedio de los hígados CO fue 9,28 mm3 y el Nt de 7,15 x 106. Respecto a los sinusoides, la Nv en el hígado CS y CO fue de 2,81 x105/mm3 y 2,64 x105/mm3, respectivamente. La Vv de sinusoides en CS y CO fue de 16,74 por ciento y 16,46 por ciento, respectivamente. La Sv de sinusoides en ratas CS y CO fue de 49,40 mm2/mm3 y 45,21 mm2/mm3, respectivamente. El Nt de sinusoides CS y CO fue en promedio 2,37 x 106 y 2,45 x 106, respectivamente. La ausencia de estrógeno puede generar fibrosis y esteatosis hepática como lo señala...

During menopause, hormonal changes such as decreased estradiol and increased follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones occur. In premenopausal women fibrosis and hepatic steatosis is less than in postmenopausal women and improves when hormone replacement therapy is administered. The aim of this study was to determine quantitative aspects of the liver of rats undergoing an experimental model of ovariectomy-induced menopause. We used 10 Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvergicus) healthy adults. The rats were weighed and divided into two groups (bilateral oophorectomy = Group Ovx and control = Group Sham). The animals were sacrificed at 60 days and the liver removed, obtaining a piece of each liver. Five cuts were made of 4 microns and stained with HE. We analyzed five fields per slide. M42 test was used. Stereological parameters considered were as follows: Nv, Vv, Sv and total number (Tn) of hepatocytes and sinusoids. The average weight of Ovx and Sham group was 300.8 g and 285.8 g, respectively. The Nv of hepatocytes of rats subjected to sham surgery (CS) and Ovx (CO) was 6.89 and 7.70 x105/mm3 x105/mm3, respectively. The Vv of CS and CO hepatocytes was 71.92 percent and 80.48 percent, respectively. SV and CO, CS hepatocytes was 260.61mm2/mm3 and 273.64 mm2/mm3 , respectively. The average volume of CS livers was 8.40 mm3 and hepatocyte Tn averaged 5.79 x 106. The average volume was 9.28 mm3 CO livers and Tn of 7.15 x 106. Regarding the sinusoids, the Nv in the liver CS and CO was 2.81 x105/mm3 and 2.64 x105/mm3, respectively. The Vv of sinusoids in CS and CO was 16.74 percent and 16.46 percent, respectively. The sinusoids in rats Sv CS and CO was 49.40 mm2/mm3 and 45.21 mm2/mm3, respectively. The sinusoids Tn CS and CO averaged 2.37 x 106 and 2.45 x 106, respectively. The lack of estrogen can cause fibrosis and hepatic steatosis as noted by other authors, but also changes in the organization and the proportion of the components of the liver, factors to ...